18S rRNA/rDNA为主的分子生物学技术在瘤胃原虫分类鉴定中的应用

<正>在反刍动物瘤胃微生物菌群中,瘤胃原虫占总微生物量的50%以上(Williams等,1992)。但是由于其特殊的生长条件和复杂的形态,不能很好地研究其在瘤     

铜对瘤胃微生物影响的研究进展

瘤胃微生物象所有的生命有机体一样，需要不断地从它的外部环境中吸取所需要的各种物质，才能合成本身细胞物质和提供机体进行各种生理活动所需要的能量，使机体能进行正常的生长和繁殖。因此，瘤胃微生物也需要矿物质。据Durand和Kawashima(1982)报道，矿物质通过调节反刍动物瘤胃的渗透压、pH值等内环境条件，提高瘤胃微生物的活力。矿物质对瘤胃微生物的影     

利用分子生物学技术研究瘤胃微生物多样性的进展

在反刍动物瘤胃内栖息着复杂、多样、非致病的各种微生物．包括瘤胃细菌、厌氧真菌和纤毛虫等原生动物．还有少量噬菌体。幼畜出生前，其消化道内并无微生物．出生后从母体和环境中接触各种微生物．但是经过选择，只有少数微生物能在消化道定植、存活和繁殖．并随着幼畜的生长和发育，形成特定的微生物区系。因此，反刍动物瘤胃选择了其特定的微生物区系．这些微生物选择了瘤胃的环境，这种选择最典型的例子是只有反刍动物和单胃草食动物消化道才有厌氧真菌。     

瘤胃微生物对肽的利用

围绕瘤胃微生物对肽的利用这一主题，揭示肽在瘤胃内的积累现象及肽对瘤胃微生物的促生长作用，从瘤胃微生物肽酶的活性、肽的理化参数对肽在瘤胃内代谢的影响及合成肽的代谢研究３个方面勾画出了当前反刍动物营养学研究领域内肽的代谢研究现状，并指明了今后的研究方向。     

反刍动物瘤胃功能调控技术的研究进展

反刍动物（牛、羊）瘤胃功能的健康与否，直接影响着对饲料的消化吸收。养好反刍动物实质上就是养好瘤胃。如何保持瘤胃微生物区系，维持正常的瘤胃内环境，是反刍动物饲养过程中的关键。     

瘤胃肽代谢的研究进展

瘤胃是反刍动物特有的消化器官，瘤胃蛋白质代谢的调控将是今后长时期内反刍动物营养研究的重点。肽作为蛋白质降解的中间产物，在氨基酸消化、吸收和代谢中起着重要作用。肽是瘤胃微生物的重要营养来源，包括细菌、原虫和真菌都具有水解蛋白质的能力，利用蛋白质降解产物-肽、氨基酸和氨-作为氮源以维持其生长，并合成微生物蛋白。作者从蛋白质在瘤胃消化过程中肽的释放和降解、瘤胃内肽的吸收、瘤胃肽代谢的调控、肽对瘤胃微生物的营养作用等方面阐述了当前瘤胃肽代谢的研究进展。     

瘤胃微生物对肽的利用

围绕瘤胃微生物对肽的利用这一主题，揭示肽在瘤胃内的积累现象及肽对瘤胃微生物的促生长作用，从瘤胃微生物肽酶的活性、肽的理化参数对肽在瘤胃内代谢的影响及合成肽的代谢研究３个方面勾画出了当前反刍动物营养学研究领域内肽的代谢研究现状，并指明了今后的研究方向。     

瘤胃微生物的分离、鉴定及定量分析技术

瘤胃微生物在反刍动物饲料营养物质消化中起着举足轻重的作用,瘤胃微生物的分离、鉴定及定量分析技术是研究瘤胃微生物生长及动态变化规律的重要手段.本文对瘤胃微生物的分离、鉴定及定量分析技术进行了简要综述,旨在为瘤胃微生物的研究提供参考.     

DGGE/TGGE技术在瘤胃微生物生态学研究中的应用

在分子生物学技术出现之前，人们对微生物的认识大多数是靠纯培养，或者靠直接形态观察来获得的。动物的胃肠道是一个复杂的生态环境，特别是反刍动物的瘤胃需要严格的厌氧环境，过去对瘤胃微生物的研究主要是一些经典的方法如享氏滚管法（Hungate．1969）和最大可能计数法（Dehority等，1989）。因为微生物形态简单，缺乏明显的外部特征，所以胃肠道中的大多数微生物由于难于模拟其生长繁殖的真实条件而很难培养。能培养的微生物只是天然微生物中的一小部分，     

RNA-Seq技术在瘤胃微生物研究中的应用进展

反刍动物瘤胃内多种多样的微生物组成一个复杂的微生态系统,它们在瘤胃内物质消化过程中发挥重要作用。RNA-Seq技术的出现为反刍动物瘤胃微生物的研究提供了前所未有的机遇。本文主要从新一代高通量测序技术出发,阐述RNA-Seq技术在瘤胃微生物代谢酶特性、瘤胃微生物的多样性、瘤胃微生物新功能基因方面的应用,以期为瘤胃微生物的研究提供参考。     

Extraction techniques

Dental extractions are a very common veterinary procedure. As common as they are, they are not a simple undertaking and should be approached with the same depth of preparation as any other surgical procedure. Regardless of size of the tooth, all extractions start with the 9 steps used for simple single-root extractions. These are: obtain consent, expose a dental radiograph, obtain proper lighting and visualization, administer proper pain management, cut the gingival attachment, elevate carefully, remove the tooth, perform alveoplasty, and close. Multi-root teeth require sectioning into single-rooted pieces, which are then treated as single-root extractions. Finally, some extractions (especially canine and carnassial teeth) are better performed after the creation of gingival flaps and removal of bone to ease the extraction process.     

Tension-relieving techniques

Excess pressure by sutures in wound closure can lead to "cutting out" of sutures or to ischemia of tissue adjacent to the sutures. Excess pressure can be avoided by use of specific suture patterns or surgical procedures. The surgeon should select the simplest procedure and should consider, in order of preference, the use of subdermal sutures, tension-relieving sutures, and then surgical procedures, including undermining, relaxing incisions, and plasty procedures.     

Equine bandaging techniques

Topical medications and bandages play an important role in the management of equine wounds. Certain water-soluble antibacterial ointments (povidone-iodine, polymixin-neosporin-bacitracin) may be appropriate for use on contaminated wounds. A well-designed equine bandage is usually composed of primary, secondary, and tertiary layers. Because so many different products are available, the practitioner is advised to become familiar with the handling characteristics of a few. Because of the irregular contours of the equine limb, only products that stretch and conform should be used. Bandages should be applied snugly and secured in such a fashion that they will not slip or ride up. The horse should be confined to a stall while bandaged, and, even then, bandages must be changed at frequent intervals.     

Corneal surgical techniques

Although challenging from a technical perspective, many corneal surgical procedures can be mastered by the general practitioner. This article describes a number of procedures that can potentially save both the eye and vision. Procedures include corneal laceration repair, conjunctival pedicle graft, tarsoconjunctival island graft, advancement graft, total conjunctival graft, frozen tectonic corneal graft, porcine small-intestine submucosa graft, and superficial keratectomy. In addition to considerations on how to properly perform these procedures, emphasis is placed on common causes of failure and how to avoid them.     

Advanced periodontic techniques

Periodontal disease is multifaceted in nature. Problems occur, such as mucogingival problems, osseous deformities, and gingival enlargement, and they require multiple types of treatment. There is no one way to approach each problem or procedure. Philosophy, talent, experience, training, and objectives ultimately determine treatment selection.