检测动物组织中金刚烷胺残留的酶联免疫试剂盒的研制

通过对金刚烷胺分子结构进行改造,制备得到了金刚烷胺半抗原及人工抗原,免疫动物,制备特异性单克隆抗体。在筛选金刚烷胺单克隆抗体的基础上,建立酶联免疫检测方法,并研制出检测动物组织中金刚烷胺残留的试剂盒。该试剂盒工作范围为0.5~40.5μg/L,线性回归方程为y=-2.069x+0.493,IC_(50)为2.1μg/L,相关系数R2为0.998;试剂盒检测限为0.25μg/kg,金刚烷胺回收率在82.5%~91.0%,批内、批间变异系数均小于10%;与阿莫西林、苯唑西林、头孢噻呋三种类似结构药物均无交叉反应。该试剂盒灵敏度高、检测限低、特异性强、操作简便,可广泛用于动物组织中金刚烷胺残留量的测定。     

新型喹乙醇残留标志物人工半抗原的设计及其在动物组织残留检测中的应用

为提高酶联免疫方法测定喹乙醇残留标志物(MQCA)的检测性能,设计了一种新型MQCA人工半抗原,该半抗原既完整保留MQCA分子特征性基团和结构,又具有便于和蛋白质载体偶联的基团-NH2。通过三步化学反应合成该半抗原,将其与蛋白质载体偶联成为免疫抗原后,进一步制备特异性抗体,研制了MQCA酶联免疫试剂盒,灵敏度高,特异性好,IC50为1.94μg/L。建立了测定动物性产品中MQCA残留量的直接竞争酶联免疫法,测定猪肝、猪肉、鸡肉、鸡蛋中MQCA的检测限分别为0.42、0.23、0.28、0.28μg/kg。猪肉中不同添加浓度MQCA(1,2,4μg/kg)的回收率为70%~97%;批内、批间变异系数均低于12%。本试剂盒可同时快速检测大批样品,有望在MQCA残留检测中发挥重要作用。研究有助于指导小分子药物半抗原的合理设计,为现有的半抗原设计方法提供新的理念和思路。     

苯乙醇胺A半抗原、抗原及其制备方法的建立

在制备苯乙醇胺A半抗原、抗原和单克隆抗体的基础上应用直接竞争酶联免疫技术ELISA建立了一种检测动物组织和尿样中苯乙醇胺A残留量的方法。结果表明,半抗原改造成功,标准曲线线性检测范围为0.3μg/L~24.3μg/L,对尿样的检测限为0.3μg/L,对肉样的检测限为0.5μg/L,同其类似物交叉反应率均小于0.1%。该方法可应用于苯乙醇胺A在尿样、肉样中的快速筛查现场检测。     

可乐定ELISA检测试剂盒的研制及其性能评价

本研究通过制备可乐定完全抗原,免疫新西兰大白兔,得到特异性多克隆抗体,并和HRP标记的羊抗兔,构建间接ELISA检测法试剂盒,并进行性能测试评价。结果表明,吸光度百分比值与赛庚啶质量浓度的对数在0.1-8.1μg/L呈线性关系,相关系数R₂为0.977,半数抑制浓度(IC₅₀)为0.675μg/L,检测限为0.2μg/L,回收率为81% ～109%,具备良好的特异性,可用于动物尿样、血清和组织中的可乐定残留检测。     

阿莫西林残留ELISA检测试剂盒质量验证

为了对用于检测牛奶中阿莫西林残留的酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测试剂盒进行质量验证,试验采用不同梯度浓度的方法进行研究。结果表明:阿莫西林标准品浓度在0.5~13.5μg/L范围内具有较好线性关系,50%竞争抑制浓度为2.0μg/L,试剂盒对牛奶中阿莫西林的最低检测限为4.6μg/L。牛奶中分别添加5.0,10.0μg/L的阿莫西林标准品,回收率在72.2%~108.7%之间,批内变异系数小于8.9%,批间变异系数小于11.9%;试剂盒可在37℃条件下保存7 d,可同时检测牛奶中阿莫西林、青霉素、氨苄西林、萘夫西林等药物的残留总量。与仪器方法进行实际样品检测相比,ELISA方法检测结果具有良好的可信度。     

环境水样中地塞米松的酶联免疫法测定

通过对地塞米松分子结构进行改造,制备了地塞米松半抗原及人工抗原,免疫动物得到了地塞米松的单克隆抗体,建立了地塞米松间接竞争酶联免疫检测方法。结果表明,Logit/Log拟合标准曲线方程为Y=-2.1426X–9884,相关指数R~2为0.9965,半数抑制浓度(IC_(50))为0.337μg/L,环境水样的检测限为0.5μg/L,地塞米松阳性样本的加标回收率为75%～105%,样本重复检测结果的变异系数15%。建立的酶联免疫吸附方法具有较好的特异性、回收率和重复稳定性,可用于环境水样中地塞米松残留的检测。     

链霉素残留检测ELISA试剂盒的研制及应用

本研究采用EDC法人工合成链霉素抗原（SM—BSA）,免疫BALB／c小鼠,通过杂交瘤技术获得了分泌抗链霉素单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,建立了快速检测链霉素（SM）残留的酶联免疫方法,并成功研制了试剂盒。然后对其灵敏度、准确度、特异性、基质效应性等技术指标进行检测,同时应用该试剂盒对生长猪尿液中的残留情况进行检测。结果表明：除双氢链霉素外,该试剂盒与其它抗生素类药物均无交叉反应;线性检测范围为1～1289g／L,相关系数R^2=0．9251,灵敏度为0．45μg／L,半数抑制浓度（IC50）为7．769g／L,检测限为19g／L;猪尿样的平均添加回收率为84．1％;基质对该试剂盒的检测结果影响不大。该试剂盒具有快速、敏感、特异、简便等特点,适合于SM残留的快速检测,具有较高的推广应用价值。     

饲料中地西泮残留的酶联免疫检测试剂盒研制

为快速、简便地检测饲料中地西泮的残留,应用间接竞争酶联免疫原理研制出饲料中地西泮残留检测试剂盒,并对其性能进行评价。结果:试剂盒的灵敏度为0.1μg/L,对配合料、浓缩料、预混料的检测限分别为10、20、20μg/kg;平均添加回收率为71.5%～94.2%,批内、批间相对标准偏差均小于15%;与地西泮结构类似物无交叉反应。结果表明:研制的试剂盒检测快速、灵敏度高、特异性强,适用于从源头上对动物性食品中的地西泮残留进行检测监管。     

高灵敏度酶联免疫法快速检测动物源性产品中氯霉素残留的研究

本试验旨在应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测动物组织中氯霉素的残留。根据试剂盒操作说明对样本进行前处理,样品中的氯霉素与氯霉素酶结合物竞争结合酶标板微孔中固相化的氯霉素特异性抗体,根据酶催化显色剂显色的深浅来判断样品中氯霉素含量。试验结果显示,该方法对样品的检测限在0.1 μg/kg以下;以20~300 ng/kg浓度的氯霉素添加到动物源性产品中,其回收率范围74.4%~105.4%;变异系数在15%以下。结果表明建立的ELISA试剂盒能满足检测动物源性产品中氯霉素残留的需要。     

庆大霉素ELISA检测方法的建立与应用

本实验利用戊二醛法合成抗原,进行动物免疫,制备特异性强的单克隆抗体。建立了庆大霉素ELISA检测方法,方法灵敏度为0.1μg/L,半数抑制浓度IC50为0.295μg/kg,将建立的庆大霉素ELISA检测方法应用于肌肉组织的检测中,得到最低检测限为7.91μg/kg,样本添加回收率在70%～120%之间,变异系数小于15%,该方法的建立为庆大霉素的残留检测提供了可靠的分析检测手段。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.