动物艾滋病及其相关病

动物艾滋病(AIDS)是动物获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immune deficiencysyndrome)的简称,是由反转录病毒科免疫缺陷病毒(immunodeficiency virus)引起的传染病.自1981年发现人类艾滋病以来,相继发现和重新认识了不少动物获得性免疫缺陷性疾病,一些人称之为动物艾滋病.     

动物艾滋病样病毒和艾滋病样疾病

艾滋病(AIDS),全名为获得性免疫缺陷综合症(Acguired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)。是当代最引人注目的一种新型传染病。世界卫生组织1986年发表的每周公报,统称艾滋病病毒为人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)。目前,通过对HIV起源问题的研究,许多人认为AIDS是一种人兽共患病。HIV是个突变株,其突变前是某些动物     

慢病毒与慢病毒病研究进展

人的艾滋病与动物慢病毒病的相关性和相似性,使慢病毒和慢病毒病成为医学和兽医学领域最为关注的问题之一.作者就慢病毒的病原特性、致病机制及相关几种常见动物慢病毒病作一论述.     

逆转录病毒与动物艾滋病

艾滋病(AIDS)是获得性免疫缺陷性综合症(Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)的简称。目前关于动物艾滋病报道的有猫艾滋病(FAIDS)、牛艾滋病(BAIDS)和猴艾滋病(SAIDS),其病毒均属于逆转录病毒科。     

隐孢子虫病检测技术研究进展

隐孢子虫是动物和人腹泻的重要病原,也是人类艾滋病患者的主要致死因素之一.当前,对隐孢子虫病的研究已成为全球寄生虫学研究领域的热点由,于迄今尚无治疗隐孢子虫病感染的特效药物,因此,快速、简便、准确地发现隐孢子虫是控制该病的关键.随着分子生物学技术的应用,隐孢子虫病的检测技术得到了极大的发展.笔者就近年来隐孢子虫病检测技术进行了简要综述.     

马传染性贫血病毒LTR的研究进展

马传染性贫血病毒(Equine infectious anemia virus,EIAV)引起马属动物以贫血,持续感染,反复发热为特征的一种急性烈性传染病.与人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)同属反转录病毒科慢病毒属的重要成员,二者在基因组结构,复制方式和相似的蛋白种类及功能,传播方式和致病机理方面具有极高的相似性.近年来,随着HIV研究的展开带动了EIAV分子生物研究的发展,EIAV是慢病毒系统中结构最为精确的病毒,为研究人艾滋病提供了绝好的试验模型.     

冷应激对动物中枢神经以外内分泌及相关基因的研究进展

冷应激是动物养殖业普遍存在的问题,对动物的生产性能、抗病的影响日益严重,目前对动物冷应激的研究也在不断深入.本文对冷应激状态下动物中枢神经以外内分泌及相关基因的研究进行综述,为进一步研究动物冷应激提供参考.     

警惕动物病毒侵害人类

动物病毒侵害人类由来已久。艾滋病是已危及人类生存的全球性传染病,据世界卫生组织和联合国艾滋病规划处2004年11月23日公布的《艾滋病新疫情》报告中估计,2004年该病死亡310万人,HIV感染者总数为3940万人。现在许多科学家相信,该病是由灵长类动物病毒突变后,才成为广泛流行于人类的病毒。     

东莞市犬弓形虫抗体血清学调查

弓形虫病是由刚第弓形虫（Toxoplasma gondii）引起的一种人畜共患病，宿主种类十分广泛，人和动物的感染率都很高。该病分布于全世界各地，动物的感染很普遍，但多数为隐性感染，可以感染的动物已知有猫、犬、猪、羊、牛、兔、鸽、鸡等40余种。孕妇感染弓形虫后可导致早产、流产、胎儿发育畸形，研究表明弓形虫感染与艾滋病（AIDS）有密切的关系。     

禽流感已成为社会关注的问题

人类安全问题是人类社会必须始终关注和研究解决的首要问题.时至今日,流感、狂犬病、艾滋病、疯牛病、SARS病等人畜共患病,时常威胁着人类健康和社会发展.因此,我们必须了解与人类安全有关的动物疫病,正确对待它,做好预防工作,并在政府的应急保障系统指挥下积极参与控制疫病的蔓延和最终消灭如禽流感等疫病.     

动物衣原体病研究现状

动物衣原体病主要是由鹦鹉热衣原体及反刍动物衣原体引起的一种多症候传染病 ,而且是一种人畜共患病。衣原体所引起的病症复杂 ,对畜禽的生产带来了严重的损害。文章对衣原体病的病原性、临床症状、病理变化及常用的诊断技术和防制措施几个方面的研究现状作了简要综述     

AVMA guidelines for dealing with AIDS-infected persons in the veterinary workplace

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a human disease; human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) does not infect animals other than nonhuman primates. Veterinarians and their employees are no more at risk by reason of their employment than are workers in offices. Cautions for health care workers do not generally apply to animal health care workers, but they are good rules to follow if it is necessary to render first aid for human injuries in the workplace. Veterinarians are advised to have properly equipped first aid kits available in case of need. Employees with HIV infection or AIDS should be treated in the same way that any other ill or disabled employee would be treated. They should be given the opportunity to continue work as long as they are able to perform most of the essential functions of their jobs. Their privacy must be respected, but if their condition becomes known, they must not be discriminated against by employers or other employees. All employees should be instructed in basic information regarding HIV infection and AIDS, so they understand what is and is not a hazard. They should also be trained to deal safely with human injuries and be informed of their rights and the rights of other employees in case one of them is infected with HIV.     

Animal pneumocystosis: a model for man

Pneumocystis carinii is an important pulmonary pathogen responsible for morbidity and mortality in patients with AIDS. Apart from AIDS, cases of pneumocystosis have been reported in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy associated with organ transplantation without chemoprophylaxis and in malignant blood diseases. In vitro models are only of limited interest because there is no continuous in vitro culture. The in vivo models have contributed a great deal to the understanding of human Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Indeed, animal models remain of prime interest for many purposes, principally comparative medicine, pathogenesis, epidemiology and immunology. Among animal models, the rabbit is a very susceptible host to P. carinii infection, and does not need glucocorticoid treatment. Moreover, antigenic and genomic data suggest that rabbit-derived Pneumocystis strains are more closely related to human Pneumocystis than those of mice or rats. We have therefore shown that the rabbit model permits the study of the pulmonary surfactant modification due to P. carinii infection. This model should be a very interesting model for pathogenesis or immune response studies in immunocompetent animals. The rabbit model could also be used for epidemiological studies. P. carinii transmission appears to be very rapid via contact of Pneumocystis-free rabbits with infected rabbits. These Pneumocystis-free animals could be helpful for characterizing the source and the reservoir and studying parasite transmission.     

Pigs as an experimental model for systemic Mycobacterium avium infectious disease

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is an opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients and pigs, and causes dissemination through primary intestinal lesions. However, its pathogenesis is not well understood. In this article, we hypothesize that pigs can provide a suitable experimental model of disseminated MAC disease. We compared the initial route of infection, the characteristics of the pathogenic strains, the immunological status of the hosts, and the histological characteristics. The route of infection and infective strains are similar in AIDS patients and pigs. Pigs can respond to infection by the formation of systemic epithelioid granuloma with sufficient cell-mediated immunity. However, there are differences in immunological status and histological features between AIDS patients and pigs. Therefore, pigs might be used as an appropriate animal model because of their good cell mediated immunity triggered by systemic mycobacterial infection. In conclusion, MAC infections in AIDS patients and pigs show similarities in terms of the initial route of infection and the genetic characteristics of the pathogenic strains.     

A longitudinal study of lymphocyte subsets in a cohort of cats naturally-infected with feline immunodeficiency virus

Despite the potential of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) as an animal model for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) studies, the long term effects of naturally-occurring infection have not been determined. HIV infection causes an ongoing deterioration in immune function which directly correlates with disease, in particular acquired immunodefciency syndrome (AIDS). However, it is not known whether FIV-induced immunosuppression is progressive or related to the clinical condition. This study examined changes in lymphocyte subset numbers of serial samples, taken from cohorts of FIV-positive and FIV-negative cats over an 18-month period. FIV-positive cats were clinically staged as asymptomatic carriers (AC) or cats with AIDS-related complex (ARC), and FIV-negative cats matched and staged on the basis of similar diseases. During the course of the study, 4 FIV-positive cats developed AIDS, classed as the terminal stage of infection. There were no significant differences in the mean absolute numbers of any lymphocyte subset between the onset (to) and the completion (t18) of the study. Similarly there were no significant changes in subset numbers during the 18 months preceding the development of AIDS. While the study period was brief and the sample sizes small, it is postulated that FIV infection in Australia may not necessarily cause progressive immunodeficiency and that FIV-induced immunosuppression (as measured by subset analysis) may not be well correlated with the clinical status of the infected cat.     

人类艾滋病动物模型研究进展

许多疾病的研究离不开动物模型,它是进行发病机制、药物治疗和疫苗研究的必需条件之一。文章综述了近年来国内外建立艾滋病动物模型研究方面的新进展,包括了灵长类动物和非灵长类动物,并对建立艾滋病动物模型的发展前景进行展望。     

水貂自咬症发病原因分析

作者概述了自咬症的发生对水貂皮张的损坏和给养貂业带来的经济损失,总结了国内外学者对自咬症致病原因的各种说法。着重阐述微生物感染、微量元素缺乏、遗传等多种因素的研究概况,为进一步研究自咬症致病原因和有效防制该病提供参考。     

Spectrum of disease in macaque monkeys chronically infected with SIV/SMM

Twelve rhesus and one pig-tailed macaque have been monitored for 28-41 months following experimental infection with 10(4) TCID of SIV/SMM. Twelve of the 13 animals became virus positive and seroconverted within 3 to 6 weeks of exposure; the remaining animal seroconverted at 6 months, but has remained virus negative. Six of the 13 animals (46%) died between 14 and 28 months post-infection, following prolonged clinical disease characterized by chronic diarrhea and weight loss, peripheral lymphadenopathy and hemogram abnormalities. Histologic findings ranged from prominent follicular hyperplasia to severe lymphoid depletion, with lymphoid tissues often showing an infiltrate of syncytial giant cells. One animal had intestinal cryptosporidiosis and two had brain lesions comparable to those seen in AIDS encephalopathy in humans. Three of the remaining seven animals have an ARC-like disease and are showing gradual deterioration of their clinical condition. These animals, as well as animals that died, had progressive decreases in CD4+ cells and CD4+/CD8+ cell ratios. These observations further document the marked clinical, pathologic and immunologic similarities between human AIDS and the SIV-infected macaque model.     

Altered mitogen response of peripheral blood lymphocytes in different stages of feline immunodeficiency virus infection

To elucidate relationship between disease progress and immunologic alteration in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection, we classified naturally infected cats into clinical stage groups using the working criteria modified from those for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Among the five distinct stages described for HIV infection, the three phases; asymptomatic carrier (AC), AIDS related complex (ARC), and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), were evaluated for concanavalin A (Con A)-induced lymphocyte blastogenic activities by using glucose consumption assay. There was a significant decrease of lymphocyte response in AC phase. The loss of response became marked as the disease progressed to ARC and AIDS, with an almost complete loss of mitogen response in AIDS phase. In addition to the loss of a lymphocyte function, AIDS in FIV infection was characterized by marked emaciation, anemia or pancytopenia, and postmortem evidences of opportunistic infections and lymphoid depletion.     

猪囊尾蚴病病原入侵与免疫机理以及免疫预防研究进展

猪囊尾蚴病是危害严重的人畜共患寄生虫病,其病原是复杂的真核生物,有猪带绦虫成虫、六钩蚴、囊尾蚴等多个发育阶段,在人猪之间循环感染寄生发育。目前国内外已在病原和宿主个体、细胞和分子水平上对猪囊尾蚴入侵与免疫、免疫与免疫逃避以及免疫预防等方面进行了大量的研究,初步明确了虫体的组成成分与结构形态以及发育形式,与病原入侵和免疫的关系,为免疫预防控制,特别是分子免疫预防奠定了坚实的基础。但要完全控制和消灭该病,要走的路还很长。