江苏苏北地区猪链球菌耐药性调查及万古霉素耐药基因检测

调查江苏地区猪链球菌临床分离株的耐药现状并检测其万古霉素的耐药基因,为抗菌药物的合理使用提供参考。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定107株猪链球菌对8种抗菌药物的耐药性;应用PCR方法检测主要万古霉素耐药基因分布。107株菌株对克林霉素、四环素及红霉素耐药率在90%以上,对恩诺沙星、青霉素和氟苯尼考的耐药率分别为34.58%(37/107),27.1%(29/107)和23.36%(25/107),对头孢噻呋和万古霉素耐药率较低,均为3.74%(4/107)。95.3%(102/107)的菌株为多药耐药菌株,以3耐为主,达到51.0%(51/102),并有4株7耐的菌株。在4株万古霉素耐药菌株中,3株菌检测到van G基因。研究表明,猪链球菌对常用的8种抗菌药物均产生了不同程度的耐药,并出现多药耐药现象,尤其出现了vanG型的万古霉素耐药猪链球菌,需引起重视。     

猪链球菌临床分离株对四环素类抗生素的耐药性和耐药基因分析

【目的】了解广东地区猪链球菌（Streptococcus suis，S.suis）临床分离株对四环素类抗生素的耐药性及耐药基因携带情况。【方法】采用药敏纸片扩散法对2016－2020年分离自广东地区的34株猪链球菌进行四环素类抗生素耐药分析，并通过PCR方法检测四环素耐药基因tetA、tetC、tetD、tetM、tetO和tetX携带情况。【结果】34株猪链球菌对四环素的耐药率高达100%（34/34），其次为米诺环素82.4%（28/34）、多西环素47.1%（16/34）。34株猪链球菌中3重耐药菌株有15株，占比44.1%（15/34），2重耐药菌株有14株，占比41.1%（14/34），耐1种药物的菌株5株，占比14.7%（5/34）。耐药基因检测结果显示，tetA、tetC、tetD、tetM、tetO和tetX基因携带率分别为0、0、0、14.7%（5/34）、100%（34/34）和0。【结论】广东地区猪链球菌临床分离株四环素类抗生素的耐药率较高，主要携带的四环素耐药基因为tetO和tetM基因。     

新疆焉耆县羊源葡萄球菌耐药分析及耐药基因检测

为了对新疆焉耆地区羊源葡萄球菌耐药性及其携带的相关耐药基因情况进行检测,为该养殖场今后合理用药提供科学依据,采用微量肉汤稀释法对分离的275株葡萄球菌进行11种常用抗菌药物的药敏试验,并检测了部分相关耐药基因(cfr、fex A、mec A、tet K和tet M)。结果显示:分离的葡萄球菌对青霉素的耐药率高达90.4%,其次为苯唑西林,耐药率为69.1%,对其他被检药物的耐药率在1.4%~38.6%之间;基因检测显示,2株菌携带cfr基因(0.7%,2/275),14株菌携带fex A基因(5.1%,14/275),3株菌携带mec A基因(1.1%,3/275),5株菌携带tet K基因(1.8%,5/275),所有菌株均携带tet M基因(100%,275/275)。结果表明:新疆焉耆地区羊源葡萄球菌对青霉素和苯唑西林高度耐药,提示临床用药应根据药敏试验结果选用敏感药物,如庆大霉素、利福平等,缩短治疗周期和提高治疗效果;耐药基因的检出表明耐药性转移的风险增高,应加强对该地区养殖场的耐药监测。     

贵州省猪源大肠杆菌对磺胺类抗菌药物耐药性及耐药基因检测

为了解贵州省猪源大肠杆菌对磺胺类抗菌药物的耐药性及其耐药基因的流行情况,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定66株从贵州省6个地区规模化养猪场分离保种的猪源大肠杆菌对5种磺胺类抗菌药物敏感性,并用PCR方法对磺胺类耐药的sul基因进行检测。结果显示,贵州省猪源大肠杆菌对磺胺二甲嘧啶耐药率为93. 94%,其次是磺胺甲噁唑和磺胺噻唑耐药率分别为86. 36%、89. 39%,磺胺间甲氧嘧啶和磺胺嘧啶耐药率分别为84. 85%、80. 30%。66株大肠杆菌sul基因的检出率为100%,其中sul3为100%(66/66),sul1为89. 4%(59/66),sul2为77. 3%(51/66),同时携带sul1、sul2及sul3三种基因型的大肠杆菌占74. 2%(49/66)。结论:贵州省6个地区规模化养猪场大肠杆菌对磺胺类药物耐药形式严峻,磺胺类sul3耐药基因携带率较高。     

19株猪链球菌2型对β-内酰胺类药物的耐药表型和核糖分型

采用微量稀释法测定了10种药物对19株临床分离猪链球菌2型的体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并对19株猪链球菌2型进行核糖分型。以美国临床检验标准委员会(NCCLS)的临界浓度作为判定标准,发现临床分离的菌株以耐药菌为主,19株猪链球菌有5株对10种药物相对敏感,其余菌株均呈现不同程度耐药性,耐药率为73.68%。根据核糖型图谱将19株猪链球菌2型分为6型,其中A型和E型居多,占63%,A型除1株敏感外,其余为耐药,E型均为敏感;3株败血型菌株属C型,且均耐药;另外4株菌株分属B、D、F型。这说明猪链球菌2型的耐药表型和核糖型有的表现一致,有的表现不同。另外,核糖型和病理特征及菌株来源存在相关性,5株敏感菌株均来源于同一地区,其中4株同属E型;而3株败血型菌株同属C型。     

河南鸡源沙门菌的分离鉴定及其耐药性分析

对来自河南郑州、许昌、周口等20个地市101个鸡场的161份疑似沙门菌感染的病料进行病原菌分离鉴定和耐药性试验。通过细菌分离培养、形态染色、生化试验、血清学试验、致病性试验,结果分离鉴定出33株沙门菌,且均具有明显的致病性。药敏试验发现,33株分离株除对头孢曲松较为敏感(51.5%)外,对其他13种药物均呈不同程度耐药性,对复方新诺明的耐药率最高,为81.8%(27/33),其次为喹诺酮类药物,且表现为交叉耐药现象。对环丙沙星产生耐药性的菌株占分离株总数的75.7%(25/33),对诺氟沙星耐药的菌株占69.7%(23/33),对氧氟沙星耐药的菌株占63.6%(21/33)。结果表明:不同地区的分离菌株对各种药物的耐药性不同,同一地区的分离菌株对各种药物的耐药性也存在显著差异。     

广东地区猪链球菌的耐药性特点及四环素耐药基因携带情况

猪链球菌(Streptococcus suis,SS)是危害世界养猪业的重要细菌性病原菌之一,本研究旨在了解猪链球菌临床分离株的耐药性特点和四环素耐药基因的携带情况,为临床上该病的防控提供科学依据。本试验采用K-B法和CLSI推荐的肉汤微量稀释法检测猪链球菌广东分离株对18种抗菌药物的耐药性。结果显示,被检菌株对四环素类、磺胺类和氨基糖苷类抗菌药物表现较强的耐药性,尤其对四环素类药物的耐药率高达98.2%;对头孢菌素类药物比较敏感;菌株都耐受6种或6种以上的抗菌药物,其中以6和14重耐药菌株的数量最多,分别占20%和17%。本试验设计了4对引物检测四环素耐药基因携带情况,结果发现56株菌中以携带tetM基因为最多(85.71%)。结果表明tetM很可能是介导广东SS分离株对四环素产生极高耐药率的主要原因之一。     

红霉素与四环素耐药基因在猪链球菌临床分离株中的检测

为了解临床分离的48株猪链球菌对大环内酯类药物及四环素耐药基因的分布,用微量稀释法测定48株临床分离的猪链球菌对大环内酯类、四环素、β-内酰胺类及头孢类9种抗生素的药物敏感性,建立PCR方法对耐药菌株大环内酯类耐药基因ermA/B/C、mefA/E、msrD、mphB、23S rRNA,L4,L22和四环素耐药基因tetM、tetO、tetL、tetK及与Tn916转座子相关的int和xis基因进行检测。结果表明,31株2型猪链球菌中大环内酯类药物耐药率为3.23%,17株9型猪链球菌红霉素耐药率为88.24%,泰乐菌素、磷酸替米考星、阿奇霉素的耐药率均为70.59%。48株猪链球菌对四环素均耐药,但对青霉素、阿莫西林、头孢曲松钠、氨苄西林均敏感。大环内酯类耐药基因主要以ermB为主,占75%(12/16),mefA/E、msrD占25%(4/16),16株红霉素耐药菌株中,tetM、tetO、int、xis的检出率分别为25%(4/16)、62.5%(10/16)、31.25%(5/16)和31.25%(5/16),没有检测到ermA、ermC、mphB、tetL、tetK。所有红霉素耐药菌株均未检测到23S rRNA、L4和L22突变。     

猪链球菌2型多重耐药菌株的人工诱导

采用6种常用抗菌药物对临床分离的38株猪链球菌2型进行敏感性检测,从中选择3株对红霉素和环丙沙星敏感的菌株,采用体外递增药物浓度的方法分别诱导成对红霉素和环丙沙星耐药的菌株,按临床检验标准委员会(CLSI)推荐的方法测定了红霉素和环丙沙星对同一亲本的敏感株和诱导耐药株的体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并测定在外排泵抑制剂利血平存在的情况下敏感株和诱导耐药株的MIC变化情况。微量稀释法测定的MIC结果显示:在所选的6种抗生素中,氟苯尼考和氨苄西林对临床分离的38株猪链球菌的作用最好,抑菌率都为100%,红霉素及环丙沙星有一定作用,耐药率分别达39.5%(15/38)和28.9%(11/38),而磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、四环素的抑菌效果最差,耐药率达100%。浓度递增法成功诱导了猪链球菌2型菌株对红霉素和环丙沙星耐药性,其MIC值分别由0.001 8 mg/L上升至128 mg/L。在外排泵抑制剂利血平存在的情况下,抗菌药物对部分猪链球菌2型菌株的MIC值下降。结果提示:逐步增加药物浓度可以诱导猪链球菌2型菌株对红霉素和环丙沙星的耐药性,而且猪链球菌2型菌株耐药性的产生可能与耐药性相关的主动外排机制有关。     

四川省副猪嗜血杆菌分离株β-内酰胺类药物药敏特性及质粒介导耐药基因检测研究

为了给四川地区养猪场提供副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)病的科学防控及合理的治疗用药方案,并研究HPS的β-内酰胺类药物的耐药机制,本实验于2014年8月～2016年9月,对四川省18个地区养猪场疑似感染HPS的病猪进行了解剖及病理变化观察,采集病料分离并鉴定得到97株HPS,分别采用纸片法检测5种β-内酰胺类药物耐药情况,PCR检测5种质粒介导的β-内酰胺类耐药基因携带情况。结果显示,分离株中耐药菌株比例高达86.6%(84/97);分离株对氨苄西林、阿莫西林、青霉素、头孢噻肟、头孢唑啉的耐药率分别为63.9%(62/97)、56.7%(55/97)、74.2%(72/97)、37.1%(36/97)、29.9%(29/97),且多重耐药情况比较严重;86.6%(84/97)分离株的质粒至少携带一种耐药基因,耐药基因TEM、SHV、CTX、OXA、DHA的检出率分别为57.7%(56/97)、33.0%(32/97)、17.5%(17/97)、19.6%(19/97)、2.1%(2/97),有32株分离株携带2～3种耐药基因;耐药基因和耐药表型的符合率为88.1%(74/84)。HPS四川分离株对β-内酰胺类抗生素严重耐药,其质粒介导的β-内酰胺类耐药基因携带率较高。耐药基因和表型符合率较高,表明通过检测耐药基因来初步确定菌株的耐药情况可行性高。本研究为临床防治HPS病奠定了一定的基础。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Scrapie in goats in Cyprus

Ovine scrapie was first recorded in Cyprus in 1985. Subsequently four dairy goats kept in two mixed flocks with affected sheep developed characteristic clinical signs similar to those seen in sheep. Fifteen goats from the two flocks were examined histologically and neurological lesions consistent with a diagnosis of scrapie were found in the four animals and in three others which had subsequently developed early neurological signs. These lesions were similar to those of naturally-affected sheep although neuronal degeneration and vacuolation were more severe in some cases.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.