喹赛多及其两种代谢产物在鸡体内消除规律研究

通过喹赛多(Cyadox,CYX)的不同给药方式,研究CYX及其两种重要代谢产物在鸡体内消除规律,了解其对食品安全的影响,并为今后的药理学和毒理学研究提供较为详细的数据基础。建立并优化了喹赛多、脱二氧喹赛多(BDCYX)和喹啉-2-羧酸(QCA)在鸡血浆、胆汁、可食性组织和粪便中的提取、纯化及HPLC检测方法,并通过按推荐剂量连续混饲给药7 d和一次性灌胃给药两种不同给药方式,研究喹赛多及其两种代谢产物在鸡体内消除规律。结果表明,连续混饲给药7天后在血浆、肝脏、肾脏、肌肉、脂肪中均未检测到CYX,停药后6 h和24 h的肝脏样品中检测到BDCYX。除了胆汁以外,所检测的其它上述5种组织中均检测到QCA,肝脏和肾脏中持续检测到72 h。一次性灌服CYX后的鸡排泄物中CYX原形和BDCYX在给药后2 d便无法检出,QCA可检测到第3天。研究结果为喹赛多药理学和毒理学研究提供了可直接借鉴的参考数据。     

喹赛多及其主要代谢物在猪体内的药代动力学研究

试验研究了灌服单剂量喹赛多(40 mg/kg体重)后原药及其代谢物在健康猪体内的药代动力学特征。液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中喹赛多及其代谢物的浓度,通过WinNonlin 5.2药代动力学软件分析,用非房室模型统计矩原理计算喹赛多及其代谢产物的药动学参数。主要药动学参数分别为喹赛多:t_1/2 (7.52±1.77) h,C_max(0.02±0.01) μg/mL,AUC_{(0-36 h)} (0.26±0.24) (h·μg)/mL,MRT(11.37±3.21) h;N1(脱一氧喹赛多):t_1/2 (3.05±1.12) h,C_max(0.35±0.18) μg/mL,AUC_{(0-36 h)} (2.13±2.31) (h·μg)/mL,MRT(11.83±3.34) h。N4(脱一氧喹赛多):t_1/2 (2.91±1.15) h,C_max(0.60±0.32) μg/mL,AUC_{(0-36 h)} (3.78±4.28) (h·μg)/mL,MRT(11.00±2.86) h。脱二氧喹赛多:t_1/2 (3.85±1.30) h,C_max(0.46±0.19) μg/mL,AUC_{(0-36 h)} (4.21±2.47) (h·μg)/mL,MRT(13.35±2.65) h。QCA(喹口恶啉-2-羧酸):t_1/2 (5.08±0.57) h,C_max(0.25±0.11) μg/mL,AUC_{(0-36 h)} (3.05±1.46) (h·μg)/mL,MRT(15.15±1.83)h。结果表明,血浆中主要存在形式为代谢物,各代谢物的血药浓度及AUC_(0-∞)均高于喹赛多,喹赛多消除半衰期最长,QCA平均滞留时间最长。     

乙酰甲喹及其主要代谢物在鸡体内的残留消除规律研究

建立了高效液相色谱串联质谱（HPLC—MS／MS）法用于乙酰甲喹及其6种主要代谢物的检测。将65只健康白羽鸡分为两组,10只为空白对照组,其余为试验组。试验组施以20mg／kgb．w．灌胃乙酰甲喹悬浊液,1d2次,连续3d。在给药结束后2、4、6、12、16、24、30、36、48、72、120h分别宰杀5只鸡,采集血液和可食性组织（肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和皮脂）样品。结果表明：乙酰甲喹原药在组织和血浆中迅速消除;乙酰甲喹的代谢物广泛存在于鸡的可食性组织和血浆中;代谢物的残留消除过程较为复杂,代谢物在肌肉和肝脏中残留量较多,在皮脂中残留时间最长。研究结果将有助干榍示7．酷甲喹存鸡体内的砖留消除期,律．     

高效液相色谱法测定猪血浆及组织中喹赛多及其脱二氧代谢物

建立了测定猪血浆及肝脏、肾脏、肌肉等组织中的喹赛多及其代谢物脱二氧喹赛多的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法.血浆样用甲醇沉淀蛋白后离心取上清液进样测定.组织样先用乙腈匀浆,用正己烷脱脂后作HPLC检测.色谱柱为ODS C18柱;流动相血浆样测定为乙腈水(2080),组织样测定为甲醇水(4258),流速为1.0 mL/min;紫外检测波长305 nm.药物工作液质量浓度范围为0.005～0.500 mg/L时,血浆样品及组织样品测定条件下药物质量浓度与响应值均具良好线性关系,相关系数＞0.999.血浆中药物质量浓度为0.02、0.10、0.50 mg/L时,喹赛多及脱二氧喹赛多的回收率均大于70%,组织中药物含量为0.05、0.20、1.00μg/g时,肌肉样品的回收率均大于70%,肝脏、肾脏样品则为50%～80%.本试验条件下,喹赛多及其脱二氧代谢物的最低检出质量浓度,血浆样品分别为0.01、0.02mg/L,组织样品2种检测物均为0.025μg/g.测定了工作液3种质量浓度0.01、0.05、0.25 mg/L的仪器精密度,日内相对偏差＜8.0%,日间相对偏差＜17.0%.     

脱二氧喹赛多在大鼠血浆及组织的药代动力学研究

本试验研究单剂量口服喹赛多(200 mg/kg体重)后,其主要代谢物脱二氧喹赛多(1.4-bisdesoxycyadox)在健康大鼠血浆及各组织内的药代动力学特征。灌服后在设定的时间点用剖杀的方法采集血浆及组织,经处理后,利用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆及各组织中的药物浓度。通过Win Nonlin 6.1软件,用非房室模型统计矩原理计算脱二氧喹赛多在血浆及各组织中的药动学参数。主要药动学参数分别为血浆:T1/2β(4.63)h,Cmax(1534.00)μg/L,AUC0→∞(9937.08)h*μg/L,MRT(8.49)h;肝脏:T1/2β(32.45)h,Cmax(1982.50)μg/L,AUC0→∞(15489.71)h*μg/L,MRT(10.04)h;肾脏:T1/2β(18.96)h,Cmax(1286.67)μg/L,AUC0→∞(7671.06)h*μg/L,MRT(9.08)h;肌肉:T1/2β(10.19)h,Cmax(2293.33)μg/L,AUC0→∞(16154.84)h*μg/L,MRT(9.00)h;脂肪:T1/2β(8.47)h,Cmax(711.50)μg/L,AUC0→∞(5107.22)h*μg/L,MRT(8.79)h。脱二氧喹赛多在大鼠血浆及各组织中的消除速率缓慢,达峰浓度高,分布较广泛。     

阿司匹林丁香酚酯在大鼠体内的代谢动力学研究

通过阿司匹林丁香酚酯(AEE)在大鼠体内代谢动力学的研究,探讨其在体内的代谢规律,为临床合理用药提供参考。选取12只SPF级SD大鼠,颈静脉插管后以20 mg/kg的剂量灌胃给药,采用LC-MS/MS法检测大鼠血浆中AEE及其代谢物的浓度,计算药动学参数。结果表明:AEE和代谢物阿司匹林在血浆中无法检出;代谢物丁香酚在血浆中浓度较低,未达到定量限;代谢物水杨酸血药浓度符合一室模型。水杨酸在大鼠体内的主要药代动力学参数C_(max)、T_(max)和CL分别为3356.90±1120.37 ng/mL、4.35±1.09 h、432.01±148.41 mL/h。该检测方法快捷、准确、灵敏度高,适用于大鼠血浆中AEE及其代谢物的血药浓度测定,为今后AEE在体内处置研究和给药间隔提供了技术参考和理论基础。     

超高效液相色谱串联四级杆/飞行时间质谱仪鉴定喹赛多在鸡体内代谢研究

采用超高效液相色谱串联四级杆/飞行时间质谱仪(UPLC-Q-TOF MS)识别和鉴定了喹赛多在鸡体内的代谢产物,并讨论了喹赛多在鸡体内可能的代谢途径。按800 mg/kg体重的剂量给鸡单次灌服喹赛多,采集试验前后鸡的粪便,经简单前处理后,运用UPLC-Q-TOF MS进行分析,采集的数据经Metabolynx^xs软件处理后,共鉴定出15种喹赛多的代谢产物。试验结果表明,喹赛多在鸡体内发生广泛的代谢。     

喹赛多对猪直肠粪便中大肠杆菌数及肠黏膜免疫影响

去势长大仔猪随机分为6组，Ⅰ和Ⅳ组饲喂不含抗菌药的基础日粮，Ⅱ和Ⅴ组基础日粮中添加100mg／kg喹乙醇，Ⅲ和Ⅵ组基础日粮中添加100mg／kg喹赛多。Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组仔猪灌服10^10CFU大肠杆菌（O139；K86），Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组仅灌服肉汤。喹赛多饲喂猪直肠粪便中大肠杆菌总数和接种血清型大肠杆菌数与喹乙醇饲喂猪均无显著差异（P〉0.05），喹赛多和喹乙醇饲喂猪直肠粪便中接种血清型大肠杆菌数均低于非药物饲喂猪（P〈0．05）。饲料中添加药物可降低空、回肠上皮内淋巴细胞和IgA分泌细胞数（P〈0．05）；喹赛多饲喂猪空肠IgA分泌细胞数低于喹乙醇饲喂猪（P〈0．05）。大肠杆菌接种降低仔猪平均日增重（P〈0．05），药物显著改善平均日增重（P〈0．05）；喹赛多饲喂猪平均日增重在整个试验期高于喹乙醇饲喂猪（P〈0．05）；这些结果显示喹赛多减少肠道大肠杆菌数量，抑制因肠道接种刺激所引起的免疫激活，特别是肠道免疫激活，以促进仔猪生长。     

庆大霉素在羊体内代谢和残留消除规律研究

为研究庆大霉素在羊体内代谢和残留消除规律,以4 mg/kg肌肉注射硫酸庆大霉素注射液,每日2次,代谢研究连续注射2.5 d,残留消除研究连续注射3 d。按动物试验要求采集肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、脂肪、血液、尿液和粪便,UPLC-MS/MS法测定样品中庆大霉素的残留量。结果显示,庆大霉素在羊体内1 h可到血药峰浓度,尿液中的排泄总量占注射总量的80%左右,粪便中不足0.1%;在肝脏、肾脏、尿液中原型药总量占注射总量90%以上,证明庆大霉素在羊体内不代谢,原型药随尿液排出体外;庆大霉素在肾脏中残留浓度最高且消除时间长,确定肾脏是庆大霉素在羊体内的靶组织,庆大霉素原型药为残留标示物。研究结果可为庆大霉素的安全使用以及正确制订其在羊组织中的最高残留限量标准提供科学依据和建议。     

乙酰甲喹在斑马鱼中的代谢研究

为了阐明乙酰甲喹在水产动物中的代谢过程,本试验采用超高效液相色谱串联四级杆/飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q/TOF-MS）技术及代谢软件Metabolynx^XS自动分析采集功能,研究其在斑马鱼中的主要代谢产物。斑马鱼经药浴摄入乙酰甲喹后,分别采用乙酸乙酯和乙腈提取组织中的乙酰甲喹及代谢物,过0.22 μm滤膜后经UPLC-Q/TOF-MS分析,通过比较试验组和对照组的色谱图新增色谱峰,确定代谢产物的数量;通过比较乙酰甲喹标准品及代谢产物的精准MS/MS质谱图,确定代谢产物的化学结构,并推测其可能的代谢途径。结果显示,乙酰甲喹在斑马鱼中的代谢产物较少,主要是脱氧代谢物,包括单脱氧代谢物N1-脱氧乙酰甲喹（1-DMEQ）、N4-脱氧乙酰甲喹（4-DMEQ）及双脱氧代谢物N1,N4-双脱氧乙酰甲喹（1,4-BDMEQ）,代谢途径主要为N→O基团还原。残留消除规律研究发现,乙酰甲喹消除较快,4 h降至初始浓度一半以下,并呈现逐渐降低的趋势;其3种代谢产物浓度均呈现先增高后降低的趋势,其中2种单脱氧代谢物在给药后2 h浓度达到最高,8 h降至最高浓度一半以下,双脱氧代谢物在给药后4 h药物浓度达到最高,12 h降至最高浓度一半以下,结果表明,乙酰甲喹在斑马鱼中代谢消除速率较快。上述研究结果可为乙酰甲喹在其他水产食品动物中的代谢研究提供参考,并为水产动物源性食品安全的监控及药代动力学研究提供技术支持。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.