添加乳酸菌制剂和丙酸对全株玉米全混合日粮青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响

为评价乳酸菌制剂和丙酸对西藏地区全株玉米全混合日粮(TMR)发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响。试验设对照组、乳酸菌制剂和丙酸添加组3个处理。全混合日粮青贮45d后全部开封取样,测定其发酵品质,并分别在有氧暴露第6、9和12天取样评定其有氧稳定性。每个处理组每个时间点开5个青贮窖即5个重复。结果表明,全株玉米全混合日粮干物质含量适宜、乳酸菌数量和水溶性碳水化合物含量充足,因此对照组发酵品质良好,添加乳酸菌制剂进一步改善了发酵品质,虽然丙酸一定程度上抑制了乳酸发酵,但发酵品质仍属良好。在有氧暴露阶段,对照组和乳酸菌添加组乳酸含量持续下降,pH﹑氨态氮/总氮和酵母菌数量显著上升(P0.05)。丙酸添加组乳酸含量前9d逐渐升高,之后显著下降(P0.05),pH基本趋于稳定,12d后降至3.75,酵母菌数目显著(P0.05)低于其他组。综合全株玉米TMR的发酵品质和有氧稳定性,添加乳酸菌制剂改善了全株玉米TMR的发酵品质但没有提高其有氧稳定性,添加丙酸尽管一定程度抑制了乳酸发酵,但明显提高了发酵全混合日粮的有氧稳定性。     

3个因素对全株玉米青贮品质的影响及互作效应分析

本试验旨在探讨品种、收获期和添加剂3个因素对全株玉米青贮品质的影响。青贮玉米原料为桂青贮1号、豫青贮23和北农青贮208,玉米分别于乳熟期、完熟期收割,分别采用复合乳酸菌A和复合添加剂B进行青贮发酵,发酵35 d后采样检测营养成分。结果表明:3个品种中,北农青贮208全株玉米青贮饲料的乳酸(LA)和乙酸(AA)含量最高,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量最低;与完熟期相比,乳熟期全株玉米青贮饲料p H和NDF含量显著降低,粗蛋白(CP)和水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量显著增加;乳酸菌剂A增加了LA、WSC和CP含量,复合添加剂B显著提高了LA、WSC和ADF含量;从互作效应看,北农青贮208×乳熟期处理有较高的LA和CP含量;豫青贮23×乳酸菌剂A和豫青贮23×复合添加剂B处理的p H较低且有较高的LA、CP和WSC含量;在乳熟期收获的桂青贮1号和豫青贮23添加乳酸菌剂A能获得p H较低且CP含量较高的全株玉米青贮饲料;乳熟期收获的北农青贮208添加乳酸菌剂A或复合添加剂B均能获得品质较优的青贮饲料。品种、收获期及添加剂对全株玉米青贮品质均有影响,并产生一定的互作效应。     

不同乳酸菌添加剂对全株玉米青贮品质、瘤胃降解率及有氧稳定性的影响

试验旨在研究不同种类乳酸菌对全株玉米青贮品质、瘤胃降解率及有氧稳定性的影响,筛选适合全株玉米青贮发酵的最佳乳酸菌添加剂。以蜡熟期收割的全株玉米为材料,分别调制5种乳酸菌添加剂青贮和无添加青贮(对照组),发酵60 d以后取样,测定其发酵品质、营养成分、瘤胃降解率及有氧稳定性。结果表明:发酵60 d后,对照组和各处理组青贮的pH值均降至3.59以下,但乳酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);处理Ⅰ组、处理Ⅱ组和处理Ⅴ组全株玉米青贮的干物质含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各处理组全株玉米青贮的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);处理Ⅰ组、处理Ⅱ组、处理Ⅳ组、处理Ⅴ组全株玉米青贮的体外干物质降解率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各处理组全株玉米青贮的有氧稳定时长分别为100、94、94、88、92 h,比对照组(82 h)延长了有氧稳定期。研究表明,乳酸菌添加剂均可改善全株玉米青贮的乳酸含量,提高瘤胃干物质降解率和有氧稳定性,综合评价处理Ⅰ组效果最佳。     

整株玉米不同成熟阶段对其青贮品质及有氧稳定性的影响

随着整株玉米不断成熟,其干物质(DM)、淀粉、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量不断增加,而可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、水分含量不断降低。成熟早期高含量的WSC为乳酸菌提供了大量的发酵底物,可促进青贮发酵,但高水分会降低青贮料的有氧稳定性;成熟后期,低水分和低含量的WSC使青贮达不到理想的发酵效果,此外,高木质化也导致青贮料消化率降低。综合各方面因素,在1/3乳腺期到2/3乳腺期阶段青贮的整株玉米无论是发酵效果还是有氧稳定性方面均可达到较好效果。     

TMR青贮中存在的乳酸菌对意大利黑麦草青贮的发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响

试验研究了25℃和35℃贮存时,TMR青贮中存在的乳酸菌Lactobacillus panis、Lactoba-cillus frumenti以及Lactobacillus farciminis对意大利黑麦草青贮的发酵品质、有氧稳定性及其微生物群态的影响。试验结果表明:不同温度贮存青贮的p H值差异不显著,相同温度的添加组的p H值极显著低于对照组(P0.01);25℃贮存的青贮乳酸含量极显著高于35℃贮存青贮(P0.01),相同温度贮存,添加组乳酸含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01);不同温度贮存青贮的醋酸含量无显著性差异,25℃贮存L.panis和L.frumenti添加组醋酸含量显著高于对照组和L.farciminis组(P0.05)。青贮饲料开封后,在空气中放置一周后,所有青贮的p H值都升高,表明发生了有氧变败。TMR青贮中存在的乳酸菌的添加可以改变意大利黑麦草青贮的发酵产物,但是抑制有氧变败的作用较小。     

紫花苜蓿与全株玉米不同混合比例对TMR发酵的影响

试验旨在探究紫花苜蓿与全株玉米不同混合比例对全混合日粮（TMR）发酵的影响。将紫花苜蓿与全株玉米分别以10∶0(T1组)、7∶3(T2组)、5∶5(T3组)、3∶7(T4组)、0∶10(T5组)的比例混合作为粗饲料,再与精料以6∶4混合配制TMR,装入密封袋中厌氧发酵60 d,得到发酵全混合日粮（FTMR）,取样测定其营养成分、发酵品质以及开封后第0、3、6、9、12天主要微生物的动态变化情况。结果表明：随着全株玉米比例的增加,FTMR中粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著降低（P<0.05）。T2组乳酸菌数量随着饲料在空气中暴露时间的延长而减少（P<0.05）;随着全株玉米混合比例的增加,乳酸菌数量显著增加（P<0.05）;随着全株玉米混合比例的增加,除T3组外,乙酸含量显著增加（P<0.05）。根据各组FTMR的营养成分、发酵品质、微生物的动态数量变化情况进行隶属函数分析,结果表明,最适紫花苜蓿与全株玉米比例为7∶3。综合各组FTMR的营养品质、发酵品质以及有氧暴露后微生物的变化情况,在中小型牧场乃至家庭式牧场中推荐紫花苜蓿和全株玉米混合发酵的适宜比例为7∶3。     

笋壳替代全株玉米TMR发酵品质及有氧稳定性研究

本试验旨在探讨不同比例笋壳逐步替代全株玉米对全混合日粮(total mixed ration,TMR)发酵品质、营养价值和有氧稳定性的影响,确定适宜的笋壳替代水平。试验设对照组、15%笋壳组、25%笋壳组和35%笋壳组。青贮后第5, 7, 14, 30, 90天开窖取样,测定其发酵品质、营养成分及微生物变化;同时将青贮90 d的发酵TMR暴露到空气中,用多通道温度记录仪记录温度变化,并分别在有氧暴露第3, 6, 9和14天取样分析,评定其有氧稳定性。结果表明,尽管在整个青贮过程中随着笋壳替代比例的增加,各组乳酸含量逐渐降低,pH显著(P<0.05)升高,氨态氮/总氮逐渐上升,但青贮90 d后15%和25%组具有较高的乳酸含量(60.16~64.94 g/kg DM)、较低的pH(4.15~4.20)、氨态氮/总氮(55.56~58.73 g/kg TN)和极少量的丁酸含量(1.05~1.47 g/kg DM),仍显示良好的发酵品质。有氧暴露期间,对照组在有氧暴露第9天pH开始急剧上升,乳酸、乙酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量大幅度下降,发生有氧腐败,而笋壳处理组在有氧暴露14 d内pH缓慢上升,乳酸、乙酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量逐步降低,且温度也未超过环境温度2℃,与对照组相比有氧稳定性明显提高。其中15%组和25%组不仅有良好的发酵品质而且有氧稳定性高。从对笋壳资源的最大化利用角度出发,用25%的笋壳替代TMR中的全株玉米最为适宜。     

5株优良抑菌活性乳酸菌对全株玉米青贮品质的影响

为了探讨具有优良抑菌活性的乳酸菌对全株玉米青贮过程不同时期营养品质的影响,进一步验证并筛选出可提高玉米秸秆青贮品质的乳酸菌接种剂,将实验室前期从甘肃各地玉米秸秆青贮饲料中分离筛选获得的5株产酸快、多,且具有抑菌活性的优良乳酸菌分别添加到全株玉米秸秆中进行青贮,共设置6个试验组,分别在青贮第3、7、15、30天测定产物的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和氨态氮(NH₃-N)含量及第30 天乳酸(LA)、乙酸(AA)、丙酸(PA)和丁酸(BA)含量。结果显示,发酵30 d后,5个处理组的DM、CP、ADF和LA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),NH₃-N和WSC含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),B3-1组NDF显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但与其他处理组差异不显著(P>0.05),B3-1和B5-2组AA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但与其他处理组差异不显著(P>0.05);各组DM、CP、WSC含量均随发酵时间延长而降低,而ADF、NDF和NH₃-N含量均随发酵时间的延长而升高;B3-1组在玉米秸秆全株青贮发酵各期的发酵品质和营养品质最优。以上结果表明5株乳酸菌均能显著改善青贮饲料发酵品质,其中植物乳杆菌B3-1的效果最好。     

发酵增效剂对玉米青贮营养品质和发酵特性的影响

本试验旨在研究2种发酵增效剂(分别简称MAX、MIX)对全株玉米青贮饲料感官质量、营养品质和发酵特性的影响。试验采用单因子试验设计,选取全株玉米作为青贮原料。试验共分3组,MAX组:青贮时将MAX粉末以2.5 mg/kg均匀加入;MIX组:青贮时将MIX的颗粒以1000 mg/kg均匀加入;空白组(CK组):青贮时不添加任何发酵增效剂,每组3个重复,青贮60 d后开桶取样,测定青贮样品感官质量、营养品质及开桶后有氧暴露0、24、48、72 h发酵特性。结果表明:1)MAX和MIX组感官评定与CK组无显著差异(P>0.05),等级均为一级。2)MAX和MIX组干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、乳酸(LA)含量均极显著高于CK组(P<0.01),淀粉(Sta)含量显著高于CK组(P<0.05),pH及酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、乙酸(AA)、氨态氮(NH3-N)含量均极显著低于CK组(P<0.01)。3)玉米青贮饲料开桶后随有氧暴露时间的增加,MAX、MIX和CK组LA含量均呈降低趋势,4个时间段MAX和MIX组LA含量均显著高于CK组(P<0.05);MAX、MIX和CK组青贮样品pH均呈升高趋势,4个时间段MAX和MIX组pH均显著低于CK组(P<0.05);有氧暴露24 h前,MAX和MIX组AA含量显著低于CK组(P<0.05),有氧暴露24 h后,MAX和MIX组AA含量显著高于CK组(P<0.05);有氧暴露72 h前,MAX和MIX组NH3-N含量显著低于CK组(P<0.05);MAX、MIX和CK组有氧稳定性时长分别为112.36、112.97和110.37 h。由此可见,全株玉米青贮时添加MAX和MIX对青贮饲料的感官质量无显著影响;添加MAX和MIX可减少青贮过程中DM、CP、Sta的损耗,降低玉米青贮饲料中ADF、NDF、NH3-N的含量,从而提高玉米青贮的发酵品质;添加MAX和MIX对延长全株玉米青贮饲料有氧稳定性时间效果不明显;MAX、MIX之间对青贮饲料营养品质和有氧稳定性的影响无显著差异。     

添加中草药对发酵TMR化学成分、微生物组成及发酵品质的影响

文章旨在探究添加中草药对发酵全混合日粮(TMR)化学成分、微生物组成及发酵品质的影响。将苜蓿干草、玉米粉、豆浆渣、豆粕、预混料、食盐按照干物质(DM)36∶25.5∶21∶12∶5∶0.5的比例混合调制TMR,分为4组,分别加入2%无菌水、2%当归、2%黄芩、2%茯苓,室温条件下厌氧发酵,并于发酵7、14、28、56 d开封,测定化学成分、微生物组成及发酵品质。结果表明,发酵56 d后,所有组别的TMR发酵品质良好,具有较高的乳酸(LA)含量(7.31%DM～8.30%DM)、较低的p H(4.56～4.63)和氨态氮(NH3-N)含量(3.13%TN～3.75%TN)。随着发酵时间的延长,所有组别的p H和好氧细菌(AB)数量极显著降低(P0.01)、乳酸(LA)含量极显著升高(P0.01);DM和可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量极显著降低(P0.01)。添加中草药能够显著降低TMR发酵56 d后的p H(P0.05),提高LA含量(P0.05)。其中,当归组发酵56 d后LA含量最高,p H和NH3-N含量最低。综上所述,添加中草药可以有效抑制不良微生物的生长,改善TMR的发酵品质,其中以添加2%的当归效果最佳。     

Endotoxin activity in whole blood measured by neutrophil chemiluminescence is applicable to canine whole blood

The dog is widely used as a translational experimental model studying the host response and new treatments for human endotoxemia. The present study evaluated the applicability of a novel patient-near neutrophil chemiluminescence assay for the measurement of endotoxin activity in human blood when applied to canine blood samples. The assay was observed to be analytically sensitive and specific to endotoxin when tested in vitro, spiked with purified Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide and live E. coli. The diagnostic sensitivity was sustained during Gram-positive contamination. Finally, it also demonstrated diagnostic potential when able to discriminate dogs with spontaneously occurring endotoxemia from both healthy dogs and diseased dogs without endotoxemia. The rapid patient-near assessment of endotoxin activity in canine blood should facilitate future studies on endotoxemia in both spontaneous disease and in experimental settings.     

农贸市场白条鸡的检疫

随着我国畜牧业的发展和动物防疫、检疫法制建设的不断发展和人们物质生活水平的逐步提高,市场供应日渐丰富,白条鸡已成为老百姓餐桌上的家常菜,因此,加强农贸市场白条鸡检疫工作显得十分重要.     

Performance of dairy goats fed whole sugarcane

Five lactating goats were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square experiment to determine the effects of feeding whole sugarcane (WSC) on intake, total tract nutrient digestibilities, milk yield and milk composition. Goats were fed diets containing 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 g kg-1 WSC and 400, 300, 200, 100, and 0 g kg-1 tifton hay (TH). Intake of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased linearly (p < 0.05) as the level of WSC in the diet increased. Total tract nutrient digestibilities were not influenced by WSC inclusion except for the digestibility of NDF which decreased linearly (p < 0.05) as the level of WSC in the diet increased. Inclusion of WSC linearly (p < 0.05) decreased milk yield without affecting milk composition. It was concluded that WSC had a lower feeding values than TH for lactating goats.     

整粒谷物在家禽日粮中的应用

出于对原料成本、加工、运输和家禽健康的考虑．直接饲喂整粒谷物引起了营养学家和家禽生产者的广泛关注。本文对整粒谷物饲喂家禽的优势、饲喂效果、影响因素和有待进一步研究的问题等作综述，旨在为家禽生产者提供借鉴。     

An example of whole farm consultation in Australia

Extract

The training and activities of the veterinarian have been directed basically towards the diagnosis and treatment of the diseased or injured animal with an ever-increasing interest in preventive medicine. However, very few veterinarians have developed an interest in the whole flock or herd concept, or in the individual property as an economic unit. Very few indeed have developed this approach as a major component of a professional practice. There is an increasing demand for this type of service and increasing evidence of the willingness of the producer to pay for this advice.     

Effects of storage time on chemistry results from canine whole blood,heparinized whole blood,serum and heparinized plasma

The stability and storage characteristics of 24 blood constituents from dogs including nine enzymes (ALP, ALT, amylase, AST, CK, GGT, GLDH, LDH, lipase), 15 metabolites and minerals (albumin, bile acids, bilirubin, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, fructosamine, glucose, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, protein, sodium, triglycerides, urea) were studied. Conditions studied included storing of nonanticoagulated and heparinized whole blood for 3 days (Part A), and storing of serum and heparinized plasma for 3 days (Part B). The storage temperature for both studies was +4 degrees C from day 0 to day 1, and +20 degrees C, from day 1 to day 2 and 3. Eight of 24 analytes showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) for three days in whole blood. However, the stability of all 24 analytes greatly improved by storing serum or heparinized plasma compared to nonanticoagulated or heparinized whole blood. In stored serum or heparinized plasma, 20 of 24 analytes showed no significant differences (p < 0.05) for 3 days. Nine of 24 analytes showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between serum and heparinized plasma, where CK, LDH, GGT, and potassium showed differences of possible clinical importance. This study strongly supports the practice of separating serum/plasma from clot/cells as promptly as possible to achieve improved stability for most analytes under test.     

蜜蜂全脑解剖新方法的研究

蜜蜂是研究社会行为的模式生物，其复杂的学习记忆导航能力和相对简单的脑结构为脑科学研究提供良好模型。蜜蜂脑可用于神经科学、分子科学、行为科学等研究，但由于蜜蜂脑小且柔软，而且被几丁质包裹、被腺体缠绕，导致蜜蜂全脑解剖不是初学者所能轻易掌握的。我们经过不断摸索，建立了一种蜜蜂全脑解剖的新方法，通过切开头部边缘的几丁质，用镊子夹住头部反面的几丁质并旋转，然后除去正面几丁质等步骤，在短时间内就能获得完整的蜜蜂全脑。该方法将为蜜蜂脑科学研究提供有力技术支撑。     

Protein degradation by rumen microbes of heat-treated whole cottonseed

In vitro and in situ rumen digestion trials were conducted to measure the effect of heat treatment on protein degradation by rumen microbes of cottonseed autoclaved and dry-heated (120, 140, 160 and 180 C) for different lengths of time (20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 min). Autoclaving (120 C, 1 kg/cm2 of pressure for 60 min) was effective in reducing ammonia nitrogen concentration in vitro, but dry heat at this temperature was without effect. Dry heating caused a linear decrease of in vitro ammonia concentration as temperature increased from 140 to 180 C and as exposure time increased from 20 to 120 min. The in situ results corroborated the in vitro findings. Crude protein disappearance from dacron bags decreased from 87 to 48% as temperature increased from 140 to 180 C after 20 min of heating.     

Optical metrology methods for mechanical testing of whole bones

Classical mechanical methods for testing whole bone have been critically assessed in a previous review where their limitations in terms of precision, accuracy and the amount of data yielded were described. This article describes the use of optical metrology methods and their novel adaptation to the study of whole bone response to mechanical load. Such methods overcome many of the limitations of mechanical testing: they do not require contact with the tested sample, are non-destructive, can be conducted on wet samples, and results comprise deformation maps of entire surfaces. The concepts upon which each method is based are reviewed, and examples of their use in biomechanical studies of bone are presented. Potential future applications that are expected to make significant contributions to the understanding of whole bone mechanics are outlined.