茶多酚对固始鸡血清和肌肉组织中胆固醇和甘油三酯水平的影响

本试验旨在研究基础日粮中添加茶多酚对固始鸡血清和肌肉组织中胆固醇和甘油三酯水平的影响.选择1日龄健康的固始鸡90只,随机分为3组,即对照组,试验Ⅰ组,试验Ⅱ组(n=30),时照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加0.25%、0.50%的茶多酚,试验期为42 d.分别于2、4、6周称重,每组屠宰10只.测定鸡血清、胸肌、腿肌中胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)的含量.结果表明与对照组相比,荼多酚可显著或极显著降低血清和胸肌中胆固醇和甘油三酯水平(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);可显著降低腿肌中胆固醇含量(P＜0.05),但对腿肌中甘油三酯水平无显著影响.     

复方中药超微粉对蛋鸡脂类代谢及生产性能的影响

旨在研究日粮中添加复方中药超微粉对蛋鸡脂类代谢及生产性能的影响。选取135羽300日龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复15羽。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ分别在基础日粮中添加1%复方中药超微粉Ⅰ、Ⅱ。试验60d。结果表明:与对照组比较,鸡蛋胆固醇、血清TG、TC、肝脂率:试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ均显著下降(P0.05);血清LDL-C、腹脂率、胸肌率:试验组Ⅰ显著下降(P0.05),而血清HDL-C:试验组Ⅰ显著上升(P0.05),且试验组Ⅱ均变化不明显(P0.05);腿肌率和采食量各组间无明显变化(P0.05);产蛋率:试验组均显著上升(P0.05);死淘率:试验组Ⅰ显著下降(P0.05),试验组Ⅱ变化不明显(P0.05)。结果显示:基础日粮中添加复方中药超微粉Ⅰ、Ⅱ后均能改善脂类代谢,降低鸡蛋胆固醇含量,同时改善生产性能,但以复方Ⅰ效果更佳。     

抗菌肽制剂对芦花鸡胸肌肉质性状、游离氨基酸及微量元素含量的影响

本文旨在探讨抗菌肽制剂对芦花鸡胸肌肉质性状、游离氨基酸及微量元素含量的影响.试验采用单因子设计方案,选取1日龄健康芦花鸡450只,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复50只鸡(公母各占1/2).Ⅰ组(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加抗菌肽及抗菌肽+酵母菌制剂的试验饲粮,试验期90 d.结果表明:1)Ⅱ、Ⅲ组芦花鸡胸肌滴水损失较Ⅰ组有降低趋势,但差异不显著(P＞0.05),肌纤维直径均较Ⅰ组极显著降低(P＜0.01).Ⅱ组肌纤维密度较Ⅰ组显著提高(P＜0.05),Ⅲ组较Ⅰ组极显著提高(P＜0.01).2)Ⅱ、Ⅲ组胸肌必需氨基酸含量和游离氨基酸总量与对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05).3)Ⅱ、Ⅲ组胸肌硒含量均较Ⅰ组有极显著的提高(P＜0.01),Ⅲ组亦显著提高了锰含量(P＜0.05),对其他微量元素含量无显著影响(P＞0.05).综上所述,抗菌肽+酵母菌制剂对芦花鸡胸肌肉质性状、游离氨基酸及微量元素含量的作用效果较好,且优于单独使用抗菌肽.     

母源性脱氢表雄酮对子代艾维因肉鸡脂肪代谢及肌肉品质的影响

本文以AA肉鸡为试验对象,研究母源性添加脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)对子代艾维因肉鸡脂肪代谢和肌肉品质的影响。将34周龄AA肉种鸡随机分为对照组(Con)、添加25 mg.kg-1DHEA的低剂量组(L)和50 mg.kg-1DHEA的高剂量组(H),2周后从各组收集种蛋进行孵化,随机选取180只出壳后的子代鸡,根据其母代饲料中添加DHEA的情况相应的分为对照组、低剂量组、高剂量组。饲喂至21 d宰杀,采集血清、肝脏、腹脂、左侧胸肌和腿肌样本进行分析。试验结果表明,与对照组相比母源性添加DHEA对子代肉鸡日采食量、日增体质量均无显著差异(P0.05),但母源性添加DHEA却可极显著地降低其料肉比(P0.01)。对子代公鸡而言,与对照组相比母源性添加高剂量的DHEA可显著地升高血清BG(P0.01)、NEFA(P0.05)和HDL-C(P0.05)的含量,极显著地降低肝脏组织中TG的含量(P0.01),但对血清TC、TG含量均无显著影响(P0.05);不同剂量的DHEA对其血清中T3、T4、GLU和Leptin的含量均无显著的影响(P0.05),但低剂量的DHEA却可显著地升高T3/T4值(P0.05)。对子代母鸡而言,与对照组相比母源性添加低剂量的DHEA可极显著地升高血清BG的含量(P0.01);高剂量的DHEA可极显著地升高血清TC、TG、NEFA和GLU的含量(P0.01),低剂量的DHEA可显著地升高HDL-C的含量(P0.05)和T4含量(P0.01),但却降低T3/T4值(P0.05)。母源性添加DHEA可显著地升高子代公鸡的胸肌率和腿肌率(P0.05),但对子代母鸡的胸肌率和腿肌率无显著影响(P0.05);同时母源性添加不同剂量的DHEA均可显著地降低腿肌肌纤维直径(P0.01),极显著地升高腿肌肌纤维密度(P0.01);高剂量的DHEA可极显著地降低胸肌肌纤维直径(P0.01),低剂量的DHEA可显著地降低胸肌肌纤维直径(P0.05),但不同剂量的DHEA均可极显著地升高胸肌肌纤维密度(P0.01)。结论提示,母源性添加DHEA可降低子代肉鸡脂肪的沉积和改善其肌肉品质。     

脱氢表雄酮对AA肉种鸡生产性能和肌纤维发育的影响

为探讨母源性添加DHEA对子生理机能影响的母体效应机制,本试验选用100羽16周龄AA种母鸡随机分成对照组、低剂量试验组、中剂量试验组和高剂量试验组,每组25只。于34周龄开始在饲料中添加DHEA,剂量分别为0、25、50和100 mg.kg-1,连续饲喂7周,期间记录每天的产蛋数并称重。在试验的第49天禁饲12 h,宰杀各组鸡。采集血液、腹脂、左侧胸肌和腿肌,计算产蛋率、平均蛋重、腹脂率、相对胸肌重和相对腿肌重。测定血清中尿酸(UA)和肌酐(Cr)含量。取腿肌和胸肌制作冰冻组织切片,测定肌纤维直径和密度。结果表明,与对照组相比,低剂量组母鸡产蛋率极显著升高(P0.01),中剂量组和高剂量组则极显著降低(P0.01);试验组平均蛋重差异不显著(P0.05);高剂量组母鸡的相对腿肌重显著升高(P0.05),而低剂量组和中剂量组差异不显著(P0.05);试验组腹脂率和相对胸肌重量差异不显著(P0.05);低剂量组血清UA含量极显著升高(P0.01),中剂量组有升高趋势,高剂量组显著升高(P0.05);中剂量组和高剂量组血清Cr含量没有显著变化(P0.05),低剂量组极显著升高(P0.01);3个剂量组AA肉种鸡胸肌肌纤维直径和密度均没有显著变化(P0.05);低剂量组腿肌肌纤维直径没有显著变化(P0.05),中剂量组显著减小(P0.05),高剂量组极显著减小(P0.01);低剂量组腿肌肌纤维密度没有显著变化(P0.05),中剂量组显著增大(P0.05),高剂量组极显著增大(P0.01)。     

苜蓿皂甙对蛋鸡胆固醇含量及脂质代谢的影响

旨在研究苜蓿皂甙对蛋鸡胆固醇及脂质代谢的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制。选用288只400日龄海兰褐商品蛋鸡,随机分为4个处理,即在玉米-豆粕型日粮基础上添加0,30,60,90 mg/kg的苜蓿皂甙(分别为对照、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组)饲喂蛋鸡,每组72只鸡,设4个重复,每个重复18只,采用单因素方差设计。试验期60 d。结果表明:①试验30 d蛋黄中胆固醇,Ⅱ、Ⅲ与对照组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01);30 d全蛋胆固醇,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异不显著(P>0.05)。60 d蛋黄胆固醇浓度,Ⅰ组与对照组相比,差异显著(P<0.05),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01);60 d全蛋胆固醇,Ⅰ组与对照组相比,差异不显著(P>0.05),Ⅱ组与对照组及Ⅰ组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01),Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01)。②肝脏胆固醇,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01),Ⅰ组与对照组相比,差异显著(P<0.05);胸肌和腿肌胆固醇,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异不显著(P>0.05)。③血清中总胆固醇,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01);甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异显著(P<0.05);高密度脂蛋白和粪便胆固醇排泄量有所提高,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合分析得出,日粮中添加60 mg/kg的苜蓿皂甙效果最佳。     

复方中草药对乌蒙乌鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

为研究复方中草药制剂对乌蒙乌鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响。将120只乌蒙乌鸡随机分成4组(对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组),对照组饲喂基础日粮,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.05%、0.1%、0.2%的复方中草药。结果显示,Ⅰ组与对照组相比,日均增重、腿肌率、瘦肉率均显著提高(P0.05),日均耗料量、料肉比、胸肌红度(a*值)、腿肌剪切力均显著降低(P0.05)。Ⅱ组与对照组相比,日均增重、屠宰率、半净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率、瘦肉率、pH均显著提高(P0.05),日均耗料量、料肉比、胸肌与腿肌红度(a*值)、胸肌黄度(b*值)、胸肌亮度(L*值)、胸肌与腿肌滴水损失率、胸肌蒸煮损失率、胸肌与腿肌剪切力均显著降低(P0.05)。Ⅲ组与对照组相比,日均增重、胸肌率、腿肌率、瘦肉率均显著提高(P0.05),日均耗料量、料肉比、胸肌红度(a*值)、胸肌蒸煮损失率、腿肌剪切力均显著降低(P0.05)。这表明日粮中添加不同剂量复方中草药能改善乌蒙乌鸡的生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质,提高乌蒙乌鸡的食用和药用价值,最适添加剂量为0.1%。     

复合益生菌发酵全价料对Z型鸭生长性能、血清生化指标及表观消化率的影响

试验旨在研究复合益生菌发酵全价料对Z型鸭生长性能、屠宰性能和各脏器指数、血清生化指标及营养物质表观消化率的影响。采用单因素试验设计,选择1日龄公雏鸭480只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组(试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组)分别用复合益生菌发酵全价料替代干物质的7%、14%、21%的基础日粮进行饲喂,预饲期3 d,正试期40 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,全期平均日增重各组间差异不显著(P0.05),料重比Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组极显著下降(P0.01);LDL-C含量试验Ⅱ组极显著下降(P0.01),Ⅲ组呈显著下降(P0.05);TG、AST含量试验组极显著下降(P0.01);UA含量试验Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组极显著降低(P0.01);血清GH、INS和IGF-1含量试验组均极显著高于对照组(P0.01);试验组粗蛋白和淀粉的表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。日饲喂成本分别下降了12.90%、9.68%和8.06%,增重收益分别增加了16.13%、22.58%和12.90%。综合分析,Z型鸭日粮中添加14%复合益生菌发酵全价料可促进营养物质消化吸收,降低养殖成本,提高养殖经济效益。     

饲粮胆汁酸水平对育成期貉生长性能、氮代谢及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮胆汁酸水平对育成期貉生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、氮代谢及血清生化指标的影响。选取50日龄公貉64只,随机分成4组,每组16个重复,每个重复1只。4组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(Ⅰ组)、100(Ⅱ组)、300(Ⅲ组)、500 mg/kg胆汁酸(Ⅳ组)的饲粮。正试期90 d。结果表明:1)Ⅱ组的末重显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅱ组的料重比显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。2)Ⅱ组的干物质表观消化率显著高于Ⅳ组(P0.05);Ⅰ组的粗蛋白质表观消化率显著高于Ⅳ组(P0.05),Ⅱ组的粗蛋白质表观消化率极显著高于Ⅳ组(P0.01);Ⅰ组的粗脂肪表观消化率显著低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组(P0.05)。3)Ⅱ组和Ⅰ组的粪氮排出量显著低于Ⅳ组(P0.05);Ⅱ组的氮沉积显著高于Ⅳ组(P0.05)。4)Ⅳ组的血清中尿素(UREA)含量极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅳ组显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05);Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(ALB)含量均极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01);Ⅳ组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅳ组显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P0.05);Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性极显著高于Ⅰ组(P 0.01),Ⅳ组显著高于Ⅱ组(P 0.05);Ⅳ组血清葡萄糖(GLU)含量极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01);Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅱ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅳ组显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05);Ⅳ组血清低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05);Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清胆固醇(CHOL)含量极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅱ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅳ组显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05);Ⅳ组血清甘油三酯(TG)含量极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P0.01)。综上所述,本试验条件下,饲粮胆汁酸添加水平在100 mg/kg时,貉的生长性能、干物质表观消化率、粗蛋白质表观消化率、粗脂肪表观消化率和氮沉积较高,动物机体对蛋白质和脂肪吸收较好,对貉的生长更有利。     

饲粮n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸配比对北极狐冬毛期体脂沉积、体脂肪酸组成及血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)配比对冬毛生长期雄性北极狐体脂沉积、体脂肪酸组成及血液生化指标的影响。试验选取48只157日龄,平均体重为(5 658±47)g的健康雄性北极狐,随机分成4组(每组12个重复,每个重复1只),分别饲喂n-6/n-3PUFA配比为3、18、41和136的试验饲粮,试验饲粮对应添加的油脂为12%鱼油和2%豆油(Ⅰ组),9.38%玉米油和4.62%豆油(Ⅱ组),12%玉米油和2%豆油(Ⅲ组),1.5%鱼油和12.5%玉米油(Ⅳ组)。预饲期7d,试验期40d。结果表明:1)饲粮n-6/n-3PUFA配比极显著影响北极狐肝体指数(P0.01),Ⅳ组极显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅲ组(P0.01),与Ⅰ组差异不显著(P0.05),对肝脂肪含量、肝脂率、皮下脂肪重、皮脂率均无显著影响(P0.05);2)饲粮n-6/n-3PUFA配比显著或极显著影响北极狐肌内脂肪饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、PUFA、n-6和n-3PUFA含量(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅰ组SFA显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05),与Ⅲ和Ⅳ组差异不显著(P0.05),Ⅰ组MUFA显著高于Ⅲ和Ⅳ组(P0.05),与Ⅱ组差异不显著(P0.05),Ⅱ组PUFA极显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅳ组(P0.01),与Ⅲ组差异不显著(P0.05),Ⅰ和Ⅲ组n-3极显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅳ组(P0.01),Ⅲ组n-6极显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅳ组(P0.01),与Ⅱ组差异不显著(P0.05);饲粮n-6/n-3PUFA配比极显著影响皮下脂肪中的MUFA,PUFA,n-3和n-6PUFA(P0.01),而对SFA无显著影响(P0.05),Ⅰ组MUFA极显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组(P0.01),Ⅱ和Ⅲ组PUFA极显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅳ组(P0.01),Ⅰ和Ⅲ组n-3极显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅳ组(P0.01),Ⅱ组n-6极显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅳ组(P0.01),与Ⅲ组差异不显著(P0.05);3)饲粮n-6/n-3PUFA配比显著影响了北极狐血清中的高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)和补体4(C4)(P0.05),而对血清中的TG、TC和GLU、ⅠgA、ⅠgM、ⅠgG、补体3、TNF和ⅠL-2无显著影响(P0.05),Ⅰ组HDL-C显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组(P0.05),Ⅰ组LDL-C显著高于Ⅲ和Ⅳ组(P0.05),与Ⅱ组差异不显著(P0.05),Ⅳ组C4显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅲ组(P0.05),与Ⅰ组差异不显著(P0.05)。饲粮n-6/n-3PUFA配比为41时,降低了肝体指数,动员了肌内脂肪和皮下脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量,利于机体SFA的沉积,降低了血脂中高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)含量,保证了北极狐机体的健康。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.