乳酸菌体外抑菌试验报告

对乳酸杆菌(LL)、嗜酸杆菌(LA)、乳酸链球菌(SL)的抑菌特性进行了初步探讨。采用牛津杯法对3株乳酸菌菌液、菌体及其代谢产物进行体外抑菌试验。结果显示,3株乳酸菌的菌液及其代谢产物具有较强的抑菌活性,而菌体没有抑菌活性。代谢产物热稳定性较好,但受pH影响较大。随着pH升高,抑菌活性逐渐降低,在弱酸性、中性和碱性条件下没有抑菌活性。代谢产物的抑菌活性不受过氧化氢酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶的影响。     

内蒙古地区不同来源乳酸菌对病原菌的体外抑菌试验研究

为了研究内蒙古地区不同来源乳酸菌对病原菌的体外抑菌作用,试验采用牛津杯法对从30日龄仔猪粪便、某养鸡场饲养的鸡肠道、阿拉善牧区的酸奶和酸驼乳中共分离到31株乳酸菌,初步筛选出6株乳酸菌进行活菌体及其代谢产物体外抑菌试验。结果表明:乳酸菌的代谢产物有较强的抑菌活性,而活菌体没有抑菌活性;随着pH值的升高抑菌活性逐渐降低,在弱酸和中性条件下失去抑菌活性;代谢产物的抑菌活性受胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶的影响不明显。说明本试验中乳酸菌代谢产物可能是类抗生素物质。     

益生乳酸杆菌抑制大肠杆菌的研究

本试验在分离选育出一批抗逆性较强的乳酸杆菌之后 ,测定了从胃粘膜分离筛选出的三株乳酸杆菌的乳酸产量、乳酸杆菌前期代谢产物的抑菌作用和乳酸杆菌及其代谢产物的协同抑菌作用。结果表明 ,乳酸杆菌代谢产物中乳酸不是唯一起抑菌或灭菌作用的代谢物。乳酸杆菌代谢产物对不同血清型大肠杆菌的抑制效果和乳酸杆菌及其代谢产物联合对大肠杆菌的抑菌作用相似 ,即抑制或杀灭大肠杆菌K88和K99较强 ,而对 987P的抑制作用较弱。同时 ,乳酸杆菌的菌体及其代谢产物对大肠杆菌具有一定的协同抑制作用。     

唾液乳杆菌的生长特性及抑菌作用

为了探讨唾液乳杆菌的生长特性及抑菌作用,测定2株唾液乳杆菌的生长曲线,并选用口腔变形链球菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌及金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,采用牛津杯法进行体外抑菌实验.结果表明:2株唾液乳杆菌分别在接种2h和4h进入对数生长期,8h进入对数生长末期,14h和16h进入稳定期;2株唾液乳杆菌菌液及代谢产物对口腔变形链球菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌及金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑菌作用,对口腔变形链球菌及牙龈卟啉单胞菌的抑菌作用强于金黄色葡萄球菌;2株唾液乳杆菌菌体及调整pH值为7.0的代谢产物没有抑菌作用;2株唾液乳杆菌的抑菌能力主要来自菌体的代谢产物,代谢产物中起抑菌作用的成分为酸或酸依赖性物质.     

猪源益生芽孢杆菌抑制大肠杆菌的研究

采用平板纸片法、打孔法、菌落计数法对分离筛选的3株芽孢杆菌分别测定其菌体、代谢产物及培养菌液对不同血清型大肠杆菌的抑制作用。结果表明:含芽孢杆菌菌体及代谢产物的培养菌液抑菌作用更明显;大肠杆菌接种在不同浓度的芽孢杆菌培养菌液18 h后均被完全抑制不能生长,接种在代谢产物8 h内其生长数量逐渐减少,但至18 h后不受抑制其生长更旺盛;3株芽孢杆菌中以MA2株抑菌效果最好,不同血清型大肠杆菌中以K88株被抑制作用最明显。     

一株枯草芽胞杆菌产抑菌物质发酵条件及代谢产物稳定性研究

枯草芽胞杆菌L7是从牛粪中选出的,它的代谢产物中的抑菌物质对多种病原菌具有强烈的抑制作用。通过对其抑菌物质产生的发酵条件研究认为,最佳发酵条件为pH值7.0、接种量4%、30℃恒温振荡培养箱培养,发酵时间约60h。其代谢产物中的抑菌物质在80～121℃下30min稳定,pH值在6.0～10.0范围内稳定,光照2～6h后抑菌活性下降。结论：菌株L7的发酵产物具有较强稳定性,可置避光、pH值中性、常温环境中短期保存,经提高活性、纯化等处理后可能作为新型天然防腐剂应用于食品领域,或应用于抗感染微生态制剂的生产。     

乳酸菌及其培养物对鸡致病性大肠杆菌的抑菌试验

本试验研究了乳酸菌、乳酸菌上清液、抗生素及MRS对照液对鸡致病性大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用.结果表明,乳酸杆菌菌液及培养后的无菌上清液都有较强的抑菌活性,其抑菌圈的直径显著大于对照组(P＜0.05);且随着乳酸菌培养时间的不同,乳酸菌培养液的pH值逐渐降低,对致病性大肠杆菌的抑制作用也逐渐增强.     

沼泽红假单胞菌与鸡肠源沙门氏菌颉颃作用的研究

为了探索和研究沼泽红假单胞菌及代谢物对鸡肠源沙门氏菌生长繁殖的抑制或颉颃作用,试验采用不同培养方式分别观察沼泽红假单胞菌全菌液、菌体及代谢混合物与鸡肠源沙门氏菌和甲型副伤寒沙门氏菌标准菌株的颉颃或抑菌现象,检测其最小抑菌浓度,并测定其繁殖生长曲线以定量评价其抗菌活性。结果表明:沼泽红假单胞菌全菌液、菌体及代谢混合物对鸡肠源沙门氏菌分离株和甲型副伤寒沙门氏菌都具有抑制或颉颃作用。相比较而言,萃取得到的沼泽红假单胞菌菌体及代谢混合物的抑菌作用更明显。说明沼泽红假单胞菌是一个不错的治疗和控制鸡肠源沙门氏菌感染的益生菌。     

一株植物内生放线菌次级代谢产物的提取及抑菌活性研究

通过从兰州百合中分离筛选得到的一株放线菌,且发现该菌株具有抑菌活性。本实验通过发酵来生产次级代谢产物,利用萃取的方法来提取次级代谢产物。用不同溶剂来溶解粗提物以及用菌体进行抑菌活性实验。最后得到该菌株的发酵产物且该产物对多种不同病原菌(如金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌等)具有较强的抑制作用。     

锡林郭勒盟地区酸马奶提取的植物乳杆菌DSM20174的理化特性研究

为研究从内蒙古锡林郭勒盟地区酸马奶中提取的植物乳杆菌DSM20174的抑菌能力和抑菌活性物质的特性,采用牛津杯法将植物乳酸杆菌的菌液和发酵上清液在3种处理方式下,对牛源野生致病性大肠杆菌O78的抑菌效果进行分析。结果表明:植物乳杆菌DSM20174的菌液和发酵上清液即使在121℃,30 min处理后,抑菌直径达仍达到14.10和14.40 mm;在p H=2.0时,菌液和发酵上清液的抑菌直径为21.9和22.1 mm;而当p H=4.0时抑菌活性明显下降,前者为14.8 mm,后者为14.9 mm;p H 5.0~7.0时,抑菌直径为0;二者分别经胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶的反应后,处理前组和处理后组抑菌直径变化均不明显。在3种处理方式下,发酵上清液的抑菌直径均大于同组的菌液的抑菌直径。因此,植物乳杆菌DSM20174是一种较好的抑菌活性物质和热稳定性物质,随着温度和时间的升高,抑菌活性降低。其在p H5.0的条件下有抑菌活性,随p H的升高抑菌活性降低,p H越小时抑菌活性越强,p H≥5.0时失去抑菌活性。对蛋白酶不敏感。在相同条件下,发酵上清液的抑菌作用强于菌液。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.