番鸭蛋壳气孔数、壳厚对出雏效果的研究

本试验分别测定新鲜番鸭种蛋 ;一照健胚蛋、死胚蛋 ;三照死胚蛋、正常出雏蛋和毛蛋的大端、中部和小端的气孔数及厚度。结果表明 :一照、三照死胚蛋和毛蛋与一照健胚蛋和正常出雏蛋气孔数差异极显著 (P <0 .0 1) ;而三照死胚蛋和毛蛋的蛋壳厚度均极显著高于正常出雏蛋 (P <0 .0 1)。并对新鲜种蛋、毛蛋和正常出雏蛋蛋壳进行扫描电镜观测 ,结果显示蛋壳结构与其它禽蛋相似 ,同时也证实了死胚蛋蛋壳厚度 (0 .395～ 0 .4 0 1mm)极显著高于正常出雏蛋(0 .36 3mm)。     

白三叶叶片解剖可塑性及其对光强的响应

探讨不同光照强度下白三叶叶片解剖特征,叶片可塑性及其对光强环境的响应。结果表明:白三叶叶片结构具有一定的可塑性,其中表皮和叶肉的可塑性较大,而中脉则相对较为稳定;在全光照条件下,叶片为阳生叶特征,叶片较厚,上表皮外切向壁平展,气孔密度大,栅栏组织发达,栅栏细胞长柱形,排列紧密,海绵组织较薄,细胞较小,排列疏松,中脉较厚;在弱光照条件下,叶片为阴生叶特征,叶片较薄,上表皮细胞凸透镜状,气孔密度较小,栅栏组织极不发达,栅栏细胞不规则或漏斗形,海绵组织发达,细胞较大,排列紧密,中脉较薄;非参数相关性分析结果表明,上表皮厚度、海绵组织厚度与相对光照强度呈显著负相关,而上表皮气孔密度、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织海绵组织厚度比、栅栏细胞长宽比和中脉厚度等性状与相对光照强度呈显著正相关。     

金定鸭蛋与麻鸭蛋的品质测定与分析

对57周龄金定鸭蛋(青壳蛋)和麻鸭蛋(白壳蛋)的主要性状进行测定。结果表明:新鲜的青壳蛋和白壳蛋的蛋重分别为80.57g和64.03g,青壳蛋比白壳蛋重;青壳蛋的蛋壳厚度(0.33mm)较白壳蛋(0.32mm)厚,前者蛋壳较坚实;青壳蛋、白壳蛋的蛋型指数分别为1.43和1.40,青壳蛋的蛋型稍大;新鲜青壳蛋的哈夫单位(86.35)与白壳蛋的(88.55)较接近,差异不大,但青壳蛋的蛋黄指数(8.30)较白壳蛋的(10.05)低。从外部品质可以看出青壳蛋的蛋品质比白壳蛋相对高,而其内部营养成分的对比还有待进一步研究。     

不同饲粮类型对林地散养鸡蛋品质的影响研究

为了探讨饲料对林地散养鸡蛋品质的重要性,本研究选择不同饲粮类型的三个林下养殖场,分别对应全价料型、玉米+麦麸+豆粕型、玉米型,对其鸡蛋物理品质和营养成分进行了测定和对比。研究结果揭示,林地散养模式下,全价料型与玉米+麦麸+豆粕型饲粮的鸡蛋相比,前者的蛋壳质量显著优于后者,蛋壳厚度和强度平均比后者分别高0.03 mm和0.52 kg/cm~2(P0.05)。玉米型饲粮的蛋重、蛋黄重、蛋壳重都极显著低于另外两种饲粮类型,与全价料型相比三项分别低6.33 g、1.17 g和1.22 g(P0.05),此外其蛋壳质量亦是最差的,蛋壳厚度和强度极显著低于全价料型(P0.01)。结果提示,饲粮类型对林地散养鸡蛋品质有非常重要的影响,全价混合饲粮更有助于提升散养鸡蛋的品质。     

叶片微形态结构特征与柑橘溃疡病抗性相关性研究

为了研究叶片微结构特征与柑橘溃疡病抗性的关系。选用罗浮金柑、新生系3号椪柑、纽荷尔脐橙及星露比葡萄柚这四个分别被认为是对柑橘溃疡病具有高抗、抗、耐和高感特性的品种,通过涂抹接种法来在实验室验证其抗病性;采用扫描电镜及树脂包埋半薄切片等技术对上述品种的成熟叶片下表皮气孔及叶片显微解剖结构进行观察测量;将健康叶片浸泡在菌液中,采用细菌分离法来观察同样条件下通过气孔进入不同柑橘品种叶片体内的活细菌数。结果：四个品种对溃疡病抗性存在显著差异;不同品种间气孔密度、气孔大小、叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、下皮层厚度也存在差异,其中气孔密度差异达到极显著;健康叶片浸泡接种溃疡病后,分离到的单菌落数的顺序依次是星露比葡萄柚>纽荷尔甜橙>新生系3号碰柑>罗浮金柑。因此,气孔密度对柑橘品种抗病性的解释量极高。     

对紫壳蛋鸡育种前景的分析

本试验材料由北农大种禽有限责任公司提供.试验以400日龄矮小型紫壳蛋鸡(试验组)、普通型紫壳蛋鸡(试验组)与矮小型褐壳蛋鸡(对照组)、普通褐壳蛋鸡(对照组)及白来航鸡为研究对象.对其蛋品质及孵化率进行比较.试验结果表明:同品系的普通紫皮蛋的蛋壳厚度比普通褐壳蛋的厚度厚,差异达到极显著(P<0.01);同品系的普通紫皮蛋的哈氏单位比普通褐壳蛋的哈氏单位高,差异显著(P<0.05);同品系的矮小鸡的紫皮蛋的蛋壳色泽、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度及蛋黄色泽与普通褐壳蛋的差异达到极显著(P<0.01);紫皮蛋的蛋白高度与普通褐壳蛋的差异达到极显著(P<0.01).随着保存时间的延长,紫皮蛋的孵化率高于普通蛋的孵化率;在矮小型紫壳蛋鸡、普通紫壳蛋鸡、矮小型褐壳蛋鸡和普通褐壳蛋鸡均发现蛋壳中的原卟啉和胆绿素的含量正相关.     

草地早熟禾叶片表皮特征、解剖结构及光合特性对不同施氮量的响应

为探究草地早熟禾叶片表皮特征、解剖结构及光合特性对施氮量的响应特性，本试验以6份草地早熟禾为材料，分别为3份美国引进品种：Merit、Jackrabbit和Park,2份山西本土野生居群：应县和浑源，1份由山西野生居群选育的‘太行草地早熟禾’品系，按照两个施氮水平N₁:10 g·m^-2(低氮)和N₂:40 g·m^-2(正常)进行处理，采用徒手切片法和石蜡切片法制片，光学显微镜下拍照并测定叶片上下表皮厚度、细胞长宽比、细胞密度、气孔指数、气孔长宽比、气孔密度，叶片厚度、厚壁组织厚度、维管束面积以及气孔导度和净光合速率等指标。结果表明：N₁处理下，草地早熟禾叶片的上下表皮厚度、叶片厚度、厚壁组织厚度、维管束面积、气孔导度和净光合速率显著低于N₂处理，而气孔大小与N₂处理无显著差异；N₂处理下，Jackrabbit和Park的叶片厚度显著高于浑源和应县，其中Park的叶片厚度最大，为173.39μm,Jackrabbi...     

淮北相山不同群落中3种禾草叶片的生态解剖

对淮北相山早期恢复演替系列中3种禾草叶片的解剖观察表明,荩草和黄背草为C4植物,其叶片表皮厚,叶肉细胞形态相同,气孔主要分布在下表皮,“花环型”维管束。远东芨芨草为C3植物,其叶片表皮薄,近上下表皮的叶肉细胞呈栅栏状,气孔主要分布在上表皮,维管束鞘由一层厚壁细胞和一层薄壁细胞组成。3种禾草的叶片结构都随群落的恢复演替而表现出较大的可塑性,可塑性大小依次为:远东芨芨草(0.24)>黄背草(0.19)>荩草(0.17)。与混交林相比,灌丛和灌草丛群落中植物叶片更趋于旱生特征:角质层厚度、表皮厚度、叶片厚度以及维管束厚度等显著增加,气孔变小。逐步多重回归分析表明,土壤含水量和风速是影响叶片结构的主导因子。随着土壤含水量的增加,荩草的上下表皮厚度、叶片厚度、叶肉组织厚度,远东芨芨草的叶片厚度和叶肉组织厚度,黄背草的上表皮厚度和维管束厚度均呈减小趋势。随着风速的增加,荩草下表皮气孔长度、黄背草的上表皮气孔长度逐渐变小,远东芨芨草维管束呈增大趋势。因此,叶片的解剖特征反映了不同群落中植物的生态适应特性,可作为研究群落演替机理的重要手段。     

人工践踏对无土草坪基质的影响

本试验采用人工践踏的方式,研究了不同组合配比的基质对无土草坪耐践踏性的影响。结果表明,良好的无土草坪基质配比及适合的厚度是保证无土草坪优良的耐践踏性及观赏性的关键。本试验中,草坪草生长基质层和弹性材料层均为25 mm,结构合理、厚度适中,克服了现有草坪基质薄、持水力差的缺点。在相同践踏强度下,能维持较高水平的草层高度、草坪盖度和草坪草分蘖数,分别达到了5.14 cm、97.60%和123.97 个·dm-2,且停止践踏后草坪质量能快速恢复。均匀混合的草坪草生长基质层和弹性材料层,在厚度一致的前提下并不耐践踏,实际效果不好。土壤坪床的处理效果最差。因此,具有独立的草坪草生长基质层和弹性材料层且厚度适中的基质,适用于生产耐践踏性好的无土草坪。     

不同鸭种蛋品质的比较

本研究通过测定处于产蛋高峰的5个种鸭群同一天各100枚种蛋的蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度等四个蛋品质指标,比较了5个种鸭群种蛋的蛋品质。结果表明,5个鸭群种蛋明显可分为3类,祖代番鸭与父母代番鸭种蛋为一类,金定鸭与“苏牧”鸭种蛋为另一类,而SM3樱桃谷鸭种蛋自成一类。每类种蛋的各项指标接近,而与其他类种蛋存在一定差异。从蛋品质各指标综合分析来看,番鸭种蛋品质最好,而SM3樱桃谷鸭种蛋品质最差,这解释了生产中为什么樱桃谷种蛋破损率比较高的缘故。     

Relationship between shell structure and movement of Salmonella enteritidis across the eggshell wall.

1. Ultrastructural analyses of the eggshells of one strain of commercial layers indicated that the cuticular layer is rarely present as an even covering over the shell surface and the paired shell membranes are invariably pitted with holes larger than bacterial dimensions. 2. The above conditions pertain irrespective of the age of the laying bird. 3. Bacterial penetration of the eggshell is independent of pore numbers. 4. In the absence of a functional cuticle and with the shell membranes removed, bacteria are checked in their movement by structural modifications in the mammillary layer.     

Influence of the microstructure on the shell strength of eggs laid by hens of different ages

1. The eggshell is a bioceramic material constructed of columnar calcite crystals preferentially oriented with their c-axis perpendicular to the shell surface. 2. The influence of microstructure (crystal size, shape and crystallographic orientation of crystal grains) on the mechanical properties of eggshells (shell strength) was investigated using eggs from hens of different ages. 3. There was a strong correlation between crystallographic texture and the strength of the eggshell in the case of eggs laid by young hens. The strength of eggshells increased as the preferential orientation of the crystals constituting the eggshell decreased. 4. By comparing two age populations, the effect of hen age on eggshell properties was evaluated. In general, eggshells from aged hens had a lower breaking strength (less than half that of those laid by young hens) and showed a greater variability in their structural properties such as thickness, grain morphology and crystallographic texture. 5. Texture analysis revealed that shells from eggs laid by aged hens have two preferred crystal orientations, after (001) and (104), compared with mainly one, after (001), in eggs laid by young hens. 6. These observed changes in eggshell properties could be due to changes in the organic matrix of the eggshell associated with ageing of the hens.     

蛋壳质量与元素组成、超微结构关系的研究

为探寻蛋壳质量与元素组成、超微结构的关系,分别用常规方法和X射线能谱仪测定了同日产65枚蛋的蛋壳质量、蛋壳结构属性与蛋壳元素相对含量,并用环境扫描电子显微镜观察蛋壳超微结构.结果表明,不同强度蛋壳元素相对含量差异不显著,而蛋壳乳突层有效厚度和乳突间隙组间差异显著,高强度组乳突层有效厚度和乳突间隙分别比中强组低23.01%(P<0.01)和14.94%(P<0.05)、比低强度组低73.43%(P<0.01)和25.06%(P<0.05).由此得出,蛋壳超微结构致密度直接影响蛋壳质量,而蛋壳元素组成与蛋壳质量间则无显著关联.     

Quantitative expression of candidate genes affecting eggshell color

There are three pigments that affect the color of an eggshell: protoporphyrin, biliverdin and biliverdin‐zinc chelate. Protoporphyrin is the main pigment in brown and light‐brown eggshells, whereas very little protoporphyrin is found in white eggshells. Eggshell protoporphyrin is derived from the heme formation in birds. Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase (CPOX) and ferrochelatase (FECH) represent rate‐limiting enzymes for the heme‐biosynthetic pathway. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), feline leukemia virus receptor (FLVCR), and heme‐responsive gene‐1 (HRG1) serve as primary transporters for both protoporphyrinogen and heme. Finally, four organic anion transporting polypeptide family members (including solute carrier organic anion transporter family, SLCO1C1, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3 and LOC418189) may affect pigment transport within eggshells. Here we measured gene expression levels in key tissues of egg‐producing hens. We analyzed three different types of hens that generated distinct eggshell colors: white, pink or brown. Our data revealed three ways in which eggshell color was genetically influenced. First, high‐level expression of CPOX generated more protoporphyrinogen and a brown eggshell color. In contrast, high expression of FECH likely converted more protoporphyrinogen into heme, reduced protoporphyrinogen levels within the eggshell and generated a light color. Second, heme transporters also affected eggshell color. High‐level expression of BCRP, HRG1 and FLVCR were associated with brown, white and generally lighter eggshell colors, respectively. Finally, protoporphyrin precipitation also affected eggshell color, as high expression of both SLCO1A2 and SLCO1C1 were associated with brown eggshell color. As such, we have identified seven genes in which expression levels in different tissues were associated with eggshell color.     

孕酮对鸡蛋壳品质的影响

本试验旨在通过腿肌注射孕酮来研究孕酮对蛋壳品质的影响。选取72只40周龄的海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为6组,每组12只蛋鸡,单笼饲养。对照组注射花生油;处理1在排卵后5 h注射1.00 mg/kg体重(BW)的孕酮;处理2和处理3分别在排卵后5 h和2 h注射0.25 mg/kg BW的孕酮;处理4和处理5分别在排卵后2 h和1 h注射0.15 mg/kg BW的孕酮。处理后第2天上午收集各组所产鸡蛋,测定蛋壳强度和厚度。结果表明:处理1所产蛋均为破壳蛋,处理2含部分破壳蛋和部分蛋壳完好的鸡蛋,处理3、处理4和处理5没有破壳蛋;与对照组相比,处理1和处理2的蛋壳厚度降低(P<0.05),处理4蛋壳强度和厚度增加(P<0.05),处理3和处理5的蛋壳强度和厚度无显著差异;与对照组比,处理1和处理4的蛋壳超微结构差异显著。结果显示,孕酮可以影响蛋壳强度和厚度,改变蛋壳超微结构,其影响程度与剂量和注射时间有关。     

Stress-induced oviposition delays in laying hens: duration and consequences for eggshell quality

1. This study investigated relationships between the timing of stress, duration of oviposition delays and consequences for eggshell quality, in 2 experiments with ISA Brown hens. 2. Periods of up to 6 h of environmental stress (relocation from an individual cage to a larger one containing 3 unfamiliar hens), commencing up to 4.5 h before predicted oviposition time, reliably induced oviposition delays. Many hens still retained their egg when stress ended. 3. Ovipositions that occurred during stress were never delayed for more than 3.0 h beyond the expected time. Ovipositions that occurred after the period of stress ended usually did so after <1 h if the delay at the end of stress was less than about 2.4 h. Delays that ended either during stress or <2 h after stress ended were classified as short-term. 4. If an oviposition delay was more than about 2.4 h when stress ended, the egg concerned was usually laid much later, after a delay of 7 to 15 h. Delays that ended >5 h after stress ended were classified as long-term. 5. Eggs delayed long-term were white-banded and the subsequent egg was slab-sided, or occasionally soft-shelled. Short-term delays often caused eggshell dusting with varying amounts of superficial calcification. Hence, duration of oviposition delay affects both the number of abnormal eggshells and the degree of abnormality. 6. The present findings are of potential importance to both the egg industry and breeders, because abnormal eggshells cause downgrading and can impair embryonic development. Also, numbers of abnormal eggshells and degree of abnormality can be used as indicators of environmental stress.     

Ultrastructural analysis of the eggshell: contribution of the individual calcified layers and the cuticle to hatchability and egg viability in broiler breeders

1. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the relationship between the layers of the eggshell and egg viability. The relative thickness (absolute and %) of the mammillary, palisade, vertical crystal and cuticle layers relative to the total eggshell were measured over a 30-week laying period in 2 broiler breeder lines having different hatchability rates. 2. A significant difference in hatchability of 5.5% between the breeder lines was observed. However, there was no significant difference in either egg viability or fertility between lines. 3. The relative thickness of the individual calcified layers and the cuticle did not differ between lines. Therefore, variations in the thickness of the individual eggshell layers are unlikely to explain the 5.5% difference in hatchability rate between lines. 4. The thickness of the calcified region did not alter as the broiler hen aged. However, the percent contribution of each calcified layer significantly differed over the egg production period. 5. The cuticle was significantly thinner at the beginning and at the end of the laying period compared to 38 weeks of age. 6. No significant correlation was observed between egg viability and the relative thicknesses of the mamillary, palisade or cuticle layers. In contrast, there was a positive relationship between egg viability and the thickness of the vertical crystal layer. 7. The percent contribution of the mammillary and palisade layers was similar in the thinnest and thickest eggshells, suggesting conservation of the proportions of these layers independent of eggshell thickness.     

鸡蛋微生物测定与分析

通过对各类型养鸡场和农贸市场鸡蛋进行微生物测定，结果鸡蛋蛋壳表面和蛋内容物含有大量的各种细菌，其中蛋壳表面沙门氏菌带菌率平均为10％，大肠杆菌带菌率为70％；蛋内容物中部分鸡蛋带有沙门氏菌，大肠杆菌带菌率为46．3％。     

An egg ist ein ei,es un huevo,est un oeuf

1. Many of the mechanical tests devised to measure shell quality are inadequate because they fail to recognise the complex interaction between the organic and inorganic aspects of the eggshell. 2. Twelve structural modifications have been observed at the level of the mammillary layer and their presence correlated with a variety of environmental stress events. Occurring as they do in the basal layers of the shell, these morphological variants influence its mechanical properties. 3. The organic matrix proteins which complex with the calcium carbonate derive from a variety of sites within the oviduct and vary in their location within the fully formed shell. In vitro mineralisation reveals the significance of these proteins in the crystal growth mechanism. 4. The isolation and identification of the protein moiety in well-structured eggshells is an essential prerequisite to understanding the abnormalities in crystal growth observed in the shells of older birds challenged by disease and other undesirable 'on farm' events. 5. The eggshell is the daily indicator of the bird's harmony with its environment and as such provides a readily accessible and non invasive measure of welfare. The integration of these data with those derived from behavioural and biochemical testing should provide industry with a reliable numerical welfare index.     

Measuring the eggshell strength of 6 different genetic strains of laying hens: techniques and comparisons

1. Eggshell quality was compared in 6 different strains of laying hens. Three strains were commercial; the three others were experimental. 2. Four different variables describing the strength of eggshells were investigated. Three of them were the classical ones eggshell thickness, shell stiffness measured during quasi-static compression and breaking force. Dynamic stiffness, introduced by Coucke (Ph.D. Thesis, KU Leuven, 1998), was the 4th. The fact that this measurement is dynamic could be helpful in genetic selection for eggshell breakage, because forces applied to the egg in practice are dynamic, rather than static. 3. Hisex White hens produce eggs with the strongest eggshell, in terms of all 4 eggshell variables. However, their shell quality in terms of breaking force did not remain constant over the laying period, unlike 4 other strains. 4. All strains showed a decline in quasi-static stiffness over time. 5. The eggshell thickness of three strains showed a decline over time. 6. Dynamic stiffness remained constant or improved in all strain. 7. All variables describing the mechanical eggshell strength gave different information.