小反刍兽疫病毒野毒与疫苗毒双重荧光RT-PCR鉴别检测方法的建立

对GenBank中的小反刍兽疫野毒(Peste des petits ruminants virus,PPRV)及疫苗毒株的基因序列进行分析,设计两对引物和两条特异探针,建立小反刍兽疫病毒野毒与疫苗毒株的双重荧光RT-PCR鉴别检测方法。特异性检测表明,建立的双重荧光RT-PCR方法,可特异检测野毒(FAM通道)和疫苗毒(VIC通道)。灵敏度实验表明,FAM通道可检测到10~(-5)稀释度的RNA(3.576 ng/mL),VIC通道可检测到10~(-3)稀释度的RNA(27.6 ng/mL)。重复性实验表明,该双重荧光RT-PCR方法重复性较好。用建立的二重荧光RT-PCR方法对20份组织样品进行检测,结果显示,该方法可以有效区分野毒和疫苗毒株,且野毒检测结果与实验室确诊阳性结果一致,可以用于临床检测。     

实时荧光RT-PCR鉴别小反刍兽疫病毒疫苗株和野毒株

为快速鉴别小反刍兽疫病毒的疫苗株和野毒株,本研究通过分析Gen Bank中已发布的小反刍兽疫病毒全基因组序列,设计了1对通用引物以及疫苗株和野毒株特异性探针各1条,建立了小反刍兽疫病毒鉴别实时荧光RT-PCR方法。结果显示,该方法对疫苗株和野毒株的检测灵敏度均可以检测至10拷贝/反应,在108至101拷贝/反应之间具有良好的线性关系,扩增效率均接近1。该方法具有良好的特异性,能够区分不同谱系的野毒株株和疫苗株。使用该方法对136份临床疑似样品检测,检出的阳性数量与普通RT-PCR相同,并且测序后的区分结果也相同。本方法的建立为该病的实验室鉴别检测和流行病学调查提供了技术支持。     

鉴别猪瘟野毒与疫苗毒的单一与二重RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立一种对猪瘟病毒（classical swine fever virus,CSFV）临床样本快速、简便的检测技术,以区分猪瘟（classical swine fever,CSF）野毒和疫苗毒感染,为规模化猪场CSF净化奠定基础。通过对GenBank中CSF野毒、疫苗毒及近源病毒的基因组全序列比对,发现CSF兔化弱毒疫苗株3’-NTR独立存在富含T的插入序列,根据这一特点分别在该插入序列的上、下两端设计2对单一RT-PCR引物并选择特异保守区域设计了二重RT-PCR引物,优化筛选能够鉴别CSF野毒与兔化弱毒疫苗的PCR反应条件,建立了能鉴别CSF野毒和疫苗毒的单一与二重RT-PCR鉴别诊断方法。敏感性和特异性分析表明,单一RT-PCR检测CSFV各引物最低核酸检测量分别为2.2 pg（单一RT-PCR中的1对引物）和1.7 pg（单一RT-PCR中的另外1对引物）;二重RT-PCR检测CSFV各引物最低核酸检测量分别为8.2 pg（CSF野毒）和6.7 pg（CSF疫苗毒）,两种方法均检测不到PRV、PRRSV、JEV、BVDV、PCV2的DNA/RNA。采用该方法对146份可疑临床样品进行检测,结果表明CSF疫苗毒与野毒在能繁母猪、育肥猪、保育猪和哺乳仔猪中的二重感染率分别为6.3%、7.4%、8.3%、8.6%。本研究建立的单一与二重RT-PCR方法都具有敏感性强、特异性优、重复性好的特点,该研究对规模化猪场猪瘟的净化具有十分重要的参考价值。     

小反刍兽疫疫苗毒株与强毒株的鉴别性荧光RT-PCR检测方法的建立

对GenBank已公布的小反刍兽疫病毒N基因序列进行分析,设计引物与探针,建立PPRV通用型与Ⅱ系疫苗毒特异型二重实时荧光RT-PCR方法,同时建立针对PPRVIV系强毒株的特异型荧光PCR方法。特异性试验和灵敏度试验表明：建立的二重荧光RT-PCR方法可特异性检测PPRV病毒,其HEX信号通道（通用型）和TAMRA信号通道（Ⅱ系疫苗毒特异型）的检测灵敏度分别可达10^1 TCID50/mL和10^2 TCID50／mL,完全满足PPRV的检测要求。用二重荧光RT-PCR方法对西藏采集的14份羊血清样品进行检测,并用建立的Ⅳ系强毒株特异型荧光PCR方法对二重荧光RT-PCR的检测效果进行评估,结果显示,该方法可有效甄别PPRV强毒株和疫苗毒株,避免假阳性结果的出现。     

采用SYBR Green I实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法对猪瘟强毒与疫苗弱毒的鉴别研究

为建立一种能够区分猪瘟病毒(CSFV)强毒与弱毒疫苗C株的SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量RT-PCR结合熔解曲线分析方法,本研究对GenBank中登录的25株CSFV强毒株和兔化弱毒疫苗C株全基因组序列进行比较分析,设计一对共用下游引物以及分别针对CSFV强毒株与弱毒疫苗的特异性上游引物,其Tm值分别为84.5±0.5℃和88.5±0.5℃,熔解曲线分析显示为单特异峰.检测结果显示本实验建立的鉴别CSFV强毒感染与弱毒疫苗的荧光定量RT-PCR结合熔解曲线分析方法特异性强,对其他相关病毒无特异性扩增;敏感性高,最低检出量为5×RID50的细胞疫苗基因组拷贝;重复性好;并且扩增效率高、线性范围广、检测时间短,可对免疫猪群中CSFV强毒感染做出快速准确的鉴别检测,为有效防制猪瘟提供依据.     

新疆小反刍兽疫疫情诊断

2013年12月新疆伊犁州霍城县发生不明山羊疫情,根据临床症状和剖检变化怀疑为小反刍兽疫感染。对3只病死山羊病料、8只患病山羊分泌物棉拭子样品和6只患病山羊血清样品分别进行病原学和血清学检测。利用竞争ELISA试剂盒对6份血清样本进行抗体检测,结果全部为阳性。利用抗原捕获ELISA试剂盒,在11只病羊样品中都检测到小反刍兽疫抗原。利用能特异性检测小反刍兽疫病毒的荧光定量RT-PCR方法,在11只病羊样品中检测到小反刍兽疫病毒核酸。利用特异引物进行PPRV N基因片段RT-PCR反应,从11只病羊样品中检测到PPRV核酸。针对2号样本病原核酸N基因和F基因片段进行序列同源性比较,结果该毒株与西藏流行株序列片段相似性分别为96.5%和97.5%。遗传进化分析,该病原属于谱系4,与巴基斯坦等国流行毒株遗传关系最近。     

小反刍兽疫实验室诊断

为了对小反刍兽疫疑似病例进行实验室确诊,采集疑似小反刍兽疫病羊材料,用实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法以及一步法RT-PCR检测方法进行检测,并针对小反刍兽疫N基因序列设计引物扩增N基因并进行克隆测序及序列分析。试验结果可见,疑似小反刍兽疫病羊临床剖检表现为胃肠道及肺部出现坏死,肠道出现线状出血。实时荧光定量RT-PCR和一步法RT-PCR方法检测结果显示均为小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)核酸阳性。N基因测序结果 China-GZ株与小反刍兽疫4个支系毒株序列比对显示,核苷酸同源性为89.0%~97.3%。本试验通过临床症状表现和实验室分子生物学诊断确诊该病例为小反刍兽疫病毒感染所致。     

RT-PCR鉴别小反刍兽疫病毒疫苗株与强毒株方法的建立

根据GenBank中公布的小反刍兽疫病毒的H基因或全基因序列,利用软件Primer Premier5.0设计引物,扩增片段长度为477bp,建立区分小反刍兽疫疫苗毒与基因4系野毒的RT-PCR检测方法,并用于临床检测。结果表明,建立的RT-PCR鉴别诊断方法能特异性区分疫苗株Nigeria75/1与基因4系PPRV,与基因3系、牛瘟病毒、犬瘟热病毒等同属病毒无交叉反应;最低可以检测到浓度为7.7×10-5ng/μL的RNA模板;该方法操作简单,耗时短,可以初步用于临床鉴别诊断。     

猪瘟病毒野毒株和兔化弱毒疫苗株RT-PCR-RFLP鉴别检测方法的建立

本研究旨在建立猪瘟病毒野毒株和兔化弱毒疫苗株RT-PCR-RFLP鉴别检测方法。根据Shimen株设计1对特异性引物,建立猪瘟病毒RT-PCR-RFLP检测方法;对20份疑似猪瘟临床样品进行检测,并对检出的山东8株流行野毒株和2株疫苗株PCR产物进行克隆与序列分析,验证上述方法。结果RT-PCR扩增片段为825bp,产物经RFLP分析,野毒株的PCR产物能被ApaⅠ酶切为322bp和503bp 2个片段,兔化弱毒疫苗株则不能被酶切,检测出RNA的最低浓度为0.028 6μg.mL-1;8株流行野毒株都含GGGCCC序列(ApaⅠ酶切位点),2株疫苗株相应序列为GAGCCC,不能被ApaⅠ酶切;8株流行野毒株属于基因2群,2株疫苗株与HCLV遗传关系近,为基因1群。建立了可鉴别猪瘟病毒野毒株和兔化弱毒疫苗株RT-PCR-RFLP检测方法,为猪瘟的防控提供有效手段。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒野毒株及弱毒疫苗株RT-PCR鉴别检测方法的建立及应用

为建立猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)野毒株及弱毒疫苗株快速鉴别检测方法,根据Gen Bank中公布的PEDV野毒株及弱毒疫苗株的ORF3基因序列,在缺失区的两端设计合成1对特异性扩增引物,用以特异性的扩增PEDV ORF3基因片段,根据目的片段大小判断PEDV的毒株类型;通过退火温度等反应条件优化,建立了区分PEDV野毒株和弱毒疫苗株的RT-PCR鉴别检测方法。结果显示:所建立的RT-PCR鉴别检测方法能特异性区分PEDV野毒株和弱毒疫苗株;PEDV野毒株扩增出234 bp目的片段,PEDV弱毒疫苗株扩增出185 bp目的片段;与猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)、A群猪轮状病毒(PRo VA)、猪嵴病毒(PKV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、伪狂犬病毒(PRV)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)、猪乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)及猪细小病毒(PPV)均无交叉反应;敏感性试验显示,该方法能检测到病毒滴度为1.3×10~3TCID_(50)/mL。利用该方法对采集自广西部分地区93份临床腹泻样品进行检测,临床腹泻样品中PEDV野毒株阳性率为61.29%(57/93),弱毒株阳性率为5.38%(5/93)。结果表明:该RT-PCR鉴别检测方法特异性强、灵敏度高、操作简便,能快速、准确地区分PEDV自然感染野毒株和弱毒疫苗毒株,为猪流行性腹泻的快速诊断及病原分子鉴别检测研究提供了可供借鉴的技术手段。     

犬2型腺病毒SY株的致弱驯化

作者对分离和系统鉴定的一株犬传染性喉气管炎病毒（犬2型腺病毒）SY（沈阳）株，用犬肾传代细胞MDCK进行了致弱驯化，每驯化15代做一次初步的犬的安全性试验。用大剂量不同代次病毒对易感犬进行人工感染试验，每天观察犬的临床症状及白细胞总数，并于接毒后的第5d安乐死，作病理解剖学和病理组织学检查，易感犬的感染试验结果表明，SY株在犬贤细胞上传15代时对犬的致病力已降低，30代时对犬已不引起发烧，精神沉郁和厌食等症状，仅引起轻度的鼻炎，中度的咽炎，剖检肺表现正常，仅见支气管淋巴结肿大，45代时无临床症状，剖检除扁桃体肿大外没有见到其它症状，60代毒已完全失去致病力，未见任何临床症状及病理变化。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫山西株早熟系的免疫特性

对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫山西株早熟系的免疫特性进行了研究。结果表明：该株的早熟系与亲本株具有相同的免疫原性,但致病性大大降低;其最佳免疫剂量和次数：首次免疫为1500个/只,14 d后以2000个/只二免,二免后免疫保护期可达90 d以上,免疫后鸡群的抗球虫能力与血清中特异性IgG的变化规律一致;提示该早熟系具备早熟疫苗株的免疫特性。     

Competition of a sporidesmin-producing Pithomyces strain with a non-toxigenic Pithomyces strain

Sporidesmin, a mycotoxin produced by some strains of Pithomyces chartarum, is responsible for the hepatogenous photosensitisation disease facial eczema, which causes severe losses in agricultural revenue in New Zealand. A sporidesmin-producing strain of P. chartarum, isolated in New Zealand, was grown in co-culture with a South African strain that does not produce the mycotoxin. Competition occurred between the two strains when grown both on agar plates and on dried ryegrass, with a significant decrease in the total amount of sporidesmin produced. Biological control of toxigenic P. chartarum can thus occur under laboratory conditions, raising the possibility of similar control in the field situation.     

Competition of a sporidesmin-producing Pithomyces strain with a non-toxigenic Pithomyces strain

Sporidesmin, a mycotoxin produced by some strains of Pithomyces chartarum, is responsible for the hepatogenous photosensitisation disease facial eczema, which causes severe losses in agricultural revenue in New Zealand. A sporidesmin-producing strain of P. chartarum, isolated in New Zealand, was grown in co-culture with a South African strain that does not produce the mycotoxin. Competition occurred between the two strains when grown both on agar plates and on dried ryegrass, with a significant decrease in the total amount of sporidesmin produced. Biological control of toxkenic P. chartarum can thus occur under laboratory conditions, raising the possibility of similar control in the field situation.     

Genomic comparison of foot-and-mouth disease virus R strain and its chick-passaged attenuated strain

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a single-stranded circular DNA virus that is the causative agent of porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD), a disease complex affecting swine around the world. Although this virus is believed to negatively affect the host's immune system, the mechanism by which PCV2 induces disease is not completely understood. This report describes a series of PCV2 experiments using the gnotobiotic pig model in which a relationship was demonstrated between abnormal leukograms and development of clinical disease in PCV2-infected pigs. When compared to control pigs the leukogram was characterized by a decrease in lymphocytes within 14 days post inoculation (dpi) followed by an increase in neutrophils 7-14 days later. No significant changes in the circulating monocyte, basophil, and eosinophil cell populations were detected. The combination of an absolute neutrophilia and lymphopenia produced a neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio that was predictive of clinical disease and was inversely correlated with the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Based on previous reports, the lymphopenia may be attributed to a direct cytolytic effect of the virus and could negatively affect the pig's immune response. The role of the neutrophilia in the pathogenesis of PCVAD in gnotobiotic pigs is unknown.     

禽呼肠孤病毒鸡源分离株的鉴定与人工感染试验

从临床患病鸡关节病料中分离到一株病毒，在电镜下观察到病毒粒子无囊膜，有双层衣壳，外衣壳直径约75nm，内核约50nm；分离病毒株对酸、热有较强的抵抗力，对乙醚不敏感；病毒感染鸡胚成纤维细胞上能产生以融合细胞为特征的CPE；爪垫接种1日龄雏鸡表现出明显的病毒性关节炎临床症状，并伴有吸收障碍型和坏死型的病理变化；血清中和交叉试验表明，该病毒分离株与国内的2株番鸭源呼肠孤病毒（YH和YB）分离株和国外S1133呈不同程度的交叉反应。通过对分离病毒株进行电镜观察、理化特性试验、病毒感染力测定、致病性试验、血清学试验，可以确定该分离病毒为禽呼肠孤病毒。     

山羊痘病毒疫苗株和野毒株ORF121基因比较分析

山羊痘(goat pox,GP)是由山羊痘病毒(goat poxvirus,GPV)感染引起山羊的一种烈性传染病,弱毒疫苗接种是预防和控制GP的重要手段之一。ORF121是GPV编码和GPV转录、复制及细胞内包装相关的基因之一,在GPV突破宿主细胞免疫系统过程中扮演重要角色。为比较分析GPV疫苗弱毒株和野毒株编码的ORF121基因特征,本研究扩增并测定了GPV疫苗株和野毒株的ORF121基因序列,比较分析了二者核酸水平和氨基酸水平的变异及其蛋白质二、三级结构差异。结果表明,GPV疫苗弱毒株和野毒株编码的ORF121基因核苷酸序列相似性为97.9%,氨基酸序列相似性为98.2%。本研究结果为揭示GPV异原宿主致弱的机制积累了资料。     

Biological assay of attenuated strain NADL-2 and virulent strain NADL-8 of porcine parvovirus

Attenuated strain NADL-2 and virulent strain NADL-8 of porcine parvovirus (PPV) were titrated in vivo and in vitro under similar conditions to provide a better understanding of some of the factors involved in virulence of PPV in causing maternal reproductive failure of swine. Both strains cause fetal death when they are injected directly into fetal fluids, but only strain NADL-8 does so when administered to pregnant swine. The strains were tested for their hemagglutinating activity (HA), median cell culture infective dose (CCID50), median fetal infective dose (FID50), and median fetal lethal dose (FLD50). The FID50 and FLD50 were determined by injecting virus directly into the amniotic fluid of fetuses in utero at 44 +/- 2 days of gestation and collecting the fetuses 15 +/- 1 days later. Both strains had an HA titer of 64, suggesting that there is a similar number of virions in stock preparations. However, other measurements differed markedly. The CCID50, FID50, and FLD50 were 10(5.5), 10(3.5), and 10(0.5), respectively, for strain NADL-2, and 10(4.5), 10(7.7), and 10(6.3), respectively, for strain NADL-8. Collectively, the values indicate that more than 10,000 times as much strain NADL-2 would need to reach the conceptus transplacentally to establish infection. These observations may help to explain the different consequences of oronasal exposure of pregnant swine to these strains of PPV.     

野生亚洲象解没食子酸链球菌巴氏亚种和解没食子酸链球菌的分离

解没食子酸链球菌巴氏亚种和解没食子酸链球菌是一种人兽共患的细菌传染性疫病。已报道的感染动物有鸽子、火鸡、鹅、鸭,尚未见野生亚洲象感染的报道。2014年11月17日,本研究从患有严重胸膜炎、腹膜炎的野生亚洲象中采集病料,分离到解没食子酸链球菌巴氏亚种和解没食子酸链球菌,特此报道。     

Exclusion of strain 670/89 as type strain for serovar 20 of Riemerella anatipestifer

Classical phenotypic characterisation and numeric analysis of whole-cell fatty acid patterns of twenty-one type strains of hitherto reported Riemerella anatipestifer serovars revealed that the type strain of serovar 20 does not belong to the species Riemerella anatipestifer sensu stricto and, therefore, it has to be excluded as a representative Riemerella anatipestifer serotype strain.