风速对中度热应激奶牛生产性能的影响

研究了四种不同风速对处于中度热应激下泌乳中期奶牛生产性能的影响.试验采用随机区组设计,选取产奶量、胎次、体重和泌乳日龄相近的16头泌乳中期奶牛,每组4头,分别处于四种不同的风速.结果显示:在中度热应激条件下,随着风速的提高,乳产量、固体校正乳产量,乳蛋白产量以及干物质采食量均显著提高(P<0.05);而乳脂率和脂蛋比显著降低(P<0.05).综上所述,提高风速对中度热应激奶牛的泌乳性能、干物质采食量和脂蛋比均有积极的作用,在此条件下D处理组可有效缓解热应激对奶牛生产性能的影响.     

现代化规模猪场猪伪狂犬病防控探讨

猪伪狂犬病是目前规模猪场主要防控的病毒病之一,2018年12月华北地区某现代化规模猪场,妊娠母猪出现流产现象。通过发病背景、临床症状及死胎剖解、现场情况、实验室血清学及病原学检测,此次妊娠母猪流产是由伪狂犬病毒野毒感染所致。采用优质伪狂犬基因缺失疫苗进行紧急接种、改善通风、消除贼风引起的应激措施后,得到了有效的控制。该措施从猪场的饲养管理角度并结合疫苗防控来控制疫病,以期为现代化规模猪场伪狂犬病的防控提供参考。     

膨化颗粒饲料的干燥模型研究

膨化颗粒饲料具有利用率高、稳定性好等优点,在现代水产养殖中获得广泛使用。为了优化膨化颗粒饲料生产中的干燥工艺,研究采用台式热风干燥机,在干燥温度为70、80和90℃,干燥风速为2 m/s和3 m/s条件下测定其干燥数据曲线。对试验数据进行统计拟合,对相关理论模型进行非线性回归统计分析。结果表明,温度越高、风速越快,所需要的干燥时间越短。与Henderson模型相比较,Page模型的试验干燥曲线数据拟合结果较好。     

The ‘Turbulometer’—An Apparatus for Measuring Relative Exposure to Wave Action on Shores

The growth and development of the stomach, gastric epithelia and associated microflora of M. albicaudatus have been quantified and a chronology of morphological, histological and ultrastructural events documented. In neonates, a monogastric stomach was present with distinct separation of glandular (antral) and cornified (fornical) regions. Development of the fornix ventricularis and ‘grenzfalte’ characterized the transitional period and gave rise to the bilocular condition. An early autochthonous microflora of facultative cocci and cocco-bacilli became established. In the infantile phase, fornical papillae developed and provided microhabitats for colonization by symbiotic anaerobic bacilli. Cocci and cocco-bacilli remained attached to (or successive populations colonized) the folded fornical epithelium and pregastric pouch. All common bacteria , were attached to the gastric epithelium by a capsular (slime) layer in palisade formation. The synchrony of events in gastric development (appearance of papillae, ingestion of solid food and the colonization of papillae by bacilli), the numerical abundance of papillae bacilli, and the absence of epithelial damage, suggest that the bacilli are autochthonous, symbiotic and aid the digestive processes of M. albicaudatus.     

The occurrence of summer mastitis in Jutland (Denmark) in relation to meteorological factors

Data for incidence of summer mastitis in 14 veterinary practices in Jutland (Denmark) were related to meteorological factors using statistical methods. A correlation and regression analysis showed that summer mastitis occurred earlier in years with high temperature and precipitation in early summer. The annual number of cases markedly increased over the years 1953 to 1980. This increase was described by applying a linear increase with with year to a logarithmic transformation of the annual incidence.Analysis of 10-day incidences from the veterinary practices and daily incidence from a test site at St. Vildmose (Jutland) showed that incidence of summer mastitis could be related to temperature and wind velocity within the previous 10 days. High temperature and low wind velocity in this period increase the incidence. This indicates that the incubation period of summer mastitis is at maximum about 10 days. The activity of the fly (Hydrotaea irritans Fall), which acts as mechanical vector for the bacteria is influenced by temperature and wind velocity. This may explain the variation in incidence of summer mastitis during the season and from year to year.     

Prevalence of equine ulcerative keratomycosis in Colorado and association of environmental factors: A retrospective and descriptive study (2002–2017)

Equine ulcerative keratomycosis is relatively commonly presented to teaching hospitals in North America, with a prevalence from 24 to 86%. Horses in Colorado may have lower risk due to the dry mountain climate, but data are lacking. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ulcerative keratomycosis amongst horses with ulcerative keratitis presented to Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (CSU-VTH) ophthalmology service and to evaluate environmental factors (season, temperature, humidity, wind speed and elevation) associated with ulcerative keratomycosis in Colorado. A database search identified horses with ulcerative keratitis presented to the ophthalmology service at CSU-VTH from January 2002 to August 2017. Sixty-one horses met the inclusion criteria of a corneal cytology and/or culture or histopathology at the time of diagnosis; cases lacking that were excluded. Environmental factors at the boarding sites, including season, temperature, humidity, wind speed and elevation and clinical outcomes for fungal cases, were recorded. Prevalence of fungal infection amongst equine ulcerative keratitis was 16.4% (10/61), suggesting that CSU-VTH has considerably fewer ulcerative keratomycosis cases than other veterinary teaching hospitals in North America. Spring (50%, 5/10) and fall (40%, 4/10) had the highest prevalence of fungal ulcerative keratitis in Colorado. Only one case was reported in summer (10%, 1/10); no horses were positive (0%, 0/10) in winter. Only wind speed seemed to influence the development of ulcerative keratomycosis with higher wind speeds associated with greater rates of fungal involvement (P = 0.047). Other environmental factors did not show a detectable association (all P-values >0.05). Outcomes were variable. It was concluded that horses from the area of CSU-VTH appear to be at lower risk for ulcerative keratomycosis than from the areas around other North American veterinary teaching hospitals that have reported data. Most horses with keratomycosis in this area present in the spring and fall.     

坝下地区寒冷季节不同月份育肥牛舍内、外光照、风速差异化研究

[目的]为了探讨张家口坝下地区寒冷季节育肥牛舍内外光照和风速的变化规律,以期发现该地区寒冷季节这两项指标的变化规律。[方法]在张家口怀安县某肉牛场进行了入冬后不同月份牛舍内外光照和风速的研究,在试验前对开放式肉牛育肥舍的后窗进行了封堵,测试时间为2018年11月至2019年5月,每个月的11日、12日和13日进行测定并记录数据。[结果]结果表明,坝下地区中午时间段光照强度大,育肥牛舍内外与密闭舍对比均有不同程度差异显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01);育肥舍及舍外风速也存在不同程度的差异显著性(P<0.05)变化或差异极显著变化(P<0.01)。[结论]该结果为在张家口坝下地区冬季养好育肥牛,科学合理地修缮及改造牛舍提供理论依据和技术参数。     

论生态环境与畜禽健康—热环境和应激对畜禽健康的影响

随着集约化和规模化畜牧业的发展，环境应激对畜牧生产和健康产生了巨大的影响，我国夏季大部分地区高温又使畜牧业生产蒙受了巨大的损失。本文结合我国畜牧生产实际，论述了应激和热环境对畜禽健康的影响，旨在引起人们对畜禽生态环境改善的关注。     

An epizootic of bovine ephemeral fever in New South Wales in 2008 associated with long-distance dispersal of vectors

Objective To report the rapid transmission of bovine ephemeral fever ( BEF) virus from north-western New South Wales south to the Victorian border in January 2008 and to present data that suggests an uncommon meteorological event caused this rapid southward dispersal of vectors. Procedure The locations of reported clinical cases, data from sentinel herds and results from a survey of cattle in the southern affected area were examined to delineate the distribution of virus transmission. Synoptic weather charts for January 2008 were examined for meteorological conditions that may have favoured movement of vectors in a southerly direction. Results Cases of BEF and exposure to BEF virus in NSW were confirmed west of the Great Dividing Range, extending from the Queensland border to Finley, on the far North Coast and around the Hunter Valley. A low-pressure system moved south across the state on 18–19 January 2008, preceding the first cases of BEF in the south of NSW by 1–2 days. Conclusion Heavy rainfall in December 2007 provided a suitable environment for vector breeding, resulting in the initiation of and support for continuing BEF virus transmission in north-western NSW. The movement of a low-pressure system south across central western NSW in mid-January 2008 after the commencement of BEF virus transmission in the north-west of the state provided a vehicle for rapid southward movement of infected vectors.     

鸡产蛋性能及气象因子关系浅析

本文从环境温度、湿度、光照和风速四个方面系统阐述了气象因了对鸡产蛋性能的影响，同时分析了它们的影响机理，对于鸡的饲养管理以及提高养鸡业的经济效益具有一定的指导意义。     

荒漠草原不同带间距人工柠条林平茬对林间生境的影响

研究不同带间距柠条林平茬后林间生境的变化对人工柠条中间锦鸡儿的种植和平茬饲用具有重要意义。以荒漠草原分布的4, 6和8 m带间距中间锦鸡儿林间草原为对象,于2015年4月对3种带间距柠条林进行齐地平茬,研究不同带间距中间锦鸡儿平茬后林间植被、土壤理化性质、气温、风速、风蚀量等变化。结果表明,1)8 m带间距的林间多年生草本物种比例、植被盖度和密度最高(P<0.05),6和4 m间距植被盖度密度接近;3种间距的林间地上生物量、物种多样性无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)随着带间距增加,土壤粉粒含量以及土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量总体呈现上升趋势。但土壤水分以6 m带间距最高,4 m带间距最低。3)林间平均气温以4 m带间距最高,8 m带间距最低,风速大小正好相反;土壤风蚀量呈现6 m带间距最高(P<0.05),4和8 m带间距最低。4)相关性分析表明,植物多样性与土壤有机质、全氮、粉粒含量正相关,土壤有机质含量与土壤粉粒含量、植被盖度呈正相关。研究认为,8 m人工中间锦鸡儿林种植间距对林间植被多样性增加、土壤质量改善和土壤风蚀减少更为有利。     

Annual Dynamic Research of Thermal Environment of Dairy Cowshed in Free Stall-feeding with Window

The objective of this study was to investigate the annual dynamic of thermal environment of dairy cowshed in free stall-feeding with window. Through continuous detection of the dairy cowshed for 12 months of air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, the annual variations in these 3 parameters were analyzed. The results indicated that the indoor air temperature was high at noon and low in both the morning and evening, while the opposite tendency in the relative humidity was observed. The indoor air temperature was above 25℃ for 7.5 to 10 h daily in summer, especially in June, the indoor air temperature was higher than outdoor air temperature. In December, the indoor wind speed was almost 0 m/s. From the comprehensive index analysis, during the period of 09:30~19:30 in summer, the temperature humidity index (THI) was above 72, which made dairy cows suffer from mild heat stress. The wind chill temperature (WCT) was not below -10℃ in winter, and the dairy cows did not suffer from cold stress. In conclusion, not only heatstroke prevention in summer but also ventilation enhanced in winter for this dairy cowshed should be paid more attention.     

舍饲散栏有窗奶牛舍温热环境的年动态研究

为研究寒区奶牛舍温热环境的年动态变化,试验选择河北省承德市某规模化奶牛场一栋散栏有窗奶牛舍,连续12个月监测舍内外的气温、相对湿度和风速并分析其规律。结果表明,全年奶牛舍内、外气温均表现为中午高、早晚低的规律性变化,相对湿度则表现出相反的规律。夏季（6~8月）每天有7.5~10 h舍内气温高于25℃,且在6月出现了舍内气温高于舍外气温的现象。12月舍内风速几乎全天为0 m/s。从综合指数分析,夏季每天09∶30~19∶30（10 h）舍内温湿指数（THI）均超过72,奶牛处于轻度热应激状态;冬季的风寒温度（WCT）均未低于－10℃,奶牛不遭受冷应激。综合以上结果,对于寒区散栏有窗奶牛舍,夏季应加强防暑降温措施,冬季加强通风换气。     

白刺、沙蒿幼苗膜透性和膜保护系统对不同历时风沙流吹袭的响应

白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)和沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala)是干旱荒漠区分布较广的沙生植物,生境内风沙流发生频次高、强度大,了解风沙流胁迫下白刺和沙蒿的生理响应对认识沙区植物抗风沙流机理具有重要意义.本研究采用风洞模拟试验,以12 m·s-1的风沙流对白刺和沙蒿幼苗进行0(CK)、10、20和30 min的吹袭胁迫,分析吹袭胁迫对叶片膜透性和膜保护系统的影响.结果表明,随风沙流吹袭时间增加,白刺丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性蛋白(SP)含量逐渐下降,膜透性先降后升,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在10和30 min胁迫下同时增加,过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性糖(SS)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量逐渐上升,起到了共同防止膜脂过氧化作用;沙蒿MDA含量先降后升,SP含量显著降低(P<0.05),CAT活性仅在20 min胁迫下显著增加(P<0.05),膜透性和POD活性逐渐增大,20和30 min胁迫下的Pro含量小幅度增加,在减轻细胞膜受损过程中起重要作用.     

白刺、沙蒿幼苗膜透性和膜保护系统对不同历时风沙流吹袭的响应

白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)和沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala)是干旱荒漠区分布较广的沙生植物,生境内风沙流发生频次高、强度大,了解风沙流胁迫下白刺和沙蒿的生理响应对认识沙区植物抗风沙流机理具有重要意义。本研究采用风洞模拟试验,以12 m·s?1的风沙流对白刺和沙蒿幼苗进行0 (CK)、10、20和30 min的吹袭胁迫,分析吹袭胁迫对叶片膜透性和膜保护系统的影响。结果表明,随风沙流吹袭时间增加,白刺丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性蛋白(SP)含量逐渐下降,膜透性先降后升,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在10和30 min胁迫下同时增加,过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性糖(SS)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量逐渐上升,起到了共同防止膜脂过氧化作用;沙蒿MDA含量先降后升,SP含量显著降低(P < 0.05),CAT活性仅在20 min胁迫下显著增加(P < 0.05),膜透性和POD活性逐渐增大,20和30 min胁迫下的Pro含量小幅度增加,在减轻细胞膜受损过程中起重要作用。     

河北省不同建筑类型羊舍环境参数的检测与分析

试验选择3种建筑类型羊舍(有窗封闭舍、半开放舍和棚舍),对羊舍温度、二氧化碳(CO2)、氨气(NH3)、风速和光照进行定点定时检测,分析冬夏季节河北省不同建筑类型的羊舍环境,为标准化羊舍的建设提供依据。结果表明,冬季不同类型羊舍的温度表现为显著性差异(P<0.05),有窗舍最高,棚舍最低(早-4.13℃),有窗舍均温分别比棚舍和半开放舍高4.26和2.95℃,夏季不同舍温度未表现出显著性差异(P>0.05),早、午和晚分别达25.12、32.48和29.71℃,热应激明显;从有害气体结果可以看出,羊舍CO2含量分别为411.0~995.2 mg/m^3(夏)和402.9~2336.8 mg/m^3(冬),两季CO2日均含量有窗舍均最高,棚舍最低,不同舍CO2日均含量差异显著(P<0.01),有窗舍冬季早上含量高达2336.8 mg/m^3,已超国标。另外,所有羊舍未检测出NH 3。从风速结果可以看出,两季风速分别为0.06~0.36 m/s(夏)和0.03~0.26 m/s(冬),两季有窗舍的风速均显著低于其他两类舍(P<0.01)。从光照强度来看,棚舍光照强度显著高于其他两类舍(P<0.01),均符合国标。可见,冬季有窗羊舍虽然温度较高,但空气质量差,CO2含量超标,应加强通风换气,兼顾保温;夏季不管哪种类型舍,均应隔热降温以缓解热应激。     

山西省京津风沙源治理工程草地建设项目实施进展

在京津风沙源治理工程的推动下,山西省所辖13个县(区)的草地建设项目取得了预期的成效.基本草场、人工种草、草种基地、飞播牧草4项工程,为13个县(区)增加3.21%的植被覆盖率.     

山东泗水春季农田地表空气中PM2.5浓度变化及影响因素

在2019年的3月1日 ?5月31日,以PM2.5采样器、自动气象站与土壤温湿度数据采集器,对山东泗水县开垦农田近地表80 cm处空气中PM2.5逐日浓度与环境因素进行了观测,以回归统计方法分析了PM2.5浓度变化与环境因素的关系.结果显示:在3月 ?5月,山东泗水县开垦农田近地表80 cm处空气中PM2.5浓度平均值为160.98μg·m?3、变化范围在16.67～333.33μg·m?3.同时,PM2.5浓度变化与风速呈显著指数函数关系(P<0.05),与0?5 cm土层土壤湿度呈显著负相关和指数函数关系(P<0.05);PM2.5浓度变化与气温呈极显著倒数函数关系(P<0.01).另外,PM2.5浓度变化与风速、气温、相对湿度和0?5 cm土层土壤温湿度因素多元线性回归分析中,风速和土壤湿度影响达到显著水平(P<0.01).结果表明,在春季,山东泗水县农田近地表空气中PM2.5污染受风速和0?5 cm土层土壤湿度等多种因素影响,会对大气环境产生不可忽视的影响.     

毛乌素沙地地表土团聚体赋存状况

研究土壤团聚体的赋存状况对于土地利用与恢复以及防控土壤风蚀沙化具有重要意义。在野外采样的基础上,通过实验测试和相关统计分析对毛乌素沙地不同生境下表土土壤团聚体的性状及其与土壤有机质的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,该区土壤团聚体组成总体上以0.25~0.50mm的微团聚体为主;不同土层深度土壤团聚体含量存在差异,表土团聚体含量表现为0cm10cm20cm;不同生境条件下土壤团聚体含量也存在差异,其中杨树(Populus)林地和拂子茅(Calamagrostise pigeios)草地表层土(0cm)中1mm粒径的土壤干筛团聚体含量较高,分别达到4.27%和3.55%;总体而言,由于毛乌素沙地环境条件中水分的短缺,土壤团聚体发育缓慢且稳定性较差;土壤团聚体在有植被保护或恢复较好区域正在逐渐优化。有机质是影响团聚体赋存和稳定性的重要因素。