Estrogenic and antioxidant effects of a phytoestrogen daidzein on ovarian germ cells in embryonic chickens

The estrogenic and antioxidant effects of the phytoestrogen daidzein (DAI) on germ cell proliferation were evaluated by a chicken ovarian germ-somatic cell coculture model. Ovarian cells were dispersed from 18-day-old embryos, cultured in serum-free McCoy's 5A medium and challenged with DAI alone or in combinations with estrogen receptor antagonist tamoxifen for 48 h. The number of germ cells was counted and the proliferating cells were identified by immunocytochemistry of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The labeling index (LI) was determined for germ cells. Results showed that DAI significantly increased the number of germ cells (P<0.05) and this stimulating effect was inhibited by tamoxifen in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, PCNA-LI of germ cells displayed similar changes with the number of germ cells. To estimate the antioxidant action of DAI, ovarian cells were exposed to the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing system hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase (HX/XO). The changes of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) level were measured for estimation of the antioxidant status. Ovarian cells were severely damaged by free radicals and this deteriorating effect could be prevented by DAI. Moreover, HX/XO-induced decrease in SOD activity and GSH level was restored by DAI (P<0.05). These results indicated that DAI promoted proliferation of cultured ovarian germ cells by estrogenic action and attenuated ROS-induced toxicity by antioxidant action in embryonic chickens.     

Training-induced modifications in some biochemical defences against free radicals in equine erythrocytes

Oxidative stress develops when the generation of free radicals exceeds the antioxidant capacity of cells or extracellular fluids. It can also occur as a result of physical exercise, and the pathogenesis of exercise-induced myopathies and haemolysis in horses may be related to changes in lipid peroxidation caused by free radicals. Cells have developed biochemical protection against oxidative stress and, as tissues seem to increase their antioxidant defences under chronic activation, training may be one of the ways of increasing antioxidant defences. Accordingly, we tested some enzymatic antioxidant activities as well as nonenzymatic antioxidants in horses undergoing special training. The results indicated a decrease in both chemical and biochemical defences against free radicals during training. It was deduced that the horses' diet may have been unable to provide the increased need for antioxidant defences resulting from training.Abbreviations DPH 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene - EU enzymic unit - GSH-Px glutathione peroxidase - P degree of fluorescence polarization - Phospholipid P phosphorous content in phospholipids - RBC red blood cell - t-ButOOH t-butylhydroperoxide     

Potential for control of oxidative injury by administration of antioxidants in veterinary medicine

Cellular metabolism results in the production of reactive oxygen species otherwise known as free radicals. When not kept under control these molecules cause damage to various compartments in cells. These molecules are kept in check with antioxidant compounds that can be endogenous to cells or are present in the diet. When this balance is in the favor of reactive oxygen species then the physiological condition is considered to be in oxidative stress, which can lead to oxidative injury in various tissues. There has been a lot of interest in the effects of free radicals and the various degenerative diseases. This interest has lead to theories such as the free radical theory of aging, which states that aging is the accumulation of damage over time that leads to degenerative diseases. This has lead to a host of interest in the interaction of oxidative damage and certain disease states and how antioxidants may be beneficial in helping to modulate various disease states. In order to understand the potential for controlling oxidative injury in veterinary medicine, one needs to understand the cellular processes that reactive oxygen species and antioxidant compounds play in the body. It is usually thought that oxidative injury results in oxidative damage to the lipid, protein, and DNA components of cells. This damage results in alterations in cellular function. Various antioxidant compounds function to scavenge free radicals before they are able to damage the various cellular components     

Chicken PRDX3 is required for proliferation of chicken embryo fibroblast cells

ABSTRACT

1. This experiment investigated the influence of chicken PRDX3 on cell proliferation in chick embryo fibroblast cells using PRDX3 knockdown technology.

2. A methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was performed to assess the effect of chPRDX3 knockdown on fibroblast proliferation. The antioxidant effect was investigated to determine if it directly mediated fibroblast cell proliferation.

3. To determine the role of chPRDX3 on cell proliferation, an siRNA mediated knockdown was performed in chick fibroblast cells using an in vitro assay. The proliferation of fibroblast cells transfected with siPRDX3 #3 and siPRDX3 Mix was significantly decreased after 48 h (P < 0.01). In addition, the knockdown of chicken PRDX3 suppressed cell proliferation through an increase in oxidative stress.

4. The results demonstrated that chPRDX3 is required for cell proliferation in chicken fibroblast cells. Such findings have important implications for the maintenance of chicken fibroblast cells.     

茶多酚对活性氧引起的鸡胚睾丸细胞氧化损伤的保护作用

利用精原细胞-体细胞共培养模型研究茶多酚对鸡胚睾丸细胞氧化损伤的缓解作用。结果表明:由次黄嘌呤-黄嘌呤氧化酶体系产生的活性氧可引起脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的生成量增加、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性降低,而添加0.1μg/mL的茶多酚能降低MDA的生成量、使SOD和GSH-Px的活性恢复到对照组水平。这些结果说明,茶多酚通过抗氧化作用对活性氧引起的鸡胚睾丸细胞的氧化损伤具有保护作用。     

Effects of Mycobacterial Cell Wall‐DNA Complex (MCC), Alendronate and Pamidronate on Canine Osteosarcoma Cell Lines

Introduction:  MCC, a cell wall composition prepared from Mycobacterium phlei ., inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis in a wide range of tumor cells. Bisphosphonates have been reported to inhibit the proliferation of canine osteosarcoma cell lines. In this study, we have determined the activity of MCC alone and in combination with the bisphosphonates alendronate and pamidronate on canine osteosarcoma cell lines.
Methods:  Canine osteosarcoma cell lines D17 and D22 were incubated with different concentrations of MCC (0.01–100 μg/ml) and suboptimal concentrations of alendronate and pamidronate for 72 hours. Cellular proliferation was measured by MTT reduction. Nuclear DNA condensation was determined using with Hoescht 33258 staining, and apoptosis by flow cytometry using active‐caspase‐3/PE and anti‐cleaved‐PARP/FITC antibodies.
Results:  MCC inhibited the proliferation of both canine osteosarcoma D17 and D22 cell lines in a concentration‐dependent manner. The IC₅₀ for D17 cells was 3.9 μg/ml and for D22 cells 44.4 μg/ml. Cells incubated with 100 μg/ml MCC were positive for Hoescht staining, active caspase‐3 and cleaved PARP, indicative of cell death by apoptosis. The addition of alendronate or pamidronate was found to potentiate the apoptosis‐inducing activity of MCC. Maximal activity was observed when 5 μM alendronante or 10 μM pamidronate were used in combination with 100 μg/ml MCC.
Conclusion:  MCC inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis in canine osteosarcoma cell lines in vitro . This anticancer activity can be potentiated by the use of alendronate and pamidronate. These data support the development of MCC as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of canine osteosarcoma.     

甘肃棘豆黄酮抗氧化活性及免疫活性的研究

为研究甘肃棘豆黄酮的抗氧化及免疫活性,试验通过1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和羟基自由基的清除率测定其抗氧化活性,通过测定不同浓度甘肃棘豆黄酮对小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞增殖能力、白细胞介素2（IL-2）和免疫球蛋白G （IgG）抗体形成的影响研究其免疫活性。结果显示,甘肃棘豆黄酮对DPPH自由基清除率最高为32.23%,略高于维生素E （28.55%）,低于维生素C （97.05%）;对超氧阴离子自由基清除率最高为80.03%,高于维生素E （69.70%）,低于维生素C （98.69%）;对羟基自由基清除率最高为30.39%,低于维生素C （98.98%）、略低于维生素E （32.57%）。在小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞增殖试验中,随着甘肃棘豆黄酮溶液浓度的提高,脾脏淋巴细胞相对增殖率也提高,当其浓度为200 μg/mL时,小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞的增殖率为23.40%;200 μg/mL甘肃棘豆黄酮组IL-2水平极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,50和100 μg/mL甘肃棘豆黄酮组与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）;各甘肃棘豆黄酮组IgG抗体水平均极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,其中,50 μg/mL甘肃棘豆黄酮组极显著高于100和200 μg/mL甘肃棘豆黄酮组（P<0.01）,100 μg/mL甘肃棘豆黄酮组极显著高于200 μg/mL甘肃棘豆黄酮组（P<0.01）。综上所述,甘肃棘豆黄酮具有较好的抗氧化活性及免疫活性。     

Evaluation of anthelmintic antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chenopodium album</Emphasis>

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Chenopodium album against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and some pathogenic microbes. A worm motility inhibition assay was used for in vitro study, and a faecal egg count reduction assay was used for an in vivo study. Various concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 μg/ml of the extract were subjected to antimicrobial screening by disc diffusion method against four selected bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas multocida and Escherichia coli) and two fungal (Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans) strains in order to estimate the medicinal potential of the herb. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), riboflavin photo-oxidation, deoxyribose, lipid peroxidation assays were used for antioxidant activity. The extracts exhibited dose- and time-dependent anthelmintic effects on the Haemonchus contortus as compared to levamisole. The extract showed maximum inhibitory effect against S. aureus (28 ± 0.14 mm), while as mild inhibitory effect was observed against E. coli among the selected microbial strains. The effect produced by the different extract concentrations was comparable with the standard antibacterial agent streptomycin sulphate and antifungal agent nystatin, which were used as effective positive control in the study. The antioxidant activity showed that the extracts exhibited scavenging effect in concentration-dependent manner on superoxide anion radicals and hydroxyl radicals leading to the conclusion that the plant has broad spectrum anthelmintic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and could be a potential alternative for treating various diseases.     

In vitro effects of 2-methoxyestradiol on canine tumour cells

The in vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and cell‐cycle effects of 2‐methoxyestradiol (2ME₂), an endogenous oestrogen metabolite, were investigated using a variety of canine tumour cell lines. The cells were cultured under standard conditions and incubated with varying concentrations of 2ME₂. Inhibition of tumour cell proliferation was evaluated using a tetrazolium‐based colorimetric assay. DNA content analysis was performed using propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Cytologic analysis with Leukostat staining solution and Hoechst 33342 staining and Annexin V‐fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) fluorescence were used to quantify cell‐cycle distribution and apoptosis induction. Tumour cell proliferation was inhibited by 50% at concentrations of 2ME₂ ranging from 0.88 to 7.67 µM, depending on the cell line tested. Profound G₂/M phase arrest, an increase in binucleate cells and induction of apoptosis were observed in all cell lines tested, in a dose‐dependent manner. Based on these results, this compound has potential as an agent for the treatment of canine cancer and warrants further investigation. The canine lymphoma cell line, 1771, was inhibited at concentrations that may be achievable in vivo.     

High Mobility Group Box 1-Protein expression in canine haematopoietic cells and influence on canine peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferative activity

High Mobility Group Box 1-Protein (HMGB1) is a nuclear chromosomal protein occurring ubiquitary in mammalian tissues. HMGB1 demonstrates cytokine function and induces inflammation when actively released by haematopoietic cells or passively released during cell necrosis. This study aimed at the determination of HMGB1 expression in different cell types and at the evaluation of the role of HMGB1 in PBMC proliferation. Therefore we investigated the HMGB1 mRNA expression level in different canine haematopoietic cell types and the influence of exogenous rhHMGB1 on canine PBMC proliferation. Differentiated haematopoietic blood cells showed lower relative HMGB1 expression levels compared to CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells. Relative HMGB1 expression seemed also to decrease during differentiation of CD34+ stem cells into dendritic cells. Furthermore, peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes and granulocytes showed a lower relative HMGB1 expression in comparison to CD3+ T-lymphocytes. When exogenous rhHMGB1 at low concentrations was added to single PBMC cultures an increase of proliferation was obvious. However, in higher concentrations HMGB1 lost its stimulative effect. In conclusion, HMGB1 is broadly expressed in canine haematopoietic cells with highest levels in haematopoietic stem cells. HMGB1 induced directly PBMC proliferation.     

棕榈酸通过上调ACC/FAS/DGAT2通路表达诱导BRL 3A细胞脂肪变性

为探究棕榈酸诱导BRL 3A细胞脂肪变性的机制,以不同浓度的PA（0、0.2、0.4、0.6 mmol·L^-1）处理BRL 3A细胞24 h,用CCK-8法、RTCA技术检测细胞增殖情况;油红O染色,观察细胞脂滴生成情况;DAPI/F-actin双染,观察细胞核及骨架形态;采用比色法测定TG含量;采用RT-PCR检测脂肪合成相关基因Acaca、Fasn、Dgat2转录水平;采用Western blot检测脂肪合成关键蛋白ACC、FAS、SCD1、GPAM、DGAT2表达量。结果显示：与对照组相比,0.2、0.4 mmol·L^-1 PA对细胞增殖无影响,0.6 mmol·L^-1 PA抑制细胞增殖;油红O染色结果显示0.4 mmol·L^-1 PA处理细胞24 h,脂滴大量蓄积,发生明显脂肪变性;随PA浓度升高,细胞核发生皱缩、变形、碎裂,细胞骨架被破坏,微丝断裂;TG含量极显著增加（P<0.01）;不同浓度PA（0.2、0.4、0.6 mmol·L^-1）处理组脂肪合成关键基因Acaca、Fasn、Dgat2 mRNA转录水平均显著升高（P<0.05）,ACC、FAS、SCD1、GPAM、DGAT2蛋白表达水平均显著升高（P<0.05）;0.6 mmol·L^-1 PA组与0.4 mmol·L^-1 PA组相比,SCD1蛋白表达水平显著降低（P<0.05）。高浓度棕榈酸抑制BRL 3A细胞增殖,对细胞核及骨架产生损伤;棕榈酸诱导细胞发生脂滴蓄积,TG增加,通过上调脂肪合成关键基因Acaca、Fasn、Dgat2 mRNA转录水平及ACC/FAS/DGAT2通路蛋白表达水平诱导细胞发生脂肪变性。     

Expression pattern of progranulin in the human placenta and its effect on cell proliferation in the choriocarcinoma cell line BeWo

Expression of the glycoprotein progranulin has been recently identified in rodent trophoblast cells during early embryonic development. The aim of our study was to describe the expression pattern of progranulin in human placental tissue specimens by immunostaining. We further analyzed the influence of progranulin on invasion and migration of isolated first trimester villous trophoblast cells. The effect of progranulin on cell proliferation was investigated using the human choriocarcinoma derived cell lines BeWo and Jeg-3. Cells were tested with recombinant human progranulin at various concentrations (0.1, 0.2 and 1.0 μg/ml). The strongest expression of progranulin was observed in the villous trophoblast cells, particularly in the syncytiotrophoblast. The intensity of staining in these cells was higher in the first trimester than in the third trimester. In contrast, the staining of the extravillous trophoblast cells and of the villous and decidual stroma was only weak. Using an ELISA technique, we also detected progranulin in amniotic fluid of the early second trimester. Isolated human first trimester trophoblast cells also expressed and secreted progranulin. Progranulin significantly stimulated the cell proliferation of BeWo cells, but it did not influence the amount of trophoblast cell migration and invasion in vitro. Furthermore, it did not promote the cell proliferation of Jeg-3 cells. Our results suggested that progranulin, although it is mainly synthesized and secreted by villous trophoblast cells, may not primarily act on the villous trophoblast cells in a paracrine or autocrine manner. The observed effect of progranulin on cell proliferation in BeWo cells may indicate a growth stimulating effect also on the small part of proliferating extravillous trophoblast cells during placental development.     

红景天多糖对幼鼠精原干细胞体外增殖的影响

为研究如何在体外获得更好的精原干细胞培养效果,以出生后6～8 d的小鼠为对象,应用两步酶消化法和差速贴壁法分离纯化精原干细胞.分别将浓度为100、200、300和400 ng/mL的红景天多糖加入以Sertoli细胞为饲养层的精原干细胞培养液中,以不添加红景天多糖组为对照,通过RT-PCR法和碱性磷酸酶（AP）染色鉴定细胞,MTT法研究红景天多糖对精原干细胞增殖的影响.RT-PCR和染色结果显示,分离得到的细胞为精原干细胞;MTT结果显示试验组比对照组细胞数量有显著增多（P＜0.05）,增殖率可达152％,且红景天多糖的最适添加量300 ng/mL.说明红景天多糖能显著促进小鼠精原干细胞的体外增殖.     

Erythrocyte osmotic fragility test as the measure of defence against free radicals in rabbits of different age

Peroxidation of the unsaturated bonds of membrane lipids increases fragility and cellular lysis of red blood cells. Erythrocyte susceptibility to the free radicals (peroxyl radicals) generated in vitro by 2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH) was evaluated and expressed as 50% maximal haemolysis time (HT50) in 3 groups of rabbits of different age. Erythrocytes of 1.5-month-old rabbits were more sensitive to free radicals than those of 3.5- and 6-month-old ones. In the three groups, significant negative correlation (r = -0.8 to -0.98) between the lipid peroxidation rate (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBARS concentration) in blood plasma and the erythrocyte resistance to free radicals was found. This result suggests that the plasma antioxidant defence system is interrelated with that of the red blood cells and that the erythrocytes can be a good model for studies of oxidative stress. The simple haemolysis test reflecting the free radical defence can be useful for evaluating the antioxidant properties of various compounds.     

硒和维生素E在硒缺乏动物自由基代谢中作用机制的研究

为阐明硒缺乏动物自由基代谢与硒缺乏症发病学的关系，以及硒和ＶＥ在自由基代谢中的作用采用低Ｓｅ日粮饲喂小鼠，并对血液、肝组织丙二醛、硒谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、相关向量元素及自由基水平进行了系统检测。     

Supplementing a skimmed milk–egg yolk-based extender with L-carnitine helps maintain the motility,membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity of chilled ram sperm

This study examines the effect of L-carnitine (LC) on chilled ram semen stored for up to 96 hr. Semen samples were collected, placed in a skimmed milk + 6% egg yolk extender, pooled, aliquoted and diluted with the same extender supplemented with different LC concentration: 0 (control), 1 mM (LC1), 2.5 mM (LC2.5), 5 mM (LC5), 7.5 mM (LC7.5) or10 mM (LC10). Sperm kinetics and membranes (plasma, acrosome and mitochondrial) were examined using the CASA system and triple fluorescence staining (PI/ PNA-FITC/Mitotracker). The progressive motility was greater (p < .05) with LC7.5 treatment than the control sperm at 96 hr. The curvilinear velocity (p < .01) and the percentage of sperm with intact membranes (plasma/acrosome/mitochondria) (p < .01) were greater with all LC treatments than the control group at all times. Straight line velocity was greater (p < .01) with LC5 and LC7.5 treatments than the control group after 48 hr. The LC5 group also returned lower ALH values (p < .05) than these seen for the control groups after 48 hr. The fertilizing capacity of LC5 samples stored at 15°C for 2 hr (LC5-15°C-2h) and at 5°C for 24 hr (LC5-5°C-24h) was tested in three ewe groups via cervical fixed-time artificial insemination. In two groups, the fertilizing capacity of the LC5-5°C-24h was reduced (p < .001). In the remaining group, however, no significant difference was seen between the LC5-15°C-2h and LC5-5°C-24h sperm in this respect (pregnancy rates 52.4% versus 42.8%; p > .05). Overall, the present results suggest that supplementing skimmed milk–egg yolk-based extenders with LC has a positive effect on chilled sperm variables and fertilizing capacity.     

Effects of gemcitabine and gemcitabine in combination with carboplatin on five canine transitional cell carcinoma cell lines

Objective-To evaluate in vitro effects of gemcitabine alone and in combination with carboplatin on canine transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cell lines. Sample-In vitro cultures of 5 canine TCC cell lines. Procedures-Cells were treated with gemcitabine, carboplatin, or a combination of both at various concentrations. Cell proliferation was assessed via a fluorescence-based microplate cell proliferation assay. Cell cycle was evaluated via propidium iodide staining, and apoptosis was assessed by measurement of caspase 3 and 7 enzymatic activity. Synergy between gemcitabine and carboplatin was quantified via combination index analyses. Results-Treatment of 5 canine TCC cell lines with gemcitabine or carboplatin decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, and induced cell cycle arrest. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were markedly increased when cell lines were treated with both gemcitabine and carboplatin simultaneously or sequentially. Order of administration during sequential treatment did not consistently affect cell proliferation results in TCC cell lines. When TCC cell lines were treated with gemcitabine and carboplatin in combination at therapeutically relevant concentrations (gemcitabine concentration, < 10μM; carboplatin concentration, < 250μM), a significant decrease in cell proliferation was observed, compared with cell proliferation following treatment with gemcitabine or carboplatin alone. In combination, the effects of gemcitabine and carboplatin were synergistic in 3 of 5 cell lines and additive in the other 2. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Gemcitabine had antitumor effects on canine TCC cells in vitro, and the combination of gemcitabine and carboplatin had synergistic activity at biologically achievable concentrations.     

羊驼毛囊干细胞分离、培养与鉴定

采用0．2％中性蛋白酶Ⅱ和0．25％胰酶：0．02％EDTA（1：1）“两步酶”消化法从羊驼背部皮肤分离得到羊驼毛囊干细胞。用无血清角质细胞培养基（K-SFM）培养进行形态学观察、细胞生长曲线克隆形成率及免疫组化染色检测。结果显示，细胞生长曲线表明，不同代次毛囊干细胞接种前3d生长缓慢，4～6d进入倍增期，有无限增殖的趋势，所分离的羊驼毛囊干细胞具备毛囊干细胞特征（体积小、立体感强），呈现未分化特征；CK19、CK15、81-integrin和CD34免疫组化染色阳性；第3、5、7、9代克隆形成率分别为（32．7±2．27）％、（47．0±3．46）％、（46．3±3．18）％和（43．3±3．76）％。结果表明，用“两步酶”消化法成功分离获得羊驼毛囊干细胞，无血清角质细胞培养基（K—SFM）可使羊驼毛囊干细胞体外维持未分化状态并传代至12代。     

Molecular characterization and xenogenic application of wharton’s jelly derived caprine mesenchymal stem cells

Aim of the present study was in vitro expansion and characterization of caprine wharton’s jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells (cWJ-MSCs) to investigate their tissue healing potential in xenogenic animal model. Plastic adherent fibroblastoid cell populations with distinctive homogeneous morphology were isolated from caprine wharton’s jelly explants. These wharton’s jelly derived cells were found positive for the surface markers CD-73, STRO-1 and CD-105, whereas they were negative for hematopoetic stem cell marker CD-34. In vitro cultured cWJ-MSCs also showed differentiation properties into osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages as demonstrated by von Kossa, Oil Red- O and Alcian blue staining respectively, which was further confirmed and quantified by flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, these well characterized cWJ-MSCs were evaluated for the wound-healing potential in full-thickness skin wounds in rabbit model for 28 days. Caprine WJ- MSCs treated skin wounds showed significantly (P?<?0.05) higher percentage of wound contraction especially at the 21^st day post transplantation when compared to PBS treated control group animals. Further, we observed better healing potential of cWJ-MSCs in terms of histo-morphological evaluation, epithelialisation and collagenization with matured vascularization stage by day 28 as compared to control. In conclusion, cWJ- MSCs provide an alternative inexhaustible source of mesenchymal stem cells and also unravel new perspectives pertaining to the therapeutic use of these cells in different species.