水貂病毒性肠炎CT细胞弱毒疫苗株的选育,驯化及鉴定

应用从唐山地区ＭＶＥ病死水貂中分离强毒，经牛睾细胞（ＣＴ细胞）和ＣＲＦＫ细胞混合培养，强迫感染，传至５８代后，ＣＴ细胞出现ＣＰＥ变化，除去ＣＲＦＫ细胞，单用ＣＴ细胞传毒，传至７０代，经电镜、ＨＡ和ＨＩ试验证明，驯化弱毒株为典型细小病毒，经终点衡释克隆和致病性试验结果，对貂未发生致病性反应，注射和口服弱毒株的貂ＨＩ比对照貂有明显升高。     

貂病毒性肠炎睾丸细胞弱毒疫苗株的安全性和免疫原性研究

用从患貂病毒性肠炎（ＭＶＥ）死亡水貂分离的强毒株，经牛睾丸细胞（ＣＴ）和猫肾传代细胞（ＣＲＦＫ）混合培养，强迫传代、克隆培育的ＭＶＥ弱毒株扩增制苗，给不同品系水貂注射或口服１￣５ｍｌ，未发生临床反应。注苗后１２、６０、７０天和６个月攻毒，１００％保护；对照水貂全部发病，５０％死亡。通过对６５１只（次）水貂的安全性、免疫原性、遗传稳定性试验和中和抗体测定及同居感染试验，证明该弱素株具有良好的安全性、     

犬冠状病毒YS1株的致弱驯化与免疫试验

应用猫肾传代细胞（ＣＲＦＫ）单层接毒方法将犬冠状病毒（ＣＣＶ）强毒ＹＳ１株连续传代驯化至６０代,经安全性试验和免疫原性测定,该强毒株已驯化对弱毒水平,对犬安全,免度原性良好。     

犬瘟热,猫细小病毒,犬腺病毒弱毒株的理化特性及生物学试验

以鸡胚成纤维细胞（ＣＥＦ）、猫肾传代细胞（ＣＲＦＫ）、狗肾传代细胞（ＭＤＣＫ）从引进的疫苗中分别分离到犬瘟热ＣＤＶ－Ａ株、猫细小病毒ＦＰＶ株、犬腺病毒ＣＡＶ１株。对三个弱毒株的细胞病变规律,形态特征,病毒滴度,理化特性,核酸型,血清学交叉反应,本动物的安全性及免疫原性等内容进行了试验。鉴定结果表明,３个弱毒株均可作为制苗用毒种     

鉴别新城疫病毒弱毒株的抗多肽抗体制备

针对鸡新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）弱毒株Ｆ蛋白前体（Ｆ０）Ｆ２片段的特异结构,人工合成特异性多肽,将多肽与牛血清白蛋白（ＢＳＡ）化学偶联制和轩成全抗原后免疫小鼠,制备抗多肽血清。经ＥＬＩＳＡ检测,该抗体与ＭＤＶ弱毒株呈阳性反应,而与鸡痘病毒（ＦＰＶ）,鸡传染性腔上囊病病毒（ＩＢＤＶ）,ＭＤＶ强毒Ｆ４８Ｅ８株和四平析呈阴性反应,试验结果证明该抗体可以用于鉴别ＮＤＶ弱毒株。     

新城疫病毒融合蛋白裂解位点基因光敏生物素探针的制备及初步应用

将重组质粒ｐＵＣＬａＦｃ和ｐＵＣＦ４６Ｆｃ用ＥｃｏＲＩ和ＳａｌⅠ酶切,回收新城疫病毒融合蛋白裂解位点（Ｆｃ）基因,将此Ｆｃ片段用光敏生物素标记,制备出Ｆｃ探针。该探针能够与新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）的强毒株Ｆ４６Ｅ９、中毒株Ｍ株和弱毒株ＬａＳｏｔａＥ４株杂交,而不与对照的传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）、减蛋综合征（ＥＤＳ－７６）病毒杂交,说明探针是特异的。用ｐＵＣＬａＦｃ的Ｆｃ探针检测了各５份ＮＤＶ强中弱毒株的尿囊液,均为阳性。但强毒株和弱毒株的Ｆｃ探针都能与所用的强、中、弱毒株杂交,说明该Ｆｃ探针尚不能区分强、弱毒株。     

马传染性贫血病毒驴白细胞弱毒株LTR启动子功能的研究

为了证明我国马传染性贫血病毒（ＥＩＡＶ）驴白细胞弱毒株的长末端重复序列（ＬＴＲ）是否能够启动基因的表达,我们将该ＬＴＲ克隆于含ＣＡＴ基因的载体中,获得重组质粒ｐＣＡＴ－ＬＴＲ,用ｐＣＡＴ－ＬＴＲ分别转染驴胎皮肤细胞（ＦＤＤ）、胶质母细胞瘤（ＴＪ－９０５）细胞、驴白细胞及接种ＥＩＡＶ弱毒的ＦＤＤ及驴白细胞,结果以ＥＩＡＶ弱毒的ＬＴＲ为启动子,ＣＡＴ在这几种细胞中均获得了不同程度的表达,证实了我国ＥＩＡＶ弱毒株的ＬＴＲ在ＦＤＤ、ＴＪ－９０５及驴白细胞中确实具有一定的启动子功能,并能被反式激活表达,为进一步研究ＥＩＡＶ弱毒复制及表达调控奠定了基础。     

新城疫病毒在不同的细胞上增殖特性的研究

研究新城疫病毒（Ｎｅｗｓｃａｓｔｌｅ ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ Ｖｉｒｕｓ,ＮＤＶ）可,弱毒株在不同的传代细胞的生物学特性。Ｆ４８Ｅ８强毒株在ＢＨＫ、Ｖｅｒｏ和ＣＥＦ中都能增殖并产生细胞病变,而Ｖ４生弱毒株不能在ＢＨＫ和Ｖｅｒｏ中增殖,当ＭＥＭ含１０ｕｇ／ｍＬ胰蛋白酶时,ＮＤＶ弱毒株在Ｖｅｒｏ中能较好地复制,将Ｖ４株在Ｖｅｒｏ中传代培养后,Ｖｅｒｏ中传代的Ｖ４毒株的ＨＡ较低,但毒力增强,ＢＨＫ中传代的Ｖ４毒     

猪流行性腹泻弱毒株的培育

用ＰＥＤＶＣＶ７７７株强毒适应Ｖｅｒｏ细胞系并传至１４７代。以ＰＥＤＶ沪株做效检用强毒。传代毒８３代之后适应了仔猪肾原代细胞。自９０代起进行了５次克隆纯化,克隆是在２次群斑（由５～７个单斑组成）的基础上,再进行３次单斑挑选（均是１ｍｍ以内小空斑）。以８３７斑５株继续传代并做系列试验。传代毒的毒价为１０７．０～１０７．５ＴＣＩＤ５０／０３ｍｌ。免疫接种途径为后海穴位。克隆后５代（总代次１０４代）～２５代的５批次主动免疫试验的总保护率为９５９２％（４７／４９）,对照组８８８％（１６／１８）发病。克隆后１７代～４０代的８批次被动免疫试验的总保护率为９６２％（７６／７９）,对照组１００％（１０／１０）发病。以克隆后２５代（总代次１２５代）进行稳定性试验,经６代次返祖传代毒力未返强,仍是稳定的,已符合弱毒株的标准。在与ＴＧＥ弱毒株组合制备的二联弱毒苗的初步田间试验中取得良好效果。     

多聚酶链反应区分血清Ⅰ型MDV强弱毒株

选用血清Ⅰ型马立克氏病病毒（ＭＤＶ＿１）基因组中位于１３２ｂｐ正向重复序列两侧的２段寡聚核苷酸为多聚酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）的引物，分别对Ⅰ型ＭＤＶ强毒株（京－１株）和弱毒株（Ｍｄ１１／７５Ｃ株）的核酸进行基因扩增。结果显示：该弱毒株核酸基因中含６个或更多个拷贝数的１３２ｂｐ正向重复序列，而强毒株核酸基因中仅含２个，相同引物对Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型ＭＤＶ（ＳＢ－１株，Ｆｃ１２６株）和禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒（ＲＥＶ）核酸作ＰＣＲ扩增，未检出任何核酸片段。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。