NaCl 胁迫对板蓝根种子萌发的影响

采用培养皿发芽法研究了NaCl胁迫处理对板蓝根种子萌发的影响。结果表明:板蓝根种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均随NaCl浓度的升高而降低。对其全株的处理表明:胚根长、下胚轴长、胚根鲜重、下胚轴及子叶鲜重均随NaCl胁迫浓度的增大而呈下降趋势,脯氨酸(Pro)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及电导率却随溶液NaCl浓度的增大而增大,呈明显的正相关关系。     

三唑酮种子包衣对冬小麦种子萌发和幼芽抗逆因子的影响

为评价三唑酮种子包衣对冬小麦种子萌发的安全性,以苯醚甲环唑为对照药剂,研究了不同包衣剂量三唑酮对周麦22和铭贤169小麦种子发芽及周麦22抗逆相关生化因子的影响。结果表明:周麦22和铭贤169小麦种子发芽指数、种子活力指数和发芽率均与三唑酮包衣剂量呈负相关,且符合指数方程Y=A+B×e(-x/k),但铭贤169种子发芽指数、种子活力指数和发芽率对三唑酮剂量变化更敏感;三唑酮种子包衣能引起小麦幼芽体内赤霉素(gibberellins,GAs)含量降低和脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)含量升高,且GAs含量下降程度和ABA水平升高程度均随三唑酮包衣剂量的增加而增加,从理论上解释了三唑酮可对小麦种子萌发产生抑制作用且抑制作用与包衣剂量相关的原因。但通过对幼芽相关抗逆因子的研究表明,三唑酮包衣有利于新长成幼芽中叶绿素含量、根系呼吸速率、可溶性蛋白质含量和α-淀粉酶活性的增加以及细胞膜通透性降低,说明三唑酮包衣在一定程度上有助于新长出幼芽抗逆性的增加。相比之下,苯醚甲环唑对小麦种子萌发的抑制作用比三唑酮小,且更有利于幼芽抗逆性增加。     

聚乙二醇模拟干旱对新疆橡胶草种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响

以新疆橡胶草为材料,采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱法,PEG溶液渗透势范围为-1.0~0.0MPa,探讨干旱胁迫对橡胶草种子发芽势、发芽率、日相对发芽率、平均发芽速率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼根长度、幼叶长度以及幼叶宽度的影响。结果表明,随着PEG溶液浓度的增加,种子活力以及幼苗长势均呈现出先升高而后降低的趋势。当PEG溶液渗透势为-0.4 MPa时,发芽指数和活力指数显著低于对照组,而其幼根长度、幼叶长度以及幼叶宽度与对照组差异不显著,说明橡胶草种子活力比幼苗生长对于干旱胁迫更敏感;当PEG溶液渗透势为-0.8 MPa时,橡胶草种子萌发受到完全抑制,表明-0.8 MPa为橡胶草种子萌发的临界水势。     

基于种子发芽率评估长芒苋在我国不同纬度地区的入侵风险

外来入侵植物长芒苋Amaranthus palmeri已经传入我国多个地区,定量评估其入侵风险对制定高效防控措施具有重要意义。外来植物入侵风险应该是由传入后能发芽并完成生活史的繁殖体如种子的量决定的,但已开展的适生区预测等风险评估通常忽略了该因素。基于此,本研究先通过同质园试验, 比较了采自我国不同纬度的11个长芒苋种群与来自原产地美国种群的种子发芽率,分析了种群间发芽率的差异及其与纬度的相关性;然后,通过一年内连续多次在不同纬度地区的交互种植试验,分析了不同纬度种群间种子的发芽率和完成生活史的入侵窗口期差异,并判断是否发生了本地适应;最后,根据发芽率和入侵窗口期评估了长芒苋在我国不同纬度地区的入侵风险。同质园试验表明,种子发芽率与种群所处纬度显著正相关(P<0.05),发芽率随纬度升高而增高。交互种植试验表明,不同种群发芽率的差异是由于本地适应导致的,长芒苋在我国的入侵窗口期随纬度升高而缩短。基于不同种群种子发芽率和入侵窗口期的纬度差异,我们判断长芒苋在我国中低纬度至中高纬度区域内入侵风险较高,应该重点防控。长芒苋在高纬度和低纬度地区的入侵风险相对较低。但长芒苋种子萌发的本地适应可能会增加其在高、低纬度地区的入侵风险。因此,亟须加强对已传入种群的监测预警与早期防控力度,抑制其繁殖增长和进一步的扩散蔓延。     

NaCl胁迫对草木樨种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用室内种子萌发及温室幼苗培养实验方法,研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫对耐盐植物草木樨种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,结果表明：低浓度的NaCl胁迫可以提高种子的萌发率、累积发芽率、发芽势,增加幼苗地上部分的鲜干比、叶绿素含量,并促进幼苗根和芽的生长,而高浓度的NaCl胁迫则对其有显著的抑制作用;不同浓度的NaCl胁迫对草木樨种子的发芽指数均有一定的抑制作用,而对幼苗叶片的丙二醛含量却有一定的促进作用。因此得出：低浓度的NaCl胁迫对草木樨种子萌发及幼苗生长具有一定的促进作用,而高浓度的NaCl胁迫则对其有一定的抑制作用。     

NaCl和NA2SO4胁迫对裸果木种子萌发的影响

为了探明裸果木(Gymnocarpos przewalskii)种子在不同盐胁迫条件下的萌发特性,对种子进行了不同浓度(50、100、150、200、250、300、350mmol/L)NaCl和Na_2SO_4溶液的处理,以蒸馏水为对照,研究模拟盐胁迫对种子萌发的影响。结果表明:1)低浓度的NaCl(50、100mmol/L)和Na_2SO_4(50mmol/L)溶液对种子发芽率和相对盐害率的影响不显著;种子的发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、耐盐指数随着浓度的增大显著降低,相对盐害率明显增大;低浓度(50mmol/L)NaCl处理的胚根和胚轴长度较对照均显著增加,促进了种子胚根和胚轴的生长;Na_2SO_4处理对胚根和胚轴生长的抑制作用随浓度的增加显著加强。2)解除盐胁迫后,种子恢复萌发率随盐胁迫浓度的增加显著升高,盐浓度<300mmol/L时,各处理之间的种子终萌发率与对照无显著差异,表明抑制种子萌发的主要因素是渗透胁迫,高浓度的盐胁迫表现出一定的离子毒害作用。3)裸果木种子的萌发指标对盐胁迫的敏感程度表现为发芽率>发芽势>活力指数>胚根长度>发芽指数>胚轴长度。4)种子萌发对两种盐的耐受性存在差异,Na_2SO_4对种子萌发的抑制程度显著高于NaCl,两种盐胁迫下,种子萌发率的耐盐临界值分别为135. 62mmol/L和198. 57mmol/L。     

不同产地扁蓿豆种子萌发期抗旱性综合评价

采用不同渗透势聚乙二醇（PEG6000）溶液模拟干旱胁迫,研究了甘肃景泰、陇西、镇原、永昌、天水、榆中、宁县、夏河、临夏、渭源和内蒙古土默特、陕西陇县12个扁蓿豆（Medicago ruthenica）居群种子萌发期的抗旱性。结果表明,PEG胁迫降低了扁蓿豆种质资源的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数,抑制了胚芽和胚根的生长。-0．3 MPa的渗透势胁迫可促进陇西扁蓿豆种子的萌发,且在此浓度下其相对发芽指数和相对活力指数均显著高于其他11份材料。在-0．3 MPa PEG胁迫下景泰和土默特扁蓿豆的相对胚根长较高,表现出一定的抗旱性;高渗透势的胁迫严重抑制了扁蓿豆胚芽和胚根的生长。以种子萌发期的相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、相对活力指数、相对胚根长和相对胚芽长等5项为指标,应用隶属函数法对12份扁蓿豆抗旱性进行综合评价,抗旱性强弱依次为：景泰＞陇西＞土默特＞镇原＞永昌＞天水＞榆中＞宁县＞夏河＞临夏＞陕西陇县＞渭源。     

聚乙二醇胁迫下赤霉素浸种对番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以番茄幼苗为材料,研究了50 mg/g 的赤霉素(GA3)和清水浸种后用不同浓度的聚乙二醇(0、40、80、120 mg/g)胁迫对番茄种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:40 mg/g的聚乙二醇胁迫对番茄种子的萌发率、发芽指数、幼苗株高、根长有促进作用,120 mg/g的聚乙二醇明显抑制种子的萌发率、发芽指数、幼苗株高、根长;不同浓度的聚乙二醇胁迫明显降低了幼苗的叶绿素含量.用50 mg/g GA3浸种后明显增加聚乙二醇胁迫下番茄种子的萌发率、发芽指数、幼苗株高、根长和叶绿素含量.用50 m g/g GA3浸种对番茄幼苗的生长有一定的促进作用.     

宁夏不同农业生态区土壤养分时空变化特征

根据宁夏耕地土壤监测结果,分析了不同农业生态区土壤氮磷钾养分含量的时空变化特征。结果表明,在1970～2000年的30a里,土壤全氮、全磷和全钾含量没有发生显著变化,而土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量呈较显著或显著增长态势,土壤速效钾含量在山区没有明显增减,而在灌区近15a呈明显下降态势。从两个地区比较来看,土壤氮磷钾养分含量总体上都是灌区高于山区,其中地区间差异最大的是土壤有效磷含量,具有极显著差异的是全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量,全钾和速效钾含量在地区间存在较显著或显著差异,全磷量在地区间没有显著差异。从地区内变异系数来看,除土壤全钾外,其他都是山区显著大于灌区,山区变异系数的大小依次为全氮>有效磷>速效钾>碱解氮>全磷>全钾,灌区变异系数的大小依次为碱解氮>有效磷>速效钾>全氮>全磷>全钾。不论山区还是灌区,土壤全钾量的变异系数都是最小。     

连续多年不同灌溉方式对保护地土壤磷剖面分布的影响

自以同一方案连续12 a进行定位灌溉试验的栽培番茄保护地,分层采集0~100 cm土层的土壤样本,研究了灌溉方式对保护地土壤全磷、速效磷(Olsen-P)含量及其剖面分布的影响。结果表明,0~60 cm土层土壤全磷、速效磷含量明显高于60~100 cm土层;土层不同灌水处理间土壤全磷、速效磷含量及其剖面分布0~60 cm土层表现出了明显差异,总体上沟灌和滴灌高于渗灌,而沟灌和滴灌之间差异不明显;速效磷占全磷比例在0~40 cm土层以滴灌处理为最高,其它两灌溉处理相对较低;与滴灌、渗灌处理不同,沟灌处理土壤的速效磷占全磷比例随土层深度增加变化不明显。相关分析结果表明,各灌溉处理土壤速效磷与全磷之间呈极显著正相关关系,而全磷、速效磷含量与有机质间呈显著的指数正相关关系。     

Dormancy and viability of Phalaris minor seed in a rice–wheat cropping system

Seed placement, soil temperature and soil moisture content influenced the process of after-ripening in Phalaris minor seeds. Seeds of P. minor collected from the soil just after wheat harvesting exhibited higher germination than seeds from P. minor threshed directly. There was a pronounced impact of periodic inhabitation of seed into the soil on germination after its dispersal. Germination was strongly inhibited when the seed was kept in soil at more than field capacity (FC) or in water. Maximum germination of seed incubated in soil at FC occurred at 30°C while a temperature of 40°C favoured after-ripening of seed when mixed with dry soil or kept dry without any medium. Release from conditional dormancy was quicker in the seed retrieved from the soil kept at 20°C than at 10°C. Seed release from conditional dormancy and germination increased with a rise in temperature from 30 to 40°C when the seed was retrieved from incubation in soil at FC for 70 days. The seed kept immersed in water was least responsive to a rise in temperature. Seed recovered from dry soil, or kept without any medium, responded quickly at both temperatures. Light enhanced the germination of Phalaris minor seed. The seedbank subjected to rice (Oryza sativa) field management conditions lost vigour in comparison with the seed stored in laboratory. There was significant variability in seed viability when exposed to differential water management conditions in rice.     

蒙古扁桃种子萌发和幼苗生长对渗透胁迫的响应

以天然生长于祁连山自然保护区隆畅河自然保护站的濒危植物蒙古扁桃(Prunus mongolica)去内果皮的种子为材料,以不同渗透势PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱条件,研究了种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应特征。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,蒙古扁桃种子吸胀速率、萌发率、萌发指数、活力指数、苗高和根长、组织饱和含水量等指标均表现出明显降低的趋势,而幼苗初生芽干重、根干重和根冠比均呈先升后降的趋势。蒙古扁桃种子对水势变化既敏感又抗旱,种子能够萌发的最低渗透势阈值为-0.65 MPa。干旱胁迫未能萌发的种子复水后萌发率较高。分析认为,蒙古扁桃种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应特征对种的延续具有重要意义,但在人工栽培时保证 土壤墒情应是保障建植成功的关键措施。     

Seed transmission ofPyrenophora tritici-repentis,causal fungus of tan spot of wheat

Seed transmission ofPyrenophora tritici-repentis, a common foliar pathogen of wheat, was investigated in soft white winter wheat cv. Frankenmuth and found to be non-systemic; the emerging coleoptile was infected externally by hyphal growth from the infected pericarp. Hyphae from the infected coleoptile then infected the first and second seedling leaves as they emerged. Coleoptile symptoms ranged from tiny brown streaks or spots to large, brown necrotic areas accompanied by cracking and distortion of the coleoptile. Small brown spots sometimes occurred on the first and rarely on the second seedling leaves, often accompanied by leaf distortion. Pseudothecial initials of the fungus were present within or on the seed remnants. Seed transmission efficiency was as high as 92%in vitro and 60% in potting soil outdoors. Seed infection did not affect germinationin vitro, but slightly reduced emergence in potting soil. Seedling weight and height were reduced significantly. In potting soil, seed infection also resulted in delayed plant growth and increased tan spot severity at later stages of plant development. Under controlled conditions, seed transmission efficiency and incidence of pseudothecia on seed were negatively correlated with seed germination temperature in the range of 9 to 21 °C, whereas frequency of recovery of the fungus from symptomatic coleoptiles and leaves was positively correlated with seed germination temperature.These results suggest that infected seed may serve as a source of inoculum for tan spot epidemics and for dispersal of strains of the fungus to new areas.     

Seed dormancy and soil seedbank of the invasive weed Chenopodium hybridum in north‐western China

Seed dormancy and persistence in the soil seedbank play a key role in timing of germination and seedling emergence of weeds; thus, knowledge of these traits is required for effective weed management. We investigated seed dormancy and seed persistence on/in soil of Chenopodium hybridum, an annual invasive weed in north‐western China. Fresh seeds are physiologically dormant. Sulphuric acid scarification, mechanical scarification and cold stratification significantly increased germination percentages, whereas dry storage and treatments with plant growth regulators or nitrate had no effect. Dormancy was alleviated by piercing the seed coat but not the pericarp. Pre‐treatment of seeds collected in 2012 and 2013 with sulphuric acid for 30 min increased germination from 0% to 66% and 62% respectively. Effect of cold stratification on seed germination varied with soil moisture content (MC) and duration of treatment; seeds stratified in soil with 12% MC for 2 months germinated to 39%. Burial duration, burial depth and their interaction had significant effects on seed dormancy and seed viability. Dormancy in fresh seeds was released from October to February, and seeds re‐entered dormancy in April. Seed viability decreased with time for seeds on the soil surface and for those buried at a depth of 5 cm, and 39% and 10%, respectively, were viable after 22 months. Thus, C. hybridum can form at least a short‐lived persistent soil seedbank.     

影响丰花草种子萌发和幼苗生长的主要环境因子

运用培养皿滤纸法和盆栽法,分别研究温度、光照和水分条件对热带常见杂草丰花草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:丰花草种子萌发温度范围广泛(5~40℃),随温度升高,丰花草幼苗的鲜质量和生长长度均呈现先升高后降低的趋势;恒温下30℃为其种子萌发的最适温度,其发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数均相对较高,而平均发芽时间最短;25℃时生长的幼苗最健壮,其芽长、根长和芽鲜质量、根鲜质量均显著高于其他温度时的对应值。而变温条件更有利于丰花草种子萌发,12 h D/12 h L、5℃/15℃时发芽率达55.63%,15℃/25℃时发芽率90%,25℃/35℃时的种子萌发率、幼苗长度、幼苗鲜质量均最大。光照不是影响丰花草种子萌发的关键因子,但光照可能有利于促进丰花草幼苗生物量向根部分配,光暗交替(12 h D/12 h L)条件下丰花草幼苗生长情况相对最好(长度根冠比为1.05∶1;鲜质量根冠比为0.51∶1)。水分是决定丰花草种子能否萌发的关键因素,25℃、12 h D/12 h L条件下,在土壤最大持水量60%时丰花草种子萌发和幼苗生长状况均最佳。     

Seed dynamics in populations of A vena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana

Seed populations of Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Nyman were monitored in a naturally occurring infestation throughout its life cycle. Considering the large weed population present (298panicles m^?2), total seed production was relatively low: 3838 seeds m^?2. Only 68% of these seeds were recovered from the soil surface and a further 3% were removed with wheat grain and straw during harvest operations. The numbers of seeds from the stubble between mid-July and mid-September were relatively low (10%). Ploughing the stubble in October buried most of the recently produced seed rain and resulted in a relatively uniform vertical distribution of the seedbank. Maximum seed persistence in the soil ranged from 27 to 43 months (depending on the experimental technique used to do the study). Seed decline followed an exponential pattern on a yearly basis, with the greatest decline taking place between October and April (57–90% in year 1 and 10–40% in year 2), Between May and September the buried seed populations remained practically constant. Seedbank depletion was primarily due to seedling production (25%) and ‘lethal’ germination (24%). Although the depth of burial had very little effect on seed survival, the mode of seed disappearance was closely related to their depth in the soil. Seed depletion through ‘lethal’ germination increased with increasing depth in the soil, whereas depletion through seedling emergence decreased with increasing depth.     

不同生态条件下白菜型冬油菜性状差异分析

在4个生态区种植11个不同抗寒性白菜型冬油菜品种,探讨北移种植后冬油菜生育期进程、农艺性状、品质等的变化特征及与主要生态因子间的相关性。结果表明:与原种植区(天水)相比,冬油菜北移后其生育期进程发生明显改变,主要表现在冬前生育期缩短,越冬期延长;越冬后返青期~成熟期生育期总天数不变,但早期(返青期~终花期)生育期进程加快,而角层期延长。北移种植后冬油菜株高、分枝部位降低,主花序变短、单株角果数减少,分枝数增加,株型变差;角粒数、千粒重增加,角、粒性状改善。含油量、油酸、亚麻酸、芥酸含量增加,亚油酸、廿碳烯酸、硫苷含量降低;油酸、亚麻酸含量与纬度、海拔呈显著正相关,与降雨量、年均温度、最冷月温度呈显著负相关;廿碳烯酸、硫苷与油酸、亚麻酸表现相反。冬油菜北移后株型变差,角、粒性状改善;冬前生育期变短,越冬期延长,返青后生育期加快,而角层期延长,有利于粒重增加;籽粒含油量增加,高纬度、高海拔有利于油酸、亚麻酸积累,而高降雨量、低温有利于廿碳烯酸积累。     

Sources of viable seed loss in buried dormant and non-dormant populations of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) seed in Colorado

Buried populations of dormant and non-dormant wild oat (Avena fatua) seed persisted less than 2 years, depth of burial having very little influence on their survival. The mode of seed disappearence, however, was closely related to their depth in the soil. Seed exhaustion through germination in situ increased with increasing depth in the soil, whereas exhaustion through non-viability increased with decreasing depth. Physical and induced dormancies are apparently not capable of supporting prolonged persistence of A. fatua seeds in soil. The lack of prolonged persistence of A. fatua seeds in Colorado derives from a lack of genetically programmed embryonic dormancy in these populations and makes A. fatua easier to control in Colorado than in other cereal-growing regions south of the 43rd parallel because it dramatically reduces the survival of seeds in the soil. The most effective non-chemical control of this grass weed is achieved by means of the shallowest cultivations possible, carried out as late as possible.     

盐和PEG模拟干旱胁迫对沙米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究不周浓度盐溶液(NaCl、MgSO4、盐渍土壤)和PEG模拟干旱胁迫对沙米种子吸胀、萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并观察胁迫解除后种子的反应.结果表明:随着NaCl、MgSO4和PEG浓度的升高,沙米种子吸胀率先升后降,种子萌发率呈现不同程度降低,盐渍土壤溶液对萌发率没有显著影响;对沙米种子萌发和幼苗生长的胁迫效应是NaC...     

The production and shedding of Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. seeds in winter cereals crops

Seed shedding from heads of Alopecurus myosuroides occurred from late June to late August at most locations. Most seeds were shed before winter wheat (Triticum-aestivum L.) was harvested hut at two winter barley (Hordeum sativum L.) sites, only 50% of seed was shed prior to harvest. The viability of seeds shed at the start and end of the shedding period tended to be lower than that at peak shedding time in late July and early August. There were large differences between sites in the viability of the total amount of seed shed. The results of viability tests based on the presence of full caryopses and germination in pots of sterile soil were similar. Assessments of head numbers and head length were significantly correlated with total seed production. Head length, but not head number assessments, were also significantly correlated with viable seed production.