马唐种子萌发及幼苗建成对不同环境因子的响应

马唐是我国常见的旱田杂草之一,然而近年来在部分地区直播稻田危害十分严重.本研究测定了马唐种子萌发和幼苗建成过程中对不同环境因子的响应特征,以期为直播稻田马唐综合防控提供科学依据.结果表明:马唐在 L//D=12 h//12 h,光照/黑暗阶段温度分别为40℃/30℃、35℃/25℃、30℃/20℃、25℃/15℃、20...     

温度对4种杂草种子萌发的影响

研究了20℃/15℃和25℃/20℃两种日波动温度对棒头草（Polypogon fugax Nees ex steud.）、大瓜草（Spergula arvensis L.）、红花月见草（Oenothera rosea L’Herit.ex Ait.）和紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorumSpreng.）种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数的作用。结果表明,4种杂草种子萌发对两种波动温度的反应存在差异。前4 d高温有利于棒头草种子萌发,而3 d以后,种子在低温时的发芽率均高于高温处理。前3 d高温促进大瓜草种子的发芽势,而4 d后两种温度下种子的发芽率维持不变,且低温处理的发芽率比高温处理高10%左右。红花月见草和紫茎泽兰种子萌发对温度的反应很相似,即在种子萌发的早期高温和低温种子发芽率差异很大,随着发芽时间的进一步延长,两种温度处理的发芽率逐渐接近。     

杂草藿香蓟发芽生长的影响因素研究

通过对藿香蓟种子的不同处理,发现光照对其发芽生长的影响极其显著,最佳光照为12h/d,发芽率超过93%,可以得到生长一致的幼苗用于除草剂试验。     

不同环境因素对苘麻种子萌发及出苗的影响

苘麻Abutilon theophrasti Medikus具有生长旺盛、结籽量大和适应性强等特点,已成为多种农田中的恶性杂草,研究环境条件对苘麻萌发的影响对进一步探究其生物学特性与综合防治技术具有重要意义。通过室内试验研究温度、光照、酸碱度、水分胁迫、盐胁迫与苘麻种子萌发及埋土深度与其出苗的关系。结果表明,在10～35℃下苘麻种子均可萌发,20～30℃为其最适萌发温度范围;种子萌发对光照不敏感;适应pH范围广,在pH 4～9条件下种子发芽率均在70%以上;水势在-0.2～0 MPa范围内种子发芽率最高,当水势小于-0.7 MPa时,种子萌发受到完全抑制;有较强的耐盐性,NaCl浓度为160 mmol/L时发芽率超过40%;种子对播种深度适应性较强,覆盖不超过8 cm的土层均可出苗。     

鹅观草种子萌发及出苗特性

在实验室和温室条件下研究不同温度、光照、水势、盐分对鹅观草种子萌发以及埋土深度对鹅观草出苗的影响。结果表明,鹅观草种子萌发的昼/夜温度范围为20℃/10℃～35℃/25℃,最适昼/夜温度为25℃/15℃;黑暗条件下,鹅观草种子萌发率较光照下略有提高,说明鹅观草萌发不需要光照;鹅观草种子对水势胁迫较敏感,水势从0下降至-0.8 MPa时,发芽率从93%直线下降至0;鹅观草种子对盐分胁迫具有一定耐受性,当NaCl浓度≤50 mmol/L时,种子均能保持80%以上的萌发率。50%萌发抑制率时的水势和NaCl浓度分别约为-0.4 MPa和100 mmol/L。埋土深度为0.5 cm时,鹅观草出苗率最高,埋土深度≥3 cm时出苗率显著下降。表明鹅观草种子萌发具有较强的环境适应性,通过耕作将其种子带入4 cm以下土层,可有效抑制鹅观草的危害。     

不同光照和温度下白花鬼针草和金盏银盘种子萌发研究

通过在人工培养箱内模拟环境条件,探讨了不同光照和温度对白花鬼针草和金盏银盘种子萌发的影响,结果表明：光照和温度不是白花鬼针草种子萌发的必要条件,白花鬼针草种子萌发的温度适应范围比金盏银盘宽,在15＇12／10oc、20℃／15℃、25℃／20℃、30℃／25oC、35℃／30℃、40℃／35℃下均能萌发,在15％／10气、20％／15℃、25％／20℃、30~E／25℃时萌发率均达94％左右,金盏银盘种子在40％／35℃时不能萌发;温度影响白花鬼针草和金盏银盘种子萌发高峰的出现时间及峰值大小,而光照不影响。     

恶性杂草马齿苋（Portulaca oleracea）种子萌发特性的研究

为了明确恶性杂草马齿苋种子的萌发特性,本文研究了温度、光照、pH、水势、盐分及土层深度对其种子萌发的影响。结果表明：马齿苋种子在光照L∥D=14 h∥10 h、温度白天32 ℃,晚上28 ℃的变温条件下萌发率最高,为92%。马齿苋种子萌发适宜的酸碱度范围较宽,在5相似文献   

聚乙二醇模拟干旱对新疆橡胶草种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响

以新疆橡胶草为材料,采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱法,PEG溶液渗透势范围为-1.0~0.0MPa,探讨干旱胁迫对橡胶草种子发芽势、发芽率、日相对发芽率、平均发芽速率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼根长度、幼叶长度以及幼叶宽度的影响。结果表明,随着PEG溶液浓度的增加,种子活力以及幼苗长势均呈现出先升高而后降低的趋势。当PEG溶液渗透势为-0.4 MPa时,发芽指数和活力指数显著低于对照组,而其幼根长度、幼叶长度以及幼叶宽度与对照组差异不显著,说明橡胶草种子活力比幼苗生长对于干旱胁迫更敏感;当PEG溶液渗透势为-0.8 MPa时,橡胶草种子萌发受到完全抑制,表明-0.8 MPa为橡胶草种子萌发的临界水势。     

青海云杉种子萌发特性

以天祝县青海云杉天然种群种子为研究对象,通过对种子生活力测定,分析种子萌发对温度、光照、水分和盐分胁迫的响应,为引种提供参考数据。结果表明：① 种子的生活力为72%。② 在黑暗条件下,温度小于10 ℃种子不萌发,最适萌发温度25/15 ℃(72%);种子在24 h黑暗和24 h光照条件下的萌发率显著高于14 h光照/10 h黑暗。③ 当NaCl胁迫浓度为50 mmol·L^-1时,可促进种子萌发,当胁迫浓度大于50 mmol·L^-1时,抑制种子萌发;胁迫解除后,随着胁迫浓度的增加,恢复萌发率(RGR)先增加后减小,胁迫浓度为400 mmol·L^-1时,RGR达到最大值13%。④ 随着PEG-6000试剂胁迫渗透势的增加,种子萌发显著减少,在-0.9 MPa时,种子不能萌发;胁迫解除后,RGR先增加后减少,在-0.9 MPa时,达到最大值35%。     

黄花刺茄浸提液对番茄种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为明确入侵植物黄花刺茄对当地主栽经济作物番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,本文采用培养皿滤纸法,在智能光照培养箱的变温控制条件下,分别研究了黄花刺茄根、茎、叶浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数及幼苗根长和苗高的影响。结果表明:(1)黄花刺茄不同器官的浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗根长和苗高的影响不同,其茎、叶浸提液的化感作用较为显著(P<0.01)。(2)黄花刺茄同部位浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗根长和苗高不同指标的影响也不同。根浸提液对种子发芽率、幼苗根长影响不显著(P>0.05),但对种子发芽指数的影响极显著(P<0.01)。茎和叶浸提液各浓度对种子发芽指数的影响比种子发芽率、幼苗根长和苗高的影响显著(P<0.01)。     

黄瓜品种资源芽苗期和幼苗期耐盐性及其评价指标研究

采用NaCl水溶液人工模拟盐胁迫,以多项指标的盐害系数为依据,比较了18个黄瓜品种资源在芽苗期和幼苗期的耐盐性及其两个时期耐盐性的相关性,并对两个时期各品种资源的耐盐性通过聚类分析进行了分类。结果表明:芽苗期的总盐害系数与发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、下胚轴长、根长、地上部鲜重、根鲜重、活力指数的盐害系数的相关性达极显著水平;幼苗期与总盐害系数相关性达极显著水平的有地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重、地下部干重、壮苗指数、根/冠,达显著相关水平的有地上部干重,叶绿素a/b和叶绿素(a b)/类胡萝卜素的盐害系数与总盐害系数相关性不显著。从两个时期的聚类分析图来看,它们的耐盐性并不相同。黄瓜品种资源耐盐性的强弱在芽苗期和幼苗期表现明显不同。在进行黄瓜芽苗期耐盐性筛选时可以将发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、下胚轴长、地上鲜重、根鲜重综合起来作为评价指标。在对黄瓜幼苗期耐盐性鉴定时可以用地上部和地下部鲜重、地上部和地下部干重、壮苗指标、根/冠来衡量黄瓜材料在幼苗期耐盐性的强弱。     

蒙古扁桃种子萌发和幼苗生长对渗透胁迫的响应

以天然生长于祁连山自然保护区隆畅河自然保护站的濒危植物蒙古扁桃(Prunus mongolica)去内果皮的种子为材料,以不同渗透势PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱条件,研究了种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应特征。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,蒙古扁桃种子吸胀速率、萌发率、萌发指数、活力指数、苗高和根长、组织饱和含水量等指标均表现出明显降低的趋势,而幼苗初生芽干重、根干重和根冠比均呈先升后降的趋势。蒙古扁桃种子对水势变化既敏感又抗旱,种子能够萌发的最低渗透势阈值为-0.65 MPa。干旱胁迫未能萌发的种子复水后萌发率较高。分析认为,蒙古扁桃种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应特征对种的延续具有重要意义,但在人工栽培时保证 土壤墒情应是保障建植成功的关键措施。     

银胶菊花对苘麻和稗的化感作用

通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊花水浸提液及其乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相、剩余水相不同极性组分对苘麻和稗种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。定性测定结果表明,在50 g/L浓度处理下,水浸提液完全抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重抑制率分别为82.6%、89.1%、84.3%和91.7%、55.8%、39.1%;正丁醇相抑制苘麻种子萌发和幼苗生长最强,乙酸乙酯相抑制稗种子萌发和幼苗生长最强。定量测定结果表明,在1 g/L浓度处理下,乙酸乙酯相生物活性最高,苘麻和稗种子萌发率分别为13.3%和33.3%,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重的抑制率分别为63.1%、80.0%、58.3%和51.3%、26.7%、23.3%。     

Allelopathic effect of leaf debris, leaf aqueous extract and rhizosphere soil of Ophiopogon japonicus Ker-Gawler on the growth of plants

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of dwarf lily turf ( Ophiopogon japonicus Ker-Gawler) on lettuce, alfalfa, timothy and mustard plant growth. Dry leaf debris, aqueous extract of fresh leaves and O. japonicus grown soil were investigated. Emergence, dry weight, and root and shoot length of all bioassay species were inhibited when grown in soil incorporated with oven-dried leaves of O. japonicus. The inhibitory effects were often dependent on the concentration. However, the degree of inhibition varied among the test plant species. The aqueous leaf extract was highly phytotoxic and it significantly reduced germination, seedling growth, and the fresh weight of all the test species at all rates. The emergence and growth of all four tested plants were severely inhibited when planted in O. japonicus contaminated soil. These results indicate that O. japonicus incorporated leaf debris, leaf aqueous extract and its rhizosphere soil suppress seed germination, radicle growth, seedling emergence and seeding growth of certain weeds and suggest that these responses were attributed to an allelopathic effect.     

不同环境因素对猪殃殃种子萌发及出苗的影响

为探讨猪殃殃种子萌发的适宜环境条件,通过室内萌发试验研究了温度、光照、pH、水势、盐分对猪殃殃种子萌发以及埋土深度对其出苗的影响。结果表明,猪殃殃种子萌发的适宜环境条件为温度10~20℃、光暗12h交替培养以及pH 4~10,萌发率可达到50%以上。猪殃殃种子对水势比较敏感,萌发率随着水势的降低而降低,当水势为0时,萌发率为50.50%,水势降低至-0.6 MPa时,仅有个别种子萌发,萌发率为3.50%,当水势为-0.7 MPa时,种子萌发完全受到抑制;猪殃殃种子对盐分胁迫有一定忍耐力,当NaCl浓度为0.16mol/L时,仍有少数种子萌发,萌发率为16.50%;适于猪殃殃种子出苗的埋土深度是1~2cm,出苗率达到49.50%。研究结果为猪殃殃的出苗调控和综合治理提供了依据。     

吡唑醚菌酯在小麦不同生育期病害防治中的应用

为探讨吡唑醚菌酯对小麦不同生育期病害的防治效果,采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了吡唑醚菌酯对小麦纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia cerealis、根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana、全蚀病菌Gaeumannomyces tritici及赤霉病菌Gibberella zeae的室内抑制活性;通过种子发芽盒试验,测定了吡唑醚菌酯不同药种比包衣处理对小麦种子发芽的影响;采用菌土混合法,测定了5%吡唑醚菌酯种子处理悬浮剂(FS)对小麦纹枯病的盆栽防效;同时测定了5%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂(SC)对小麦白粉病、锈病及赤霉病的田间防效。结果表明：吡唑醚菌酯对小麦纹枯病菌、根腐病菌、全蚀病菌和赤霉病菌的EC₅₀值分别为0.404、5.862、0.193和1.372 mg/L。25℃条件下,5%吡唑醚菌酯FS不同药种比对济麦22鲜重及干重均有一定的促进作用;10℃下,对小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数均显示出一定的促进作用。5%吡唑醚菌酯FS苗后20 d对小麦纹枯病的防效在74%以上,药种比1∶50时防效达99.02%;5%吡唑醚菌酯SC按3000 mL/hm     

Allelopathic potential of wild onion (Asphodelus tenuifolius) on the germination and seedling growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Water extracts obtained from the roots, shoots, and fruits of mature wild onion ( Asphodelus tenuifolius ) plants and soil taken from an A. tenuifolius field were used to determine their allelopathic effects on the germination and seedling growth of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) in the laboratory. The roots, shoots, and fruits of A. tenuifolius were soaked individually in water in a ratio of 1:20 (w/v) for 24 h to prepare the extracts. Distilled water was used as the control. The germinated seeds were taken out from the Petri dishes and counted every day for 12 days. The seeds of chickpea were also sown in sand and in each of the controlled, normal soil and the soil taken from the A. tenuifolius -infested field in Petri dishes to record the length and weight of the roots and shoots 18 days after sowing. The mean germination time reached the maximum amount for the stem and fruit extracts. The fruit extract caused the most reduction in the germination index and the germination percentage of chickpea. The different wild onion organ extracts significantly reduced the root and shoot length and biomass of the chickpea seedlings compared with the distilled water. The fruit extract of wild onion proved to be the most detrimental to the root length, shoot length, and dry weight of the chickpea seedlings. The soil beneath the A. tenuifolius plants significantly reduced the emergence, root length, shoot length, shoot dry weight, and seedling dry weight but increased the root dry weight of the chickpea seedlings. It is suggested that A. tenuifolius releases phytotoxic compound(s).     

海洋生境棘孢木霉菌TCS007对植物的促生长及诱导抗逆作用

为研究海洋生境棘孢木霉菌Trichoderma asperellum TCS007对植物的促生长及诱导抗逆作用,以黄瓜和水稻为试材,评价菌株TCS007对植物种子萌发、幼苗和根系生长等生长量及其对叶绿素、可溶性糖和蛋白含量的影响,并在低温和高盐胁迫条件下,研究其对植株生长相关生理指标影响。结果表明:1 × 106 CFU/mL的TCS007孢子悬浮液可以显著促进黄瓜种子萌发,且处理后黄瓜幼苗的株鲜重、叶面积、根鲜重及根系活力分别提升13.53%、17.97%、66.67%和27.30%,总叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别增加22.75%、18.24%和8.60%;在5 ℃、10 ℃和15 ℃低温胁迫下,1 × 106 CFU/mL的TCS007孢子悬浮液显著提高了黄瓜叶片中过氧化物酶 (POD) 和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 的活性,降低了丙二醛 (MDA) 含量和相对电导率 (REC);在0.1 mol/L的氯化钠 (高盐) 胁迫下,不同含量的TCS007孢子悬浮液均可显著缓解氯化钠对水稻幼苗的盐害作用,且随着孢子含量的增高,缓解效果越为明显,其中添加5% 1 × 106 CFU/mL TCS007孢子悬浮液的水稻幼苗POD、SOD和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著增加并能降低其REC。综上,棘孢木霉菌TCS007对植物具有良好的促生长效果和诱导抗逆作用,研究结果可为其开发成为新型生物农药提供理论依据。     

Inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of black mustard on germination and growth of alfalfa

The present study investigated the allelopathic effects of various black mustard ( Brassica nigra L.) plant parts on alfalfa germination and seedling growth. Aqueous extracts of black mustard ( Brassica nigra L.) leaf, stem, flower and root plant parts were made to determine their effects on germination and dry weights of hypocotyl, and radicle length of 5-day-old alfalfa seedlings over a range of extract concentrations. All aqueous extracts significantly inhibited alfalfa seed germination and seedling growth when compared with the distilled water control. Increasing the aqueous extract concentrations of separated Brassica nigra plant parts significantly inhibited alfalfa germination, seedling length and weight. Based on significant radicle length reactions to aqueous extracts, the toxicity may be classified in the following order of decreasing inhibition: flower, leaf, mixture of all plant parts, root, and stem. Increasing the concentration of aqueous flower extracts significantly inhibited the water uptake by germinated alfalfa seeds. The greatest inhibition in water uptake occurred at a 12 g kg⁻¹ extract concentration for seeds soaked for 8 h.