旱地垄作膜面胡麻精量播种机设计和仿真

针对西北旱区胡麻种植利用谷物条播机代播，人工种植效率低、质量差、出苗率低等问题，设计了一种旱地垄作膜面胡麻精量播种机。为提高播种机转向和运输时穴播轮提升、下降的精确性，采用平行四杆机构和摇杆装置，并确定其各项尺寸参数；为保证穴播轮播种深度，采用四连杆仿形机构，且计算出最大上、下仿形量均为89.87 mm，并验证了仿形机构的可行性；为提高该播种机播种精度，设计了一种新型取种装置；利用Solidworks软件中的插件motion对成穴器成穴过程进行运动仿真分析，研究了不同滑移率δ、机具前进速度v、成穴器入土深度h₁对穴孔宽度（固定鸭嘴入出土位移）的影响，并得到最优组合参数：当δ=11%，v=0.5 m·s^-1，h₁=0.03 m时，该成穴器具有较小的滑移量，且不易产生挑膜、撕膜等现象。     

基于Hydrus-2D的红壤区涌泉根灌自由入渗土壤水分运移数值模拟

针对Hydrus-2D软件在红壤区涌泉根灌土壤水分运移模拟的适用性问题，依据非饱和土壤水动力学理论，并结合红壤区涌泉根灌土壤水分运动特征建立了涌泉根灌土壤水分的入渗模型，利用Hydrus-2D软件对模型进行求解，并对湿润锋运移距离以及土壤含水率的模拟值和实测值进行了对比验证。结果表明：在灌水结束时，Hydrus-2D软件对竖直向下方向湿润锋的模拟值和实测值之间相对误差为5.21%，水平方向湿润锋的模拟值和实测值之间相对误差为-7.28%，且湿润锋模拟值和实测值的相关系数(R²)均大于0.980，RMSE均在1.300 cm以内，F检验P值也均大于0.05；在灌水结束时，距离灌水器不同距离处土壤含水率剖面分布的模拟值和实测值基本一致，均表现为随着土层深度的增加而先增大后减小，在距离灌水器不同位置处，Hydrus-2D软件对剖面土壤含水率的模拟值和实测值之间的相对误差均在±10%以内，且土壤含水率的模拟值和实测值相关系数（R²）均大于0.990，RMSE在0.030 cm³·cm^-3以内，F检验P值也均大于0.05。说明模拟值和实测值具有较好的一致性，模拟结果可为红壤区涌泉根灌系统的合理设计及运行提供依据。     

沼液穴灌入渗特征及Philip入渗模型拟合

为探求沼液穴灌条件下土壤入渗特征及适宜入渗模型，通过室内试验研究了沼液配比（沼液∶水，体积比，1∶4、1∶6、1∶8及纯水）、穴孔直径（3、5、7 cm）和土壤容重（1.35、1.45 g·cm-3）对土壤入渗特征的影响，利用数理统计方法分析影响沼液穴灌入渗的因素和湿润体变化规律，同时应用Philip入渗模型对沼液穴灌累积入渗量进行了拟合分析。结果表明：沼液穴灌累积入渗量均随沼液配比和土壤容重的增大而降低，随着穴孔直径的增加而增大，当入渗历时180 min时，土壤容重1.35 g·cm^-3和1.45 g·cm^-3的CK处理累积入渗量分别是沼液配比为1∶4、1∶6、1∶8处理的3.62、3.12、2.77倍和3.47、2.64、2.16倍；湿润体形状随穴孔直径的增加逐渐由水平轴大于垂直轴的椭球体趋向于水平轴小于垂直轴的椭球体，土壤容重1.35 g·cm^-3和1.45 g·cm^-3对应各穴孔直径（3、5、7 cm）的垂向最大湿润距离（V）与水平最大湿润距离（H）的比值(V/H)分别为0.929、1.081、1.111和0.957、1.048、1.064；幂函数能够准确描述湿润锋最大湿润距离与时间的函数关系；建立的多元线性方程能够较好描述累积入渗量与土壤容重、穴孔直径和沼液配比的关系，偏回归系数检验均达到显著或极显著水平；Philip入渗模型能够准确描述沼液穴灌累积入渗量随时间的变化规律，决定系数（R²）在0.98以上；Philip入渗模型中的土壤吸渗率(S)随穴孔直径的增大而增加，随沼液配比和土壤容重的增加而降低；土壤稳定入渗率（A）为负值与沼液的粘性及所含有的有机悬浮颗粒有关。基于以上分析，在农业生产中建议实施方案为：土壤容重1.35 g·cm^-3、穴孔直径5 cm、沼液配比1∶6和土壤容重1.45 g·cm^-3、穴孔直径7 cm、沼液配比1∶8。     

东北日光温室葡萄园水热通量特征及其对气象因子的响应

运用温室葡萄水热平衡观测资料，分析了东北日光温室葡萄的能量平衡和能量分量日变化、生育期变化以及分配规律，同时也分析了潜热通量（λET）对环境因子的响应。结果表明：水热通量各分量在整个生育期日变化总体上呈现为单峰趋势，净辐射（R_n）的峰值最大为618.75 W·m^-2，λET峰值最大为242.73 W·m^-2，感热通量（H）峰值最大为327.93 W·m^-2；在新梢生长期，白天λET较小，为34.55 W·m^-2,随着生育期推进，λET逐渐增大，在果实着色成熟期达到最大值（78.49 W·m^-2）之后减小；H在各生育期能量中均占了绝大部分；白天潜热通量占净辐射的比例（λET/R_n）在新梢生长期最小，为25.28%，在果实着色成熟期最大，为44.17%；感热通量占净辐射比例（H/R_n）整个生育期几乎都达50%以上，土壤热通量占净辐射比例（G/R_n）相对较小，变化范围为4.46~12.32 W·m^-2；在整个生育期能量比率大小依次为H/R_n>λET/R_n>G/R_n。在不同生育阶段瞬时尺度上，R_n是影响潜热变化最主要的气象因子，R²高达0.88。在日尺度上，各气象因子对潜热通量的影响在逐渐变弱，相对湿度（RH）与λET相关系数仅为0.28。但无论从瞬时尺度还是日尺度，R_n都是影响潜热通量最主要的气象因子。各气象因子对潜热通量的影响大小依次为：R_n>VPD>T_a>RH。     

不同矿化度水源膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐动态和作物生长模拟

为构建适用于干旱区膜下滴灌条件的土壤水盐动态分布和棉花生长模型，基于2020—2021年的田间试验，经过对SWAP模型的土壤、土壤水力功能和作物生长等模块进行率定和验证，对灌溉水矿化度为1、2、3、4、5、6 g·L^-1时的土壤水盐分布特征、作物生长过程和干物质累积分配进行数值模拟。结果表明：（1）土壤含水率与土壤含盐量的模拟精度以20～100 cm土层较好，0～20 cm土层模拟精度较差，其中土壤含水量的模拟效果优于土壤含盐量；随着灌溉水源矿化度的增加，土壤含水率和含盐量的模拟误差逐渐变小。（2）不同矿化度水源膜下滴灌棉花叶面积指数模拟效果较好（R²=90.72%，RMSE=0.35 cm²·cm^-2，NRMSE=8.73%，IOA=0.98）。（3）不同矿化度水源膜下滴灌棉花茎干物质累积量模拟效果较好（R²=89.08%，RMSE=6.12 g，NRMSE=23.16%，IOA=0.96）。研究结果表明，SWAP模型可以较好地对不同矿化度水源膜下滴灌的土壤水盐动态分布和棉花生长过程进行模拟。     

豫西旱地烟薯间作模式下不同株距对烤烟生长及产量质量的影响

为探索适宜豫西旱地烤烟高质量发展的烟薯产业综合体模式，以烤烟‘LY1306’和鲜食甘薯‘普薯32’为材料，采用田间试验研究“烟垄栽薯”2∶2间作模式下烤烟不同株距（65、60 cm和55 cm）配置对烟株生长及产量质量的影响。结果表明：在烟株移栽后90 d，与烤烟单作相比，烤烟株距为65 cm时，烟薯间作烟叶的最大叶长和最大叶宽分别提高5.09%~5.12%和5.17%~8.17%，叶绿素相对含量（SPAD值）提高4.90%~6.81%，净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）和蒸腾速率（T_r）分别提高16.39%~21.50%、23.82%~27.72%和36.21%~45.31%，土传根茎病害发病率降低74.38%~78.42%；烤烟株距为60 cm时，烟薯间作烟叶的最大叶长和最大叶宽分别提高3.71%~4.79%和4.69%~7.61%，SPAD值提高3.80%~5.55%，P_n、G_s和T_r分别提高14.03%~19.77%、15.68%~22.49%和29.83%~35.78%，土传根茎病害发病率降低75.30%~78.11%；两种株距下烤后烟叶内在化学成分配比较烤烟单作更为合理。随着烤烟株距的减小，间作处理的土地当量比（LER）、总产值及烤烟感官评吸总分表现为先增加后减小；当烤烟株距为60 cm时，烟薯间作的总产值在2021年和2022年分别达82 855.40 CNY·hm^-2和81 654.55 CNY·hm^-2，较烤烟单作提高15.85%和22.43%。综上，豫西旱地采用“烟垄栽薯”2∶2间作模式的LER>1，具有间作优势，且烤烟株距调整为60 cm时（烤烟单作株距65 cm），烟株生长较好，产量质量指标最优，综合效益最大。     

不同灌水处理对滨海盐碱地土壤阳离子组成及玉米干物质累积的影响

采用田间试验对不同灌水处理灌水后玉米地（天津滨海盐碱地）0~60 cm土层土壤K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na⁺及玉米干物质累积量进行研究，共设计4个处理，分别为LI₁₀（常规滴灌，灌水10 mm）、LI₂₀（常规滴灌，灌水20 mm）、FI₁₀（膜下滴灌，灌水10 mm）和FI₂₀（膜下滴灌，灌水20 mm）。结果表明：灌水后不同灌水方式下灌水量较大的处理0~60 cm各土层K⁺/Na⁺均大于灌水量较小的处理，且均表现出0~20 cm土层K⁺/Na⁺较大，40~60 cm土层K⁺/Na⁺较小；相同灌水量下膜下滴灌处理0~60 cm各土层Ca²⁺/Na⁺均较大，灌水后不同灌水处理0~60 cm各土层Ca²⁺/Na⁺差异较小，变化范围为0.10~0.22；FI₂₀处理0~20 cm土层K⁺/Na⁺和Ca²⁺/Na⁺大于其他处理，分别达到0.78和0.22；随着灌水次数的增多，LI₂₀和FI₁₀处理0~20 cm土层K⁺/Na⁺和Ca²⁺/Na⁺均逐渐增大，LI₁₀处理则均逐渐减小；灌水后各处理之间0~60 cm各土层K⁺/Na⁺和Ca²⁺/Na⁺差异均达显著水平；全生育期干物质累积量与其对应的0~20 cm土层（K⁺/Na⁺）/Ca²⁺二次拟合相关系数均达0.90以上，相同（K⁺/Na⁺）/Ca²⁺下，FI₂₀处理干物质累积量始终最大，LI₁₀处理始终最小；（K⁺/Na⁺）/Ca²⁺>1.72时，各处理干物质累积量均随（K⁺/Na⁺）/Ca²⁺的增大而增大。     

不同行距配置对机采棉生长发育及光合特性的影响

以新疆兵团第七师胡杨河市推荐棉花品种Z1112和中棉641为供试材料,设置一膜六行、一膜四行和一膜三行3种行距配置模式,研究不同行距配置模式对棉花生长发育及光合特性的影响。结果表明,一膜三行配置模式生育期较一膜六行和一膜四行缩短2~6 d,株高较一膜六行、一膜四行分别增加7.3 cm和6.8 cm,果枝数较一膜六行、一膜四行分别增加1.1台和0.8台,始果节位和始果节高受行距配置影响较小。棉花叶面积指数（LAI）从苗期到盛铃前期随生育时期推进而逐渐增大;在盛铃前期到达峰值,进入盛铃期后,各处理LAI逐渐开始减小,不同行距配置模式下,Z1112和中棉641的LAI总体表现为一膜六行>一膜四行>一膜三行。所有处理叶片叶绿素相对含量（SPAD值）在现蕾至吐絮期均呈现出先增后降趋势,生育前期,棉株叶片SPAD值和干物质积累量随行距的增加而降低;生育后期,一膜三行配置模式的叶片SPAD值和干物质积累量迅速上升,高于一膜六行和一膜四行配置模式。单株结铃数、单铃重和子指随行距的增大而增加,一膜三行处理下的单株结铃数、单铃重、子指较一膜六行和一膜四行分别增加4.9个·株^-1和2.7个·株^-1、0.5 g和0.4 g、0.7 g和0.4 g;但棉花总铃数、产量和衣分受行距影响较小。一膜三行配置模式可加快生育进程、增加棉花株高和果枝数、提高光合作用,能保持较高的产量,具有较好的推广潜力。     

浮动式气力卷膜装置作业过程仿真分析与试验

为深入研究浮动式气力卷膜装置在残膜回收作业过程中不同工作参数对其卷膜效果的影响，利用SolidWorks Flow Simulation软件建立了浮动式气力卷膜装置内部气流场模型，模拟卷膜作业过程中气流流动的动态变化过程。采用三因素三水平Box-Behnken试验设计方法，建立风机安装角、入口气流速度、卷膜辊转速与评价浮动式气力卷膜装置作业效果相关3个不同位置处速度值（从动辊表面竖直方向气流速度v₁、卷膜辊表面水平方向气流速度v₂和导膜板下表面气流速度v₃）的数学模型，寻求浮动式气力卷膜装置的最优参数组合，并进行田间验证试验。仿真试验结果表明，当风机安装角为33°、入口气流速度为3.50 m·s^-1、卷膜辊转速为17 rad·s^-1时，评价浮动式气力卷膜装置作业效果的响应值达到最优。田间试验验证结果表明，浮动式气力卷膜装置的工作参数优化后，马铃薯收获与气力辅助残膜回收联合作业机残膜回收率为91.6%、含杂率为7.5%，达到国家与行业要求。     

不同滴头流量和灌水量下农田土壤湿润体特征及其估算模型

为了准确估算滴灌条件下农田土壤湿润体，利用亮蓝染色剂示踪技术分别在陕西杨凌(粘壤土)、甘肃武威(沙壤土)和宁夏盐池(沙土)3个试验站点开展了农田滴灌试验。试验设不同灌水量和滴头流量，研究不同土壤质地条件下灌水量和滴头流量组合对农田土壤湿润体的影响，进而探求不同土壤质地的土壤湿润体估算模型。结果表明：在相同的土壤条件下灌水后农田土壤形成的湿润体随灌水量的增加而增大，在相同灌水量下增加滴头流量能够显著增加水平方向的湿润距离，相较于小滴头流量(1.38 L·h^-1)而言，大滴头流量(3.0 L·h^-1)形成宽浅形湿润体。在相同的灌水量和滴头流量下，农田土壤湿润体的垂向湿润距离随土壤饱和导水率(K_s)的增加而增加，随灌水前土壤有效持水能力(Δθ)的增加而减小，而水平方向的湿润距离随土壤饱和导水率(K_s)和有效持水能力(Δθ)的增加而减小。在试验的基础上，利用土壤饱和导水率(K_s)、灌水前土壤有效持水能力(Δθ)、灌水量(v)和滴头流量(q)建立了湿润体垂直和水平方向湿润距离的估算模型(幂函数连乘模型)，并结合湿润体形状利用椭圆方程描述湿润体的轮廓形状(湿润体估算模型)。经试验数据验证，农田土壤湿润体估算模型能够很好估算湿润体轮廓，模拟值和试验实测值的决定系数(R²)在0.93~0.99之间，均方根误差(RMSE)在1.3~4.1 cm之间。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.