输华印度尼西亚非种用麻风树种子有害生物风险初步评估

按照FAO/IPPC秘书处制订的有关植物检疫措施国际标准和《中华人民共和国国家标准——进出境植物和植物产品有害生物风险分析技术要求》(GB/T 20879-2007),对印度尼西亚输华非种用麻风树种子可能携带的有害生物进行了初步分析。明确印度尼西亚非种用麻风树种子可能携带的有害生物种类76种(属)。凡在中国未分布或局部分布但在官方管制下的列为潜在检疫性有害生物,共筛选出18种潜在检疫性有害生物,并根据这18种有害生物为害情况及其生物学特性进行分析,筛选出6种有害生物很可能随种子进口传播,根据入境、定殖、扩散可能性和经济影响程度进一步对这6种有害生物进行评估并确定风险等级。结合评估结果,提出了降低有害生物传入风险的管理措施。     

印度尼西亚输华杧果有害生物风险分析

按照FAO/IPPC有关的植物检疫措施国际标准和中华人民共和国国家标准《进出境植物和植物产品有害生物风险分析技术要求》(GB/T 20879-2007),对印度尼西亚输华杧果可能携带的有害生物进行分析。明确了印度尼西亚杧果可能携带的有害生物种类200种(属),将其中在中国未分布或局部分布但在官方管制下的种类列为潜在检疫性有害生物,共筛选出38种。根据这38种有害生物的为害情况及生物学特性,筛选出很可能随杧果进口传播的26种。根据入境、定殖、扩散可能性和经济影响程度对这26种有害生物进行评估并确定风险等级。结合评估结果,提出降低有害生物传入风险的管理措施。     

输华石竹属种苗检疫性有害生物风险评估

我局在开展输华石竹属的有害生物风险评估时,通过查阅大量中外文献资料,确定了世界上石竹属的有害生物共153种,根据FAO制定的国际植物检疫措施标准,对输华石竹属种苗检疫性有害生物进行了评估,先筛选出17种潜在的检疫性有害生物,最后确定8种为检疫性有害生物.     

输华石竹属种苗检疫性有害生物风险评估

我局在开展输华石竹属的有害生物风险评估时，通过查阅大量中外文献资料，确定了世界上石竹属的有害生物共153种，根据FAO制定的国际植物检疫措施标准，对输华石竹属种苗检疫性有害生物进行了评估，先筛选出17种潜在的检疫性有害生物，最后确定8种为检疫性有害生物。     

江西口岸2018-2020年进境粮谷截获杂草种子疫情分析

本文对江西口岸2018-2020年进境粮谷携带杂草种子进行统计分析,结果表明,进境粮谷携带大量杂草种子,共计25科134种4646种次,其中检疫性杂草6科14种616种次.检出数量最多的检疫性杂草是硬雀麦.来源于乌克兰、澳大利亚和美国的进境大麦、玉米和高粱携带有害生物的风险较高.本文总结了江西口岸进境粮谷中检疫性杂草名...     

引种法国马铃薯所携带有害生物的风险分析

以有害生物传播途径为起点,对从法国引种马铃薯可能携带的有害生物进行了风险评估,确定检疫性有害生物14种和限定的非检疫性有害生物23种,提出降低检疫性有害生物进入的风险管理措施。     

林木害虫刺桐姬小蜂风险分析

刺桐姬小蜂（Quadrastichus erythrinael Kim）是我国大陆新发现的有害生物，根据刺桐姬小蜂的国内分布状况、潜在经济危害性、寄主植物的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性和危险性管理难度等方面对其进行了风险分析，结果表明刺桐姬小蜂为我国风险中度偏高的有害生物。作者提出了检疫管理及除治措施。     

俄罗斯输华玉米有害生物风险分析

按照ISPM No.11有害生物的风险分析框架,对俄罗斯输华玉米可能携带的有害生物进行风险分析。风险分析结果表明,需重点关注的有害生物有13种,其中病毒1种,昆虫3种,杂草9种。本文结合贸易实际,提出适当的风险管理措施。     

进境花卉有害生物风险初步分析

在收集,整理我国引进花卉的种类及其可能携带的有害生物和这些有害生物的潜在的经济风险等多种信息的基础上,利用”多指标综合评估方法“和计算机ＰＲＡ数据处理系统对进境花卉有害生物进行了初步分析。研究结果认为,约有５１种有害生物具有较大的检疫风险,建议在进境花卉检疫时应实施检疫。     

祁连山自然保护区云杉阿扁叶蜂风险评估

本文采用国内林业检疫性有害生物评估指标体系和分析方法，对祁连山自然保护区云杉阿扁叶蜂潜在的风险进行定性、定量分析与评估，结果表明，云杉阿扁叶蜂在祁连山自然保护区为中度危险性森林有害生物。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.