黏虫热休克蛋白Hsp90基因的克隆及不同温度对其诱导反应

热休克蛋白是昆虫体内一种很重要的抗逆蛋白,Hsp90是热休克蛋白家族中的重要成员。本试验利用高通量测序法获得Hsp90的c DNA的全长序列,通过Real-time PCR探讨黏虫各龄期、组织和黏虫3龄幼虫受到不同高、低温胁迫不同时间的Hsp90基因的相对表达量。在黏虫体内得到Hsp90的c DNA全长序列(Gen Bank登录号MF773751)2422 bp,命名为Ms Hsp90,编码717个氨基酸,分子量约为82.576 ku,等电点是4.98,序列包含有Hsp90的保守序列,与鳞翅目夜蛾科的甜菜夜蛾、苜蓿夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾亲缘关系较近,且氨基酸序列相似性都在98%以上。Real-time PCR结果显示黏虫的不同发育阶段和组织中均有Ms Hsp90表达,其中2龄幼虫和后肠的相对表达量最高。40℃处理6 h的相对表达量最高,处理12、24、48 h时,20℃的相对表达量最高。上述分析可知,Ms Hsp90相对表达量的高低表明在黏虫不同组织,不同发育阶段和不同时间、温度处理中发挥的作用存在差异。     

苜蓿实夜蛾几丁质脱乙酰基酶基因cDNA序列的克隆与序列分析

几丁质脱乙酰基酶(CDA)在昆虫几丁质代谢中具有重要作用.本研究以苜蓿实夜蛾5龄幼虫虫体为材料提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术,扩增得到该虫CDA基因的cDNA序列.该序列含有1 984个碱基,包括1个1 626个碱基的开放阅读框,编码一个含541个氨基酸的蛋白,分子量约为61.86 ku.克隆基因推导的氨基酸序列具有几丁质脱乙酰基酶典型的3个功能区,分别是几丁质结合区(47～103),催化区(199～355),低密度脂蛋白受体区(124～158).序列比对表明,克隆的苜蓿实夜蛾CDA与其他昆虫的CDA在核苷酸和氨基酸水平上的一致性存在较大差异.苜蓿实夜蛾CDA的氨基酸序列与棉铃虫CDA(GQ411189)一致性达到98%,而与另外3种昆虫粉纹夜蛾CDA(AY966402)、蓓带夜蛾CDA(EU660852)和棉铃虫CDA(GQ411190\GQ411191\EF600051)氨基酸序列间的一致性只有36%～38%,属于两类CDA类群中的一类.基因的cDNA序列已经登录GenBank并获得登录号GU1188855.     

苜蓿实夜蛾几丁质脱乙酰基酶基因

几丁质脱乙酰基酶（CDA）在昆虫几丁质代谢中具有重要作用。本研究以苜蓿实夜蛾5龄幼虫虫体为材料提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术,扩增得到该虫CDA基因的cDNA序列。该序列含有1 984个碱基,包括1个1 626个碱基的开放阅读框,编码一个含541个氨基酸的蛋白,分子量约为61.86 ku。克隆基因推导的氨基酸序列具有几丁质脱乙酰基酶典型的3个功能区,分别是几丁质结合区（47～103）,催化区（199～355）,低密度脂蛋白受体区（124～158）。序列比对表明,克隆的苜蓿实夜蛾CDA与其他昆虫的CDA在核苷酸和氨基酸水平上的一致性存在较大差异。苜蓿实夜蛾CDA的氨基酸序列与棉铃虫CDA（GQ411189）一致性达到98%,而与另外3种昆虫粉纹夜蛾CDA（AY966402）、蓓带夜蛾CDA（EU660852）和棉铃虫CDA（GQ411190＼GQ411191＼EF600051）氨基酸序列间的一致性只有36%~38%,属于两类CDA类群中的一类。基因的cDNA序列已经登录GenBank并获得登录号GU188855。     

黏虫体内两种微管蛋白基因cDNA序列的克隆与序列分析

以黏虫4龄幼虫为材料提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE),分别扩增得到该虫的α和β微管蛋白基因的cDNA序列各1条。其中α微管蛋白基因的cDNA序列1 443个碱基,包括一个1 353个碱基的开放阅读框,编码一个含450个氨基酸的蛋白,分子量约为50.0ku。氨基酸的142~148位存在一个微管蛋白标志信号片段GGGTGSG,在氨基酸序列的C-端有一个酪氨酸残基,N-端存在一个对转录后调控非常重要的保守区MRECI序列,以上特点与其他昆虫α微管蛋白氨基酸序列相同。黏虫β微管蛋白基因cDNA序列含1 906个碱基,开放读码框1 344个碱基,编码氨基酸447个,分子量约为50.2ku,等电点4.75。1~4个氨基酸MREI为β微管蛋白转录后调控信号,140~146GGGTGSG位同样存在一个微管蛋白标志信号片段。序列比对表明,克隆的α和β微管蛋白基因与其他昆虫的α和β微管蛋白基因在核苷酸和氨基酸水平上都是高度同源的,黏虫与家蚕(Bombyx mori)α微管蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性达到99.3%,与其他3种夜蛾科昆虫α微管蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性更是达到100%。黏虫与家蚕β微管蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性达到98.7%,与烟草天蛾β微管蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性达到99.6%。两个基因的cDNA序列已经登录GenBank并获得登录号分别为EU100016和EU234504。     

小地老虎2种不同类型肌动蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

本研究以鳞翅目夜蛾科昆虫小地老虎［Agrotis ipsilon（Hüfnagel）］3龄幼虫整个虫体为材料提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增技术（RACE）,分别扩增得到2条肌动蛋白的cDNA序列Aiactin1和Aiactin2。GenBank数据库搜索及序列比对结果表明,克隆的2条肌动蛋白基因应属于2种不同类型的肌动蛋白,Aiactin1为肌肉特异型肌动蛋白,Aiactin2为细胞质特异型肌动蛋白。Aiactin1的cDNA序列含有1 469个碱基,Aiactin2的cDNA序列含有1 408个碱基。2条基因的cDNA序列均包括一个1 131个碱基的开放阅读框,编码一个含376个氨基酸的蛋白。Aiactin1肌动蛋白分子量约为41.77 ku,等电点5.22;Aiactin2肌动蛋白分子量约为41.83 ku,等电点5.47。Prosite软件分析结果表明,Aiactin1和Aiactin2肌动蛋白氨基酸序列中都存在3个肌动蛋白特征片段。2个基因的cDNA序列已经登录GenBank并获得登录号。     

松材线虫Hsp70基因的克隆与原核表达

 热激蛋白70(Hsp70)是已知热休克蛋白家族中最重要的-种, 它在细胞内的大量表达可以明显改善细胞的生存能力, 提高对环境胁迫或伤害的耐受性。采用RACE-PCR技术, 从松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)中克隆了Hsp70基因的全长cDNA序列(共2 061 bp)(GenBank登录号为:DQ785812)。其编码-个分子量为70 kD的642个氨基酸的蛋白序列, 含有3段Hsp70家族的签名序列。同源性分析表明, 氨基酸序列与其它真核生物的Hsp70序列具有很高的相似性, 并与秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)热激蛋白70家族中的hsp-1基因编码的氨基酸序列更为相似。因此, 将克隆的松材线虫Hsp70基因命名为Bx-hsp-1。构建了-个原核表达载体Bx70pEASY-E1, 当IPTG终浓度为0.4~0.8 mmol/L时, 能诱导表达融合蛋白。Bx-hsp-1基因的克隆和表达, 将为松材线虫的生态适应性机理研究奠定基础。     

甘蓝夜蛾CYP9A90基因的克隆及溴氰菊酯对其诱导表达

P450 CYP9A家族基因与昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性相关。为证实溴氰菊酯对甘蓝夜蛾CYP9A基因的诱导效果,本研究采用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆获得甘蓝夜蛾CYP9A基因,real-time PCR检测该基因在甘蓝夜蛾不同组织中的表达差异及溴氰菊酯处理甘蓝夜蛾5龄幼虫不同时间后该基因相对表达量变化,研究结果可为甘蓝夜蛾对溴氰菊酯的抗性治理提供依据。结果表明:克隆得到甘蓝夜蛾CYP9A基因cDNA全长序列,该序列包含1 828bp,包括1个125bp的5′非编码区,1个104bp的3′非编码区和1个1 599bp的开放阅读框,编码532个氨基酸,分子量约为61.1kDa,等电点为8.84,GenBank登录号为KR676343,被国际P450命名委员会命名为CYP9A90。Real-time PCR分析结果表明,该基因在甘蓝夜蛾5龄幼虫6个组织中表达情况不同,其中在脂肪体中表达量最高。低剂量溴氰菊酯作用后不同时间点CYP9A90mRNA总体呈现诱导表达趋势。     

八字地老虎β-N-乙酰葡萄糖胺糖苷酶基因cDNA序列的克隆及原核表达研究

［目的］ 克隆八字地老虎β-N-乙酰葡萄糖胺糖苷酶基因的cDNA序列并进行原核表达。［方法］ 以八字地老虎预蛹期幼虫为材料提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆基因cDNA序列,将cDNA序列编码区连接到原核表达载体pET21b并转化BL21进行原核表达,并使用His tag纯化试剂盒将目的蛋白进行纯化。［结果］ 得到cDNA全长序列,含有2 488个碱基,包括一个1 785个碱基的开放阅读框,编码一个含594个氨基酸的蛋白,分子量为67.8 ku,等电点5.38,该序列登录GenBank并获得登录号FJ848784。诱导表达蛋白经SDS PAGE电泳得到目的蛋白带,纯化结果也获得了目的蛋白带。［结论］获得了一条新的八字地老虎β-N-乙酰葡萄糖胺糖苷酶基因的cDNA序列并对其在原核表达系统中进行了成功表达和纯化。     

木霉REMI转化体耐热机理的初步研究

本文利用蛋白质电泳、基因克隆和荧光定量PCR等技术对耐高温木霉REMI转化体的抗逆机理进行了初步研究。结果表明,耐高温木霉REMI转化体的蛋白质谱带明显多于出发菌株T21,且差异主要集中在Rf值大于0.593的区域,该区域主要是小分子的热休克蛋白,说明影响耐高温木霉REMI转化体对温度耐受性的蛋白主要以小分子量蛋白质为主。对其中一种热休克蛋白HSP24的基因进行克隆、测序,结果表明不同木霉REMI转化体和出发菌株T21间该基因序列没有差异,但经荧光定量PCR对HSP24基因转录检测表明,耐高温木霉REMI转化体的热激蛋白HSP24的表达量有所增加,从而表明REMI插入提高了该基因的转录水平。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.