呋虫胺在水稻中的残留消解及膳食风险评估

为评价呋虫胺在水稻中的残留消解行为和产生的膳食摄入风险,分别于2012和2013年在安徽、重庆和广西进行了规范残留试验,建立了高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UV)检测呋虫胺在水稻糙米、稻壳和植株中残留的分析方法,并对我国不同人群的膳食暴露风险进行了评估。样品经乙腈提取、Florisil柱层析净化,高效液相色谱-紫外检测器检测,外标法定量。结果表明:呋虫胺在糙米、稻壳和植株中的定量限(LOQ)均为0.05 mg/kg。在0.05~2 mg/kg添加水平下,呋虫胺的平均回收率在70%~100%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.5%~6.5%之间。呋虫胺在水稻植株中的消解符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为2.3~4.8 d,距末次施药后7 d糙米中的最大残留量为0.53 mg/kg,低于日本和国际食品法典委员会(CAC)规定的最大残留限量2和8 mg/kg。膳食摄入风险评价结果显示:我国各类人群的呋虫胺国家估计每日摄入量(NEDI)为0.438~1.087 μg/(kg bw·d),风险商值(RQ)为0.002~0.005,表明呋虫胺在糙米中的长期膳食摄入风险较低。     

高效液相色谱检测呋虫胺在稻田水和土壤中的残留及消解动态

建立了高效液相色谱检测呋虫胺在稻田水和土壤中残留量的方法,并采用所建方法分析了广西、湖南和安徽3地稻田水和土壤中呋虫胺的消解动态。稻田水样经过滤后直接分析;土壤用乙腈-水提取,提取液经盐析检测,探索在不同色谱条件下呋虫胺的保留行为。结果表明:样品中目标峰的分离效果好,方法的最小检出量(LOD)为0.08 ng,最低检出浓度(LOQ)为0.05 mg/kg,平均回收率为74%~83%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.6%~5.9%;呋虫胺在稻田水中的消解动态符合一级动力学方程,消解较快,半衰期分别为20.5 d(广西)、4.5 d(湖南)和3.3 d(安徽);其在土壤中的原始沉积量未检出,未进行动力学方程拟合。     

烯啶虫胺在水稻和稻田环境中的残留及消解动态

采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UVD)测定了烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤、水稻植株和糙米样品中的消解动态及最终残留。田水样品用二氯甲烷萃取;土壤样品用水提取后经二氯甲烷萃取;水稻植株和糙米样品依次用水、丙酮提取,提取液经液液萃取及柱层析净化;HPLC-UVD检测。当烯啶虫胺在田水和土壤中的添加水平为0.1~5 mg/L和0.1~5 mg/kg,在植株和糙米中的添加水平为0.2~5 mg/kg时,其平均添加回收率在77.2% ~100.3%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD)在1.9% ~12.9%之间。烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤、植株和糙米中方法的定量限(LOQ)分别为0.1 mg/L和0.1、0.2、0.2 mg/kg,检出限(LOD)分别为0.04 mg/L和0.04、0.08、0.08 mg/kg。温室模拟消解动态试验结果显示,以推荐使用高剂量的20倍(有效成分1 500 g/hm2) 施药,烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤以及水稻植株中的消解动态规律均符合一级动力学方程,其半衰期分别为0.58、3.31及2.70 d,消解速率较快。最终残留试验表明,于大田分蘖期按推荐使用高剂量的1.5倍(有效成分112.5 g/hm2)分别施药3次和4次,间隔期为7 d,距最后一次施药7 d后采样,糙米中烯啶虫胺的残留量均低于LOD值(0.08 mg/kg)及日本规定的最大残留限量(MRL)值(0.5 mg/kg)。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测马铃薯及土壤中吲唑磺菌胺的残留

利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测马铃薯及土壤中吲唑磺菌胺的残留及消解动态。样品经乙腈提取、净化后高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测,外标法定量。结果表明,在0.01~1.0mg/kg添加水平范围内,吲唑磺菌胺在马铃薯植株、薯块和土壤中平均添加回收率分别为82.9%~86.4%、84.3%~91.1%、84.3%~86.7%,相对标准偏差分别为2.3%~6.4%、1.9%~5.2%、2.8%~7.0%;吲唑磺菌胺在马铃薯植株和土壤中的半衰期分别为5.7~8.5d和8.6~12.7d,距最后1次施药7、10、14d采样时在马铃薯中的残留量为0.01~0.023mg/kg,土壤中的残留量为0.01~0.551mg/kg。     

丙炔氟草胺在大豆和土壤中的残留及消解动态

通过在山东德州、黑龙江哈尔滨和辽宁海城2年3地的田间试验,采用QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS) 法,研究了丙炔氟草胺在大豆和土壤中的残留及消解动态。结果表明: 在0.000 3、0.01和0.1 mg/kg添加水平下,丙炔氟草胺在大豆植株、青大豆、大豆籽粒和土壤中的日内平均添加回收率为89%~112%,日内相对标准偏差(RSD) (n = 5) 为1.3%~5.3%;日间平均添加回收率为85%~110%,日间RSD (n = 15) 为0.40%~4.8%。丙炔氟草胺在大豆植株、青大豆、大豆籽粒和土壤中的定量限 (LOQ) 均为0.000 3 mg/kg,能够满足农药残留限量标准的要求。丙炔氟草胺在大豆植株和土壤中的消解动态均符合一级反应动力学方程,在大豆植株和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为 5.8~11.8 d和 15.8~24.8 d。采用480 g/L丙炔氟草胺悬浮剂按推荐高剂量 (有效成分60 g/hm2) 及其1.5倍推存剂量 (有效成分90 g/hm2) 于播后苗前施药1次,收获期采样时,丙炔氟草胺在大豆植株、青大豆、大豆籽粒和土壤中的最终残留量均低于中国国家标准中规定的丙炔氟草胺在大豆上的最大残留限量 (0.02 mg/kg)。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺在水稻及稻田环境中的残留动态

采用田间试验方法,研究了氯虫苯甲酰胺在稻田水、土壤和水稻植株中的消解动态,测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺在水稻和土壤中的最终残留量。稻田水和土壤样品采用丙酮提取,水稻样品用乙腈溶液浸泡提取,经玻璃层析柱净化,HPLC紫外分析测定。结果表明,稻田水、土壤、水稻植株、谷壳、糙米中氯虫苯甲酰胺添加浓度为0.005~1.0mg/kg时,平均回收率为85.06%~95.83%,变异系数在2.08%~5.77%之间。方法的最低检测浓度为:稻田水0.005mg/kg,土壤0.01mg/kg,水稻植株0.02mg/kg,谷壳0.02mg/kg,糙米0.01mg/kg。氯虫苯甲酰胺在稻田水、土壤和水稻植株中的消解动态均符合一级动力学方程,半衰期分别为3.1~5.0d、6.6~9.0d、8.0~9.9d。以33.86g/hm2和50.80g/hm2间隔14d施用氯虫苯甲酰胺2次和3次,末次施药21d后氯虫苯甲酰胺的最高残留量为:土壤0.217mg/kg,水稻植株0.879mg/kg,谷壳0.389mg/kg,糙米0.018mg/kg。氯虫苯甲酰胺在糙米中的残留量低于我国和食品法典委员会(CAC)及欧盟的最大残留限量(MRL)标准。     

烯啶虫胺在柑橘和土壤中的残留及消解动态

应用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)建立了烯啶虫胺在柑橘和土壤中的残留分析方法,并采用该方法研究了烯啶虫胺在田间柑橘和土壤中的消解动态。样品分别采用乙腈和甲醇提取,UPLC-MS/MS检测,外标法定量。在0.1~5 mg/L质量浓度范围内,烯啶虫胺的仪器 响应值与质量浓度呈良好线性关系,相关系数均在0.99以上。该方法的最小检出量为1.0×10-11 g, 在柑橘和土壤中的最低检测浓度均为0.05 mg/kg。当添加水平为0.05~2 mg/kg时,回收率在70.8%~104.1%之间,相对标准偏差在4.7%~12.3%之间。消解动态试验结果表明,烯啶虫胺在柑橘和土壤中消解的半衰期分别为3.4~10.7 d和1.8~5.4 d,表明烯啶虫胺属于易降解农药(t1/2<30 d)。     

呋虫胺及其代谢物在水稻生态系统中的残留检测与消解动态

为评价呋虫胺在水稻生态系统中的残留与消解行为，分别在海南、湖南和黑龙江省3地进行了规范残留试验。建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (UPLC-MS/MS) 检测呋虫胺 (DNF) 及其代谢物1-甲基-3-[(3-四氢呋喃) 甲基]脲 (UF) 与1-甲基-3-[(3-四氢呋喃) 甲基]二氢胍盐 (DN) 在水稻稻株、土壤、田水、糙米和稻壳中残留的分析方法。样品经含体积分数为1%的乙酸水溶液或乙腈溶液提取，QuEChERS方法净化，以甲醇-水混合溶液为流动相梯度洗脱，多反应监测 (MRM) 模式扫描，外标法定量。结果表明:3种分析物的进样浓度与其峰面积之间呈良好线性相关，R2>0.999。DNF、UF和DN在稻株、土壤、田水、糙米和稻壳中的平均回收率在71%~102%之间，在稻株、土壤、田水和糙米中的相对标准偏差 (RSD) 在1.2%~8.3%之间，在稻壳中的RSD在4.4%~20%之间。3种分析物在稻株、土壤、田水、糙米和稻壳中的最低检测浓度 (LOQ) 分别为0.1 mg/kg、0.02 mg/kg、0.01 mg/L、0.02 mg/kg和0.1 mg/kg。DNF、UF和DN的最小检出量分别为1、0.4和4 pg。3种分析物的消解半衰期分别为:DNF在稻株上为0.41~2.7 d，土壤中为1.6~4.2 d，田水中为0.90~2.2 d；DN在稻株上为2.9~13 d，土壤中为64~65 d，田水中为4.2 d；UF在稻株上为0.43~3.1 d。20%呋虫胺悬浮剂以有效成分120~180 g/hm2的剂量于水稻抽穗期施用2~3次，施药间隔期21 d，分别于距末次施药后14 d与21 d采收，呋虫胺在糙米中的残留最大值为0.11 mg/kg，低于中国制定的其在糙米上的最大残留限量标准1 mg/kg。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定二甲戊灵在棉花中的残留量

建立了气相色谱-质谱法检测二甲戊灵在棉花中残留量的方法。棉籽,棉花植株及土壤样品经乙腈提取,PSA和C18固相分散吸附剂净化,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测,外标法定量,结果显示,在0.01~0.5mg/kg添加水平范围内,二甲戊灵在棉籽,棉花植株及土壤中的平均回收率分别为91.1%~97.1%,86.4%~95.2%和85.6%~94.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为4.6%~6.1%,3.7%~8.2%和2.0%~8.0%,最低检测浓度(LOQ)均为0.01mg/kg。     

氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田环境中的残留及消解特性

建立了一种快速、灵敏、可靠的用于分析稻田环境中氯氟氰虫酰胺残留的方法,同时研究了氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田环境中的消解特性。田间样品经液-液分配及优化的Qu ECh ERS方法提取及净化,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)进行定性、定量分析。结果表明:添加水平分别在0.002~0.5 mg/kg下,氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田水、土壤以及水稻植株空白样品中的平均添加回收率为70%~101%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为0.7%~9.1%,其在田水、土壤和水稻植株中的最低检测浓度分别为0.002、0.005和0.01 mg/kg。该方法可满足水稻及其环境中氯氟氰虫酰胺残留量的检测要求。消解动态试验结果表明,氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田水、土壤及水稻植株中的消解过程符合一级动力学方程,消解半衰期分别为4.8~7.7 d、5.2~8.3 d和1.5~15.4 d,属于易消解农药。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.