旱地玉米双垄全膜覆盖“一膜用两年”免耕栽培模式研究

在推广应用旱地玉米双垄面集雨全膜覆盖沟播技术基础上,从减少投入、提高经济效益入手,进行了旱地玉米双垄全膜覆盖"一膜用两年"免耕栽培模式的试验研究.结果表明,该项技术玉米农艺性状明显优于常规覆膜栽培,玉米产量比常规栽培增产956.1 kg/hm2,增加16.31%;前期土壤含水量显著提高,玉米出苗率比双垄面集雨全膜覆盖沟播和常规覆膜栽培分别提高2.58%、14.5%;比双垄面集雨全膜覆盖沟播栽培和常规覆膜栽培分别减少投入1 350元/hm2、1 860元/hm2,纯收入分别增加703.9元/hm2、3 055.1元/hm2,经济效益显著.     

双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培对甘肃中部坡耕地水土流失和作物产量的影响

在甘肃省榆中县黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的坡耕地,采用双垄全膜覆盖沟播(DRM)、全膜平铺覆盖(WM)、条膜(半膜)起垄覆盖(RM)、条膜(半膜)平铺覆盖(NM)、露地条播(CK)5个处理进行对比试验。结果表明,双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培具有良好的减少坡耕地土壤水土流失的作用,土壤流失量分别较露地条播、条膜起垄、条膜平铺、全膜平铺下降了56.07%、67.24%、71.59%、82.47%;作物产量大幅度提高,玉米产量分别比半膜垄作和半膜平铺增产46.76%和58.07%,蚕豆产量分别比条膜起垄、条膜平铺和对照增产46.52%、54.99%和102.96%,马铃薯产量分别比条膜起垄、条膜平铺和对照增产95.21%、76.30%和74.89%。玉米的水分生产率分别比半膜垄作和半膜平铺提高4.77 kg/(mm.hm2)和9.47 kg/(mm.hm2),蚕豆的水分生产率比半膜垄作、半膜平铺和露地对照提高3.24、6.58 kg/(mm.hm2)和5.03 kg/(mm.hm2),马铃薯的水分生产率比半膜垄作、半膜平铺和露地对照提高47.35、42.02、41.57 kg/(mm.hm2)。黄土高原丘陵沟壑半干旱雨养农业区坡耕地采用双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培,具有良好的减少土壤水土流失的作用,能够最大限度地集蓄天然降水,加之其明显的增温保温作用,可大幅度地提高作物产量,降水生产率显著提高。     

旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培技术研究

针对甘肃中部半干旱旱作区春季降水少、土壤墒情差、胡麻保全苗难等问题探讨旱地胡麻地膜栽培模式对胡麻产量的影响。试验结果表明,旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培可防止胡麻出苗板结,有效提高胡麻出苗率,明显减少土壤水分的无效蒸发,增加土壤水分含量,胡麻生长的前期地温明显提高,胡麻的经济性状明显改善,增产效果明显,经济效益显著;旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培水分生产率,比全膜平铺覆土穴播栽培、旱地胡麻半膜膜侧穴播和露地穴播栽培分别提高28.28%、40.33%和116.17%;比全膜平铺覆土穴播栽培、旱地胡麻半膜膜侧穴播和露地穴播栽培分别增产22.04%、28.74%和53.74%,是目前旱地胡麻增产稳产高产的最佳的栽培模式。     

甘肃省旱地全膜双垄沟播技术研究与应用进展

系统分析了旱地全膜双垄沟播技术体系的研究阶段、技术创新、应用状况、技术评价和发展前景.结果表明,旱地全膜双垄沟播及其配套技术集覆膜抑蒸、垄面集流、雨水富集于一体,极显著地提高了农田降水保蓄率、利用率和作物水分利用效率,使秋季全覆膜和顶凌全覆膜1 m土壤贮水分别较常规播前半膜平铺增加50.2 mm和31.7 mm;降水利用率最高达到75.2%,平均达到70.0%;玉米水分利用效率最高达到37.8 kg/(mm·hm2),平均达到33 kg/(mm·hm2).从而有效解决了黄土高原旱作农业区玉米等大秋作物因春旱无法播种、出苗的瓶颈,大幅度提高了作物产量,使玉米产量平均达到8 374.5 kg/hm2,增产37.1%.     

玉米双垄全膜模式土壤水分与降水的灰色关联分析及水分利用率研究

对玉米双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培技术条件下的降水利用、土壤蓄水、保水和供水特征进行了研究,结果表明:在15 d测定时段,双垄全膜覆盖栽培模式的0～60 cm土层平均储水量分别比全膜平铺覆盖、半膜覆盖和露地多14.7 mm、17.9 mm,29.6 mm;4种模式土壤储水量与降水量的灰色关联序为露地(0.727)＞双垄全膜覆盖(0.645)＞全膜平铺覆盖(0.641)＞半膜覆盖(0.635),说明玉米双垄全膜覆盖集雨沟播栽培模式接纳降水的能力仅次于露地;在双垄面全膜覆盖栽培模式下,玉米的耗水系数分别比露地、半膜覆盖和全膜平铺覆盖减少35.9%、10.5%和17.1%,水分利用效率分别提高10.41、3.34和4.95 kg/(mm·hm2).由此得出,玉米双垄面全膜沟播栽培技术可使旱作雨养农业区有限的水资源得到高效利用.     

旱地组合型微垄全膜不同覆盖时期对土壤水分及胡麻生长的影响

春夏干旱是榆中县旱作区胡麻产量的主要限制因素。进一步减少旱地冬春季土壤水分的无效蒸发、提高土壤含水量,为胡麻前期生长创造良好的土壤条件是实现该区胡麻高产稳产的必须步骤。2011—2012年连续两年在地处甘肃省中部半干旱雨养农业区的榆中县石头沟旱作农业示范点进行了组合型微垄全膜覆盖不同覆膜时期对旱地胡麻生长影响的试验。本试验设组合型微垄全膜秋覆盖垄侧栽培、组合型微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培和露地穴播三个处理,分别对其土壤水分、经济性状、生育期、产量结果进行分析。结果表明,旱地胡麻组合型微垄全膜秋覆盖垄侧栽培可明显减少冬春季土壤水分的无效蒸发,增加土壤水分含量,0~60 cm的土壤平均含水量,分别比旱地胡麻微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培和旱地胡麻露地穴播栽培高31.9 g·kg-1和45.3 g·kg-1;胡麻的经济性状明显改善,株高分别比旱地胡麻微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培和旱地胡麻露地穴播栽培高3.8 cm和14.7 cm、单株蒴果数分别增加8.5个和11.5个、蒴果粒数分别增加0.6个和1.65个、千粒重分别提高0.05 g和0.31g。旱地胡麻组合型微垄全膜秋季覆盖垄侧栽培比胡麻露地栽培增产1 471.2 kg·hm-2,增幅129.54%,比旱地胡麻微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培增产378.22 kg·hm-2,增幅17.41%,增产效果十分明显。     

不同覆膜栽培方式对天水旱地冬油菜生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响

以全膜双垄沟播、全膜覆土、全膜平铺、起垄膜侧和露地栽培5种处理方式,研究了不同覆膜栽培方式对冬油菜生育期、越冬率、产量和经济性状、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：全膜双垄沟播、全膜覆土、全膜平铺、起垄膜侧 栽培冬油菜,均能不同程度影响冬油菜单株经济性状,提高水分利用效率和越冬率,增加产量,缩短生育期;其中全膜双垄沟播栽培效果最好,水分利用效率比露地栽培（对照）提高3.4 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2,生育期缩短7 d,越冬率提高24.5%,产量达3 194.46 kg·hm^-2,增产42.8%;全膜平铺栽培增产33.9%,全膜覆土栽培增产26.0%,起垄膜侧栽培增产24.8%。     

水分和温度对冬小麦和玉米免耕作产量影响的研究

本文对宁夏彭阳县旱地冬小麦、玉米的免耕作中水分和温度对产量的影响进行了探索。试验结果表明:播种前、后,旱地免耕作膜侧种植冬小麦处理比无地膜覆盖常规耕作处理的土壤含水量高,膜侧种植冬小麦生育后期土壤水分明显高于无地膜覆盖常规耕作处理。膜侧的土壤含水量高于膜内的土壤含水量,有利于膜侧冬小麦的生长。旱地免耕作膜侧冬小麦产量达3540kg/hm2,比对照增产78.8%,纯收益比对照提高79.7%。旱地玉米免耕作秸秆覆盖处理的土壤含水量明显高于常规耕作玉米处理的土壤含水量。覆盖1/2玉米秸秆、全部玉米秸秆处理的土壤平均含水量分别比常规耕作增加11.1%和9.8%。但是常规耕作有地膜覆盖,对耕层土壤的增温效果最好,而玉米秸秆覆盖对土壤增温的效果较差。覆盖1/2玉米秸秆、全部玉米秸秆处理产量分别比常规耕作减产25.4%和11.2%。     

不同移栽深度结合一次性双层施肥对烤烟生长及产量品质的影响

从施肥技术和栽培措施两者相结合角度,通过大田试验对不同移栽深度结合一次性双层施肥对烤烟生长及产量品质的影响进行了研究.结果表明:壮苗一次性双层施肥9叶移栽能够促进烤烟生长发育,提高前期根系活力,增加根系一级侧根数目、根系干物质、烟株株高、茎围、有效叶片效、单株有效叶面积、地上部烟株干重和地上部干物质积累速率.与对照相比,壮苗一次性双层施肥9叶移栽烟叶产量增加145.5 kg/hm2,产值增加2 130元/hm2,烟叶均价增加0.46元/kg;同时,烟碱和总氮含量比对照下降了0.41%,总糖含量提高了1.57%,总糖/蛋白质和氮/碱比更趋协调.     

旱地马铃薯不同覆盖种植方式的土壤水热效应及其对产量的影响

在大田条件下,以不同沟垄覆盖种植方式为处理,通过测定土壤含水量、耕层土壤温度和产量等,计算马铃薯耗水量和水分利用效率,研究旱作条件下马铃薯不同覆盖种植方式的土壤水热效应及其对产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,马铃薯采用高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播能有效增加马铃薯生育前期地温,苗期日均地温较传统平播(CK)增加了0.5℃～2.23℃,0～ 100 cm土壤贮水量提高52.8 mm.6月底至7月中旬的伏旱期间,高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播处理0～25 cm土层日均地温较全地膜覆盖处理降低3.6℃～6.9℃,较CK仅增加0.6℃～0.8℃;0～100 cm土层土壤贮水量较全膜覆盖处理增加6.2～ 8.3 mm,较CK增加27.3 mm.表明采用高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播种植,可改善伏旱期间的土壤水热状况,有利于马铃薯的生长发育,产量和水分利用效率较其它覆盖种植方式分别提高8.39％～58.38％和8.46％ ～67.97％.因此,高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播处理实现了水温对马铃薯生长的协同作用,能显著提高马铃薯对自然降水的利用效率和产量.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.