菜小脉蚜茧蜂发育速率与温度及寄主龄期关系研究

以桃蚜Myzus persicae为寄主,测定了菜小脉蚜茧蜂Diaeretiella rapae在不同温度及不同龄期寄主中的发育速率。算得该蜂的发育起点温度t=8.76±0.13℃,有效温积常数K=139.51±1.60日度。在不同龄期无翅蚜虫中平均发育速率有显著差异,依次为:三龄>四龄>二龄>成蚜>一龄,最快与最慢相差5%。进一步的分析表明,不同龄期对蜂发育适合性的这种差异是由于个体大小不一和内含物营养不同两方面综合导致的     

辣椒褐斑病菌生物学特性研究

本文对辣椒褐斑病病原菌Cercospora capsici Heald et Wolf的生物学特性进行了研究,结果表明,不同的营养、温度、pH等条件对菌丝生长和孢子萌发有显著影响。病菌菌丝的生长以PDA培养基为最适;适宜温度为20~25℃,最适温度为25℃;最适pH为8.0~9.0,光照对菌丝生长没有明显的促进作用,菌丝致死温度及时间为55℃ 10 min。分生孢子萌发适宜碳源为1%的蔗糖溶液,适宜氮源为1%的甘氨酸溶液;孢子萌发适宜温度为20~30℃,最适温度25℃;最适pH为5~6,光照对孢子萌发没有明显的促进作用,分生孢子致死温度及时间为52℃10 min。     

不同温度对牧草盲蝽种群生长发育和繁殖的影响

应用生命表技术研究了13、18、23、28和33℃温度条件下以菜豆为食物的牧草盲蝽的生长发育和繁殖情况。结果表明:在13~33℃,牧草盲蝽发育速率随着温度的升高而加快,并符合Logistic模型;牧草盲蝽若虫、世代的发育起点温度分别为7.49℃和10.21℃,有效积温分别为323.62日·度和393.7日·度;在试验温度范围内,23℃时牧草盲蝽的若虫期存活率最高(75%),33℃时存活率最低(41%)。18~28℃为最适温区,较低的温度(13℃)和较高的温度(33℃)不利于牧草盲蝽的存活。     

温度对甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确温度对甘蔗条螟Chilo sacchariphagus生长发育和繁殖的影响,在20、23、26、29和32℃不同温度下测定甘蔗条螟各虫态的发育历期和成虫繁殖力。结果显示,在20～32℃范围内,各虫态发育历期随温度升高而缩短,20℃下完成1个世代需要83.30 d,而32℃下仅需35.56 d。各虫态的发育速率与温度呈显著正相关,符合Logistic回归模型。卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、成虫产卵前期以及全世代的发育起点温度分别为15.87、9.90、13.67、10.79和11.27℃,有效积温分别为69.49、490.99、142.95、26.72和717.68 d·℃。雌、雄成虫寿命均随温度的升高逐渐缩短,雌成虫产卵量在26℃时最高为136.37粒/头。卵和蛹在26℃时的存活率最高,分别为94.71%和93.55%,在29℃时幼虫的存活率最高,为47.73%,在26℃时全世代的存活率最高,为42.08%。表明温度是影响甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的关键因素,26～29℃是甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的适宜温度。     

陇中旱地春小麦产量对降水与温度变化的响应模拟

为了探索降水与温度变化对旱地春小麦产量的影响,本研究以定西市安定区1971—2012年共42年的逐日气象数据为基础,运用APSIM(agricultural production system simulation)模型对不同降水(逐日降水±20%、±15%、±10%、±5%、±0%)与温度(逐日温度±2℃、±1.5℃、±1℃、±0.5℃、±0℃)变化下的旱地春小麦产量进行了模拟,并采用二次多项式回归、单因素边际效应和通径分析研究了温度和降水变化对春小麦产量的影响机制。结果表明:在试验设计范围内,春小麦产量(Y)与降水(X_1)和温度(X_2)变化编码值的回归方程为Y=1452.24+2693.88X_1-287.25X_2-200.38X_2~2-344.47X_1X_2(R~2=0.999,P0.01)。当温度不变时,降水与春小麦产量呈正线性关系,由模拟结果可知,降水每增加5%,春小麦产量最大增幅为21.38%,平均增幅为14.31%;当降水不变时,温度与春小麦产量呈开口向下的二次函数递减关系。根据模拟结果,温度每升高0.5℃,春小麦产量最大降幅为4.92%,平均降幅为3.24%;通径分析显示,温度和降水之间存在负互作效应,但降水增加对春小麦产量的增产效应远大于温度升高所造成的减产效应。     

出口原竹制品的热处理杀虫技术

本文通过测量水煮法、烘干法、蒸汽法等热处理时竹材在水煮锅、烘干房和蒸汽池中竹材外介质温度与竹心温度的变化情况;初步探讨了出口原竹制品蛀虫的热处理技术,水煮法处理,当水温为86℃,处理5min,竹心温度达到75℃时,天牛死亡率达到100%;烘干法处理,当烘干房温度为54℃,处理40min,竹心温度达到48℃时,天牛死亡率达到100%.     

马唐生防真菌弯孢霉(Curvularia sp.)菌株QZ-200的生物学特性研究

 本文主要研究影响马唐生防菌弯孢霉(curvularia sp.)菌株QZ-200营养生长、孢子萌发及孢子形成的因子。该菌在SCS(黄豆粉-玉米粉-蔗糖)培养基上生长最好;生长温度为10~40℃,最适为28℃;pH为2~11,最适pH为6;在以葡萄糖为碳源、以磷酸氢二铵为N源的Czapek培养基上生长良好。分生孢子萌发的温度为10~45℃,最适为28~30℃,失活温度为52℃10min;pH为2~11,适宜为5~8;以自由水或饱和湿度条件下萌发率最高;1%蛋白胨、1%牛肉浸膏、0.1%的TW-80、1%马唐煎汁和0.2%的菜籽油溶液明显提高萌发速度。该菌孢子形成的温度为15~35℃,最适为28℃;连续光照比光暗12h交替处理更有利于产孢,黑光灯为最佳光源。     

温度对红花柄锈菌锈孢子萌发及侵染的影响

红花柄锈菌锈孢子萌发的温度范围10～32 ℃,以25℃为最适萌发温度,萌发率高达95.5%,芽管伸长18.7μm.锈孢子在10～28℃之间都能侵染红花,使其发病.最适侵染温度23℃,此温度下的潜育期最短,病情发展最快,病叶率和病情指数最高,分别是83.3%和54.2.10℃下发病最慢,10℃和28℃发病都较轻.温度过高和过低都抑制锈孢子的萌发和侵染.此结果为锈病的预测和防治提供了一定理论依据.     

温度对黄顶菊生长发育影响的研究

在梯度恒温条件下,研究温度对黄顶菊各生育期生长发育影响的试验结果表明,黄顶菊在12～42℃时均能萌发和出苗。温度高于16℃时,种子发芽率与出苗率随温度上升而显著增高;24～40℃时种子发芽率与出苗率均高于50%,28～36℃时均高于90%;温度达36℃以上时出苗率开始随温度上升而下降,温度达40℃时发芽率也逐渐降低。以叶片净光合速率(Pn)为代谢活力指标进行测定,结果表明,不同发育阶段黄顶菊的代谢活力从8℃到40℃逐渐增大,超过40℃后迅速减小。28～48℃现蕾开花期植株代谢活力明显高于苗期植株。     

不同条件下豆天蛾卵的发育情况研究

为探究豆天蛾卵在不同条件下的发育情况, 分别对不同湿度、不同温度以及不同产卵月份所产的豆天蛾卵的孵化率以及卵期进行了比较。结果表明, 温度为20℃, 湿度为50%时, 豆天蛾卵孵化率为92.33%, 显著高于湿度为25%和75%的孵化率(P<0.05); 平均卵期为9.08 d, 显著短于其他湿度条件下的平均卵期(P<0.05)。湿度一定时（50%）, 温度为30℃时孵化率最高, 达97.00%;其次为25℃, 孵化率达91.00%。豆天蛾卵在此两种温度下孵化率显著高于除20℃外的其他温度(P<0.05)。35℃下平均卵期最短, 为5.32 d; 其次为30℃和25℃, 分别为5.45 d和5.70 d。此3种温度下的卵期无显著差异, 但均显著短于15℃和20℃下的卵期(P<0.05)。湿度、温度一定时, 产自4、5、6、7、8月的豆天蛾卵中, 6月的卵孵化率最高, 达96.67%, 显著高于其他4个月份豆天蛾卵的孵化率(P<0.05)。4－8月产的卵平均卵期分别为10.07、7.08、6.80、6.07 d和5.34 d。本研究明确了各因子对豆天蛾卵孵化效果的影响, 完善了人工养殖豆天蛾技术体系, 为大规模、工厂化养殖提供了理论基础和技术保障。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.