垄畦覆膜种行覆土党参种苗移栽机的设计与试验

针对党参覆膜移栽无机可用的问题,结合西北黄土高原旱区党参垄畦覆膜、种行覆土抗逆栽培模式,设计了一种具有开沟、播苗、起垄、整形、覆膜、种行覆土功能的党参种苗移栽机。对样机关键部件进行了分析与设计,确定了尖角长翼型开沟器、整形镇压、膜上覆土等装置的结构及工作参数,解析了核心部件作业机理。田间试验表明,设计的垄畦覆膜、种行覆土党参种苗移栽机埋苗率为4.1%,露苗率为2.6%,栽植合格率为92.0%,栽植深度合格率为87.5%,膜边覆土厚度合格率为95.9%,膜边覆土宽度合格率为96.3%,生产率约为0.14 hm~2·h~(-1)。田间性能试验指标均达到国家和行业标准要求,试验结果满足设计要求。     

蔬菜钵苗大垄双行膜上种植复式移栽机设计与试验

针对平原大垄双行覆膜种植模式，研制了一种适合蔬菜钵苗大垄双行栽植的复式联合作业移栽机，对移栽机栽植机构的栽植轨迹和投苗机构的开闭控制参数进行了设计和优化，同时针对传统农机装备地轮深度调控装置难以满足大垄双行膜上栽深精确控制的难题，设计了一种基于可编程控制器的液压栽深仿形装置并整合到移栽机，使得整机可一次性完成旋耕起垄、垄上覆膜、双行独立仿形、膜上Z字形移栽等多道作业工序。分别在45、60株·min^-1的栽植频率条件下进行移栽试验，田间试验结果表明：株距合格率、移栽合格率的平均值分别为94.08%、90.45%和91.90%、88.33%,平均栽深合格率为94.15%,较好地满足了蔬菜钵苗大垄双行种植要求。     

吊杯式栽植器运动轨迹优化与试验

针对吊杯式移栽机膜上成穴移栽时膜面穴口大的问题，建立栽植机构的运动模型，通过分析栽植器的运动轨迹特性得出，当栽植器的运动轨迹为余摆线，且余摆线环扣最大横弦的距离等于轨迹线与地膜交点间的距离，栽植器在上拔阶段水平方向零速度点两侧打开，有利于减小膜面穴口尺寸。通过仿真分析和膜上移栽番茄盘苗试验得出，运动轨迹特征系数λ对膜面穴口的纵向尺寸影响显著，对横向尺寸和倾斜率影响不明显。随着λ值的增大，穴口纵向尺寸先减小然后增大，在移栽频率为50和55株·min^-1时，λ为1.093的穴口纵向尺寸分别为10.12 cm和9.49 cm，是最小值； 两种移栽频率条件下，随着λ值的增大，移栽株距分别从39.8 cm减小到33.5 cm和从39.1 cm减小到33.1 cm。该结论可用于指导吊杯式移栽机结构和工作参数的优选。     

基于五连杆移栽机构的自定深仿形装置设计与试验

针对现有钵苗移栽机在起伏垄面作业时栽深控制稳定性低的问题,采用栽植器仿形方法,以可编程机床控制器(program machine control)为核心,设计了自动精准定深仿形装置以实现对每行栽植器独立主动仿形。通过理论分析确定自定深仿形装置关键结构与扭矩、升降速度等参数,并设计了自定深移栽试验台。运用正交试验优化方法,研究该仿形机构作业速度、升降速度和移栽株距参数变化与栽深合格率关系。通过Box-Benhnken组合试验,得到影响栽植深度合格率的各因素由大到小为移栽株距、升降速度、作业速度。通过软件寻优得到栽深合格率最高条件下的最佳参数组合为作业转速180 mm·s~(-1)、升降速度142 mm·s~(-1)、移栽株距195 mm。台架试验表明,采用自定深仿形装置后的平均栽深合格率为91.9%,具有田间实际应用价值。     

张掖市番茄茎基腐病田间发病规律及防治方法研究

田间调查表明,番茄茎基腐病在张掖市发病初期为5月中、下旬,发病高峰期在6月中、下旬;移栽发病重,直播发病轻;碱潮地发病重,其次为灌漠地,沙壤地发病率最轻;平作发病重,垄作发病轻;膜面覆土发病轻,膜面不覆土发病重;中间破膜发病轻,中间不破膜发病重。根据种子、苗床处理、定植穴以及发病初期药剂灌根试验结果表明:供试的10种药剂中,以3%口恶霉.甲霜水剂400倍液移栽前灌根、45%敌磺.琥铜可湿性粉剂750倍液发病初期灌根,防效分别为65.5%、59.5%。     

跨越式膜上覆土装置的参数仿真设计与试验

针对全膜种植模式中覆土装置覆土质量差引起的易受风力破坏、烧苗、出苗受阻等问题,设计了一种适用于全膜覆土机具的跨越式刮板升运链膜上覆土装置。为提高覆土机构的工作性能,构建了覆土装置的实体模型,运用离散单元法模拟仿真试验,结合Box-Behnken试验设计原理,采用三因素三水平响应曲面法,借助DesignExpert软件处理试验结果,建立了覆土宽度和覆土厚度合格率的二次回归模型,分析各因素交互作用对试验指标的影响,优化得到最佳参数组合,即链速与机组前进速度比为1.38、排土口高度为200 mm、排土口宽度为120 mm,并依此进行田间验证试验。试验结果表明,用离散单元法模拟出的覆土宽度值和覆土厚度合格率接近田间重复试验均值,且满足农艺要求。     

旱地小麦全膜覆土播种一体机的研制

旱地小麦全膜覆土播种一体机是针对全膜覆土穴播技术而研制的,该机可一次性完成旋耕、镇压、铺膜、覆土、播种等工序。该机采取旋耕抛土与铲土板相配合的取土方式,保证了充足的土壤来源,设计了输送带链传动的输土装置、外槽轮式覆土装置,实现了膜上均匀覆土和覆土厚度的控制。设计了仿形机构,实现了穴播装置的地面仿形,并对仿形机构进行动力学仿真,分析了仿形机构的仿形效果。通过样机田间试验测定,覆土厚度的平均值为1.074 cm,覆土宽度的平均值为121.283 cm符合农艺要求,覆土的厚度、宽度的变异系数分别为23.37%和0.96%,符合设计要求。通过实验测定,旋耕镇压后的土壤容重和土壤孔隙度符合农艺要求。     

防护条件下梭梭幼苗生长及养分吸收特性

以新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南缘管件防护与传统移栽2种方式移栽的梭梭幼苗为实验材料,通过野外监测与室内分析,探讨了管件防护条件下梭梭幼苗的生长及养分吸收特性。结果表明:整个生育期内,管件防护梭梭幼苗的各生长指标与传统移栽苗相比,增幅最大的为茎粗,其次为株高。年周期内管件防护梭梭幼苗的生物量呈递增趋势,单株生物量累积可达45.25 g·株~(-1);净增加27.10 g·株~(-1),是传统移栽苗的1.38倍(P0.05)。管件防护梭梭幼苗体内的氮素、磷素、钾素含量呈先升高后降低趋势,在同化枝生长期达到峰值,分别为11.376 g·kg~(-1)、1.066 g·kg~(-1)和23.340 g·kg~(-1),较传统移栽苗高24%、15%和8%,差异显著;而其梭梭幼苗氮素、磷素、钾素的总积累量却呈递增趋势,年净增积累量分别为0.297 g·株~(-1)、0.027 g·株~(-1)和0.560 g·株~(-1),是传统移栽苗的2.23倍、1.72倍和1.65倍;各时期梭梭幼苗体内的氮素、磷素、钾素含量及总积累量均高于传统移栽苗。     

全膜双垄沟播起垄施肥铺膜机的研制

针对全膜双垄沟播种植的农艺要求,研制了一种起垄施肥铺膜机,可完成起垄、施肥、喷药、铺膜和覆土压膜联合作业。用旋耕方式整地起垄,覆土装置实现地膜纵向两边均匀覆土和地膜横向间隔覆土。采用旋耕前喷药和铺膜前施肥的作业方式,保证药效和肥效最大限度地发挥作用。试验表明,垄面光滑,无明显缺陷且覆土后的地膜无机械破膜现象。膜横向覆土距离的平均值为102 cm,纵向覆土厚度和宽度的平均值为5.1 cm和11.4 cm,大垄的垄宽和垄高的平均值分别为69.3 cm和14.9 cm,小垄的垄宽和垄高的平均值为40.5 cm和15.2 cm,满足全膜双垄沟播种植农艺要求。覆土的厚度、宽度的变异系数分别为4.83%和7.52%,大垄宽度、高度的变异系数为1.22%和2.14%,小垄宽度、高度的变异系数为2.26%和1.58%,符合设计要求。     

干旱胁迫对马铃薯移栽组培苗内源激素含量的影响

为深入了解马铃薯抗旱机制，选用马铃薯品种夏坡蒂和根优2号，研究了干旱胁迫对移栽马铃薯组培苗（移栽苗）块茎形成及其内源激素含量的影响。结果表明：基质相对含水量为50%对移栽苗的生长及块茎形成产生抑制作用，其单株薯数、薯重、结薯植株率和整株干物质量均显著低于65%处理，但其地下部干物质分配比例较65%处理高31.75%~36.42%（移栽后55 d）；块茎形成过程中，匍匐茎GA含量、GA/IAA、ZR/IAA、GA/(IAA+ZR)值均为50%处理下明显低于65%处理，分别降低7.45%、26.67%、26.67%和23.08%；而茎与匍匐茎IAA含量则在50%处理下较高。各器官IAA含量随着块茎形成表现为先降后升，但GA/IAA、ZR/IAA和GA/(IAA+ZR)值则先增加后降低。块茎形成进程中，干旱胁迫在植株内部建立新的激素平衡，这可能是激素介导干旱信号影响马铃薯块茎形成的内因之一。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.