银川平原农田土壤细菌群落结构与驱动因子分析

土壤微生物是农田生态系统不可或缺的组成部分,维持微生物多样性是农业绿色可持续发展的重要基础。文中调查采集了银川平原147个农田土壤样品,基于16S rDNA高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌多样性及区域分布特征,并采用相关分析、方差分解分析(VPA)等方法分析了空间、气候、土地利用和土壤性质等21个环境因子对土壤细菌多样性和群落结构的影响。结果表明,银川平原农田土壤细菌多样性差异性显著,银北样区(YB)土壤细菌Pielou指数和Shannon指数显著高于银南样区(YN)。Proteobacteria(变形菌门)、Bacteroidetes(拟杆菌门)、Acidobacteria(酸杆菌门)和Planctomycetes(浮霉菌门)是银川平原农田土壤细菌优势菌群,不同菌群在样区间的分布具有明显差异。相关分析显示纬度与Shannon指数呈正相关,全盐、全钾和速效钾与Shannon指数呈负相关,土地利用方式与优势菌群相关性最强,全盐与拟杆菌呈极显著正相关。VPA分析表明土地利用方式、纬度、土壤含水量、容重、机械组成、全盐和全氮对土壤细菌整体群落结构具有显著性影响,土地利用方式和全盐的整体解释度最高,...     

农业产业结构调整对啮齿动物群落的影响

结合山西省隰县近30年的农业产业结构调整,研究了啮齿动物群落结构及其多样性的变化规律。结果表明,1990—2019年山西隰县啮齿动物群落捕获率及其多样性指数呈现出由高到低、近年有小幅回升的发展趋势;群落的优势种及物种占比也有一定的变化,以荒草坡为栖息环境的社鼠占比由下降转为上升趋势;而在农田广泛分布的长尾仓鼠占比变化则相反。说明农业产业结构调整改变了啮齿动物群落的栖息环境和食物来源,致使群落产生适应性改变。本研究可为科学、高效防控农田啮齿动物,了解和评估农业生态系统提供理论依据。     

巴丹吉林沙漠植被群落特征与土壤水分关系研究

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠周边及腹地进行野外调查采样,归纳出该区植被的生活型和群落类型,分析其植被多样性、优势度及均匀度指数,进而探讨该地区植被群落特征对土壤水分的响应。结果表明:(1)本次调查共记录到20科52属56种植物,分属于乔木、小乔木、灌木、小灌木、半灌木、草质藤本、多年生草本、一年生草本8类生活型,群落多以灌木和多年生草本植物为主,且多为沙漠旱生或超旱生多年生植物;(2)巴丹吉林沙漠群落整体生物多样性指数偏低,沙漠腹地湖泊周围物种丰富度和多样性指数相对较高,边缘地区较低,且灌木层在群落中占优势且分布均匀,草本层植被种类多样;(3)巴丹吉林沙漠土壤含水量普遍较低,超过61%的区域土壤含水量不足5%;土壤含水量与Simpson优势度指数(C)为极显著负相关,与Shannon-Winner多样性指数(H′)、Simpson多样性指数(D)、Alatato均匀度指数(Ea)均为极显著正相关,且Simpson优势度指数(C)、Shannon-Winner多样性指数(H′)、Simp?son多样性指数(D)对土壤水分的响应关系中均为立方函数拟合效果最好。     

藏北高寒植被群落物种多样性与土壤环境因子的关系

用样带法研究了藏北高寒植被群落物种多样件及其与土壤环境因子之间的关系,对3类高寒植被多样性指数和7个土壤指标进行相关性分析和回归分析.结果表明:从高寒草原到高寒荒漠植被,群落组成逐渐趋于简单化;土壤环境因子影响多样件指数,高寒植被土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、全磷和多样性指数及丰富度指数有极显著(P＜0.01)正关系;均匀...     

典型黄土残塬沟壑区啮齿动物群落分布格局及其时空动态

为研究典型黄土残塬沟壑区啮齿动物群落的分布格局及其对环境变化的响应，于1990—2020年对山西省隰县林草区、沟底作物区、塬面作物区和塬面果园区4种不同样区的啮齿动物群落进行调查，分析不同时间段啮齿动物的群落结构、多样性特征和空间生态位。结果显示，研究期间隰县啮齿动物整体密度呈高—低—高的趋势，由1990—1994年的12.71%逐步下降到2005—2009年的3.39%，之后又上升至2015—2020年的7.83%；作物区的啮齿动物群落多样性特征与林草区、塬面果园区的多样性特征有显著差异，而沟底作物区和塬面作物区的啮齿动物群落多样性特征无显著差异；不同啮齿动物间的Pianka空间生态位重叠指数显示啮齿动物对环境资源的需求和利用有一定的差异性。表明生境类型会影响啮齿动物群落的分布格局，而环境的变化是导致其格局变化的重要因素。     

入侵植物牛膝菊(Galinsoga parviflora Cav.)对植物多样性的影响

采用样方法调查了呼和浩特市22个典型样地中植物的种类和数量,其中17个样地有牛膝菊的入侵,进一步分析其物种丰富度指数、优势度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数,结果表明:22个样地中共有84种植物,隶属于28科65属,其中菊科(Compositae)植物最多(17种),占22.238%;禾本科(Gramineae)植物次之(14种),占16.667%,藜科(Chenopodiaceae)植物占7.143%;常见植物有24种。通过牛膝菊重要值与多样性指数之间关系的分析,发现牛膝菊入侵的样地与对照组CK相比,四种指数表现出基本一致的下降趋势,并且随着牛膝菊重要值的增大,Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)显著降低(P<0.05),Simpson指数(D_i)和Pielou指数(J)极显著降低(P<0.01),牛膝菊的入侵降低其分布区的植物多样性。     

青藏铁路格尔木-错那湖段沿线物种多样性分析

以青藏铁路线为样带中心点,在格尔木-错那湖段沿线设置样地、样方,重点调查原生植被物种丰富度、盖度、高度等基本数据,多样性指标分析结果表明:沿线植被主要分布种有90个,隶属24个科,主要建群种为紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、棘豆(Oxytropis DC.)、青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii Falc)等,划分出了4个不同的生态分区;物种丰富度和盖度沿铁路线由北向南呈波动上升趋势,平均高度呈逐渐降低趋势。运用Jaccard和Cody指数分析样地之间的β多样性,结果表明:随着样地纬度方向间距的增大,Jaccard和Cody指数分别呈下降和上升趋势,相邻样地间物种相似度最高,物种沿纬度方向逐渐替代规律比较明显。     

芦芽山旅游干扰下不同植被景观区物种多样性的比较

利用12个物种多样性指数,研究了芦芽山不同植被景观区物种多样性的差异。结果表明:1)随着旅游干扰程度的减少,物种的均匀度和综合多样性表现出不断增大的趋势。至于物种丰富度的变化则与其不同,旅游活动的适度干扰有利于物种丰富度的增加,旅游干扰较少或干扰严重均不利于其增加。2)物种丰富度与坡度呈显著正相关,均匀度与海拔和路宽呈显著正相关,与旅游影响系数呈显著负相关,综合多样性与景观重要值呈显著正相关,与旅游影响系数呈极显著负相关。3)在丰富度指数上,Patrick指数和Margalef指数相对较好,而Menhinick指数相对较差。在均匀度指数上,Pielou指数、Sheldon指数和Heip指数属于一组,Hill指数和修正的Hill指数属于另一组。在综合多样性指数上,Shannon-Wiener指数、Hill的多样性指数N1和N2都表现出一致的变化趋势,而Simpson指数由于计算方式和所反映的生态意义特殊,因而其变化趋势与其它指数不同。     

科尔沁沙质草地封育过程中的植被变化及其机制

对科尔沁沙地乌兰敖都地区的沙质草地封育后的植被变化及其机制进行分析研究。结果表明：① 围栏封育使植被物种丰富度、密度显著提高,群落的优势种发生明显变化;围封地的Simpson多样性指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均表现为随封育时间增加而下降,而Pielou均匀度指数随围封时间增加表现出先增加后下降的趋势。② 围栏封育可以增加土壤表层（0~10 cm）的养分含量,但电导率随围封时间表现出先降低后增加的趋势,同时围栏封育使土壤水分含量下降。③ 土壤表层（0~10 cm）各因子对多样性的影响不同,全氮和pH与Pielou指数呈显著(P<0.05)负相关;全氮对于丰富度指数呈显著(P<0.05)正相关;其他土壤环境因子与多样性指数间关系均不显著,表明在沙质草地封育不利于植物多样性的维持,但有利于土壤养分的积累。     

贵州息烽农田黑线姬鼠种群最适温度与降雨区间分析

对贵州省息烽县1987—2017年鼠情监测资料和气象数据进行分析研究,结果表明,黑线姬鼠是息烽县农田区优势鼠种,气温和降雨条件对农田区黑线姬鼠种群数量有明显的影响,不同气象条件下稻田区和旱地区种群占比、种群数量变化趋势基本一致。气温对黑线姬鼠种群数量的影响呈双峰型,在16.1～19.0℃和22.1～25.0℃下捕获率较高,分别为4.45%、4.47%,在低温(1.0～4.0℃)或高温(25.1～28.0℃)条件下捕获率较低,其生命活动的活跃度降低,降雨量对黑线姬鼠种群数量的影响呈单峰型,当降雨量为180.0～210.0 mm时捕获率最高,为4.97%,降雨量较低(0～30.0 mm)或较高(240.0 mm以上)时,捕获率均表现较低。黑线姬鼠活动温度与降雨的最适宜区间值范围为22.1～25.0℃、180.0～210.0 mm。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.