新疆北屯绿洲弃耕农田的植被变化特征

在北屯绿洲选择了3组不同年限的次生盐渍化弃耕农田,分别计算了样地内每种植物的重要值,采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数测定了生物多样性.结果表明:3组群落组成存在显著差异,优势种更替明显.3组群落构成依次为,一年生草本、一年生草本 多年生小半灌木、多年生草本 灌木.物种多样性表现为2年群落＞5年群落＞13年群落;群落均匀度表现为2年群落＞5年群落,而5年与13年群落相当,但是生态优势度却表现出与物种多样性相反的趋势,即2年群落＜5年群落＜13年群落.     

乌兰布和沙漠东北部几种白刺群落植物多样性研究

根据对乌兰布和沙漠东北部4种白刺植物群落的样地调查数据,采用物种丰富度指数S、Shannon-Wiener指数H'、Simpson指数D、Pielou均匀度指数J、Alatalo均匀度指数Ea、Whittaker指数βw、相异性系数CD、群落共有度Jaccard指数CP、Bray-Curtis指数CN等指标研究了该地区4种白刺群落分层的α多样性和β多样性。结果表明:这些α多样性和β多样性测度指标有效表征了干旱沙漠区同属不同植物群落内部在物种组成方面的差异、生境差异、群落间物种组成差异。四种白刺群落的草本层的物种丰富度指数都明显大于灌木层;唐古特白刺群落的物种丰富度指数最小,泡泡刺群落的物种多样性Shannon-Wiener指数H'和Simpson指数D最大,而且其群落均匀度也最大。唐古特白刺植物群落的Whittaker指数βw要比其它三种白刺群落要大,若仅考虑群落间共有物种数目多少,大白刺与泡泡刺在群落、灌木层与草本层间的相异性系数CD都最小,共有度Jaccard指数CP都最大;而西伯利亚白刺群落、灌木层和草本层与其余三种白刺的相异性系数CD都较大,Jaccard指数CP都较小。而数量数据指标Bray-Curtis指数CN变化与上述有所不同。采用植物盖度和相对盖度进行α多样性和β多样性对比分析,能够合理地说明不同白刺植物多样性特征。     

克拉玛依植物群落物种多样性研究

根据30个样地102个样方的调查资料,采用Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Gleason丰富度指数[17]、Simpson优势度指数与Pielou均匀度指数[16]对克拉玛依植物群落进行研究。研究结果表明:克拉玛依植物群落结构简单、物种稀少,群落物种多样性水平较低,群落多样性指数的顺序为:胡杨群落﹥柽柳群落﹥梭梭群落﹥琵琶柴群落﹥芦苇群落﹥假木贼群落﹥猪毛菜群落﹥盐节木群落﹥碱蓬+麻黄群落﹥盐穗木群落。随着水分与土壤盐碱度的变化,群落物种多样性出现相应的变化趋势:乔木群落﹥灌木群落﹥草本群落。     

不同土地利用方式下草地植被动态变化特征——以宁夏盐池县为例

采用Q型聚类法和α-多样性指数(丰富度指数R、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson指数和群落均匀度指数),对2010—2014年盐池县农牧交错带不同土地利用方式〔人工封育、退耕还林(灌木)和林间草地(柠条灌木林)〕的植被特征和多样性进行分析。结果表明:1 2010—2014年,人工封育、退耕还林和林间草地的植被均以豆科和菊科为主,退耕还林(灌木)植物总体的生长状况较差;2 3种土地利用方式下草地植被多样性变化趋势一致,α-多样性指数(丰富度指数R、Shannon-Wiener指数和群落均匀度指数)均呈现"M"型变化趋势,而Simpson生态位优势度呈现"W"型变化趋势;3在干旱和半干旱地区,相较于退耕还林(灌木)和林间草地的土地利用方式,人工封育仍是恢复退化草地植被比较有效的措施之一。     

黄土沟壑区植被恢复及其物种多样性的变化——以吴旗县植被恢复为例

在对吴旗县自然恢复植被群落和人工植被群落调查的基础上,对其物种多样性进行分析研究,结果表明,在自然恢复初期和处于演替平衡阶段的群落,其物种生物多样性指数和均匀度指数均较高,但丰富度指数的峰值出现在演替中间阶段;灌木群落的生物多样性要大于草本群落的多样性。超过一定年限的灌木群落,表现出一定程度的衰败,生物多样性下降;物种多样性可以间接对植被群落的保水保土功能进行评价,但必须综合考虑物种的丰富度与空间分布的均匀度。     

黄土沟壑区植被恢复及其物种多样性的变化 --以吴旗县植被恢复为例

在对吴旗县自然恢复植被群落和人工植被群落调查的基础上,对其物种多样性进行分析研究,结果表明,在自然恢复初期和处于演替平衡阶段的群落,其物种生物多样性指数和均匀度指数均较高,但丰富度指数的蜂值出现在演替中间阶段;灌木群落的生物多样性要大于草本群落的多样性。超过一定年限的灌木群落,表现出一定程度的衰败,生物多样性下降;物种多样性可以间接对植被群落的保水保土功能进行评价,但必须综合考虑物种的丰富度与空间分布的均匀度。     

岷江干旱河谷灌丛物种多样性、生物量及其关系

通过对岷江干旱河谷灌丛生物量及其分配、灌丛物种多样性特征以及与生物量的关系调查。结果表明:干旱河谷不同灌丛类型生物量介于3220～8600kg/hm2之间,平均值为4750kg/hm2,其中灌木层生物量占灌丛总生物量的80%以上,草本层不足20%。干旱河谷阴坡灌丛物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数都较阳坡高,Simpson指数与均匀度指数在阴阳坡上差异不明显。干旱河谷灌丛总生物量随灌木层物种多样性(r=0.902;P0.01)和群落物种多样性(r=0.936;P0.01)的增加而增加,但与草本层相关性不显著;灌木层生物量随其物种丰富度的增加而增加(r=0.945;P0.01),而草本层物种丰富度与其生物量并无显著相关性。这些结果表明,灌丛灌木层植物对维持干旱河谷植被物种多样性和生产力以及稳定群落结构和功能等方面具有更为重要的意义。     

北京山区采石场边坡植被恢复动态研究

以周口店黄院采石场为研究区域,采用空间代替时间的观测方法,研究不同时间梯度植被群落恢复过程和土壤养分异质性变化,以期为矿山废弃地植被恢复和重建提供可借鉴的理论依据。结果表明:随着植被恢复年限的增加,群落物种更替频繁,灌木和乔木物种出现后,群落整体层次性增强;随着演替的正向进行,各时间梯度恢复植被与最终演替物种组成的相似性指数提高;从极度退化生态系统向平衡生态系统演变过程中,草本层和灌木层的丰富度指数R、Simpson多样性指数D、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H和Pielou均匀度指数J表现出数值先变大后变小的规律,受矿山废弃地困难立地的影响,乔木层物种数量和个体数目增长不明显;ANOVA方差分析和LSD最小显著差异统计方法研究显示,不同演替阶段导致土壤养分(有机质、全氮、速效钾)的差异性显著(P<0.01),除有效磷外,其他养分含量均随植被正向演替而增加。     

荒漠草原不同植被类型土壤微生物群落功能多样性

利用Biolog EcoplateTM技术通过对荒漠草原生态系统中沙米、白沙蒿、柠条、沙冬青和人工乔木林5种植被类型土壤微生物群落功能多样性分析,以探讨不同植被类型对土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性的影响.结果表明,5种植被类型土壤微生物群落代谢活性有显著的差异(P＜0.01),5种植被类型土壤微生物群落利用碳源的种类也存在差异,氨基酸类、羧酸类和糖类是其主要的碳源利用类型.在Biolog ECO板培养基接种培养96 h后,5种植被类型土壤微生物群落多样性显示,物种丰富度指数(R)和均匀度指数(EH)差异显著,Shannon 指数(H′)差异不显著.     

额济纳绿洲荒漠化过程中植物群落生态学特性研究

以28块植物群落调查样地实测资料为基础,用生物统计学方法对额济纳荒漠河岸林植物群落物种组成、重要值、生活型和物种多样性等生态学特性进行了研究。结果表明:样地内共有高等植物19种,分属9科15属,以豆科(Fabaceae)和柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)为主;生活型以乔木和灌木/半灌木为主,多年生草本也是其重要组成部分;叶片特征突出,小叶、微叶和鳞叶占89%,研究区内无大叶或巨叶植物。植物生活型与4种生物多样性指数的关系都表现为"草本灌木乔木";样地荒漠化程度和土壤含水量均与生物多样性指数之间没有很好的相关性。以上研究结果可为今后相关研究提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

干旱区绿洲农田防护林增产效益研究——以民勤绿洲为例

通过对民勤绿洲巴丹吉林沙漠边缘25条农田防护林带的详细调查,研究农田防护林对林带生态环境要素影响和林下作物的生长状况。结果表明：1）农田防护林对林下作物叶面积有显著影响（P〈0.05）,主要集中在林下1倍树高范围内;2）农田防护林土壤含水量和土壤温度均有显著影响,随着与林带距离的增加,不同深度土壤含水量呈增加趋势（F=...     

三江平原毛苔草群落30年物种多样性变化研究

对三江平原1973、1983、2003年3个时期的毛苔草群落的种类组成、频度组成及物种多样性进行分析,并进行了比较研究。结果表明:不同时期毛苔草群落的种类组成差异明显,1973-1983年,毛苔草群落的变化主要体现在物种地位的变化,1983-2003年主要表现为物种组成种类的变化;物种多样性特征的变化表现为1973-2003年,物种丰富度呈下降趋势,物种多样性、均匀性呈先增加而后下降的趋势,优势度与之相反,总体表现均为1973-1983年变化缓慢,而1983-2003年变化较大;物种频度图的分析表明,不同时期毛苔草群落的结构均处于稳定状态,但随着演替进行,群落中有分化和演替的趋势,并且以1983-2003年变化最为明显;通过分析初步认为,毛苔草群落物种组成的变化主要由水位的下降所引起,景观破碎化对物种多样性的影响值得进一步研究。     

荒漠草地物种多样性的水分特征研究

通过在伊犁河谷山前倾斜平原荒漠草地开展的不同灌溉量草地恢复试验,对测试的试验地内草地植物物种多样性指数和灌溉水量之间的关系进行了初步的研究。结果显示:在荒漠草地,水分是影响草地植物长势的重要限制因子,随着水分条件的转好,植被盖度和蒿类的分盖度均有显著的提高,草地植物的生物量和群丛高度均显著增加;随着灌溉量的增加,S im pson指数、Shannon-W iener指数、P ie lou指数和M arga lef指数均出现递增的趋势,其中每增加1 kg/d水量,S im pson指数将增加0.021,表明在温性荒漠草原生物多样性指数对水量变化的灵敏度较高。     

民勤绿洲耕作土壤养分时空变异特征及其影响因素

参照1980年土壤普查样点布设图,利用GPS定位,2006年采集民勤绿洲耕地土样209个,应用传统统计学、地统计学和ArcGIS的空间分析模块,对民勤绿洲25年来土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾的时空变异特征及其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:与1980年土壤普查结果比较,2006年土壤有机质、速效氮和速效磷含量平均分别增加了12%,4%和230%,而速效钾均值下降了26%;除有机质变异系数增加4%外,其余养分均表现为下降,且速效磷变异程度高于其他养分;1980-2006年各土壤养分块金值/基台值增加明显,在一定范围内空间相关性减弱,表明由随机部分引起的空间变异逐渐高于由自相关部分引起的空间变异。速效氮、速效磷在北偏东-南偏西方向均呈现出较强的向异性,前者主要受土壤类型影响,后者主要受石灰性土壤固磷作用的影响。土壤养分含量西南(昌宁、环河灌区)-东北(泉山、湖区)呈降低趋势,绿洲中部(坝区)呈增加趋势,表明土壤养分空间分布变化的过程主要是从西南-东北方向向中心递增,不同灌区化肥投入、种植结构的差异是引起这种空间分布特点的主要因素。     

乌兰布和东北部荒漠-绿洲生态交错带植被特征及其群落多样性研究

以2009年9月乌兰布和沙区植物群落样方调查资料为基础,对其农牧交错带内不同生境的植被特征及其物种多样性进行研究。结果表明：在区域干旱气候的共同背景下,由于受人工绿洲灌溉水分水平运动影响的强度不同,导致该生态交错带内山前洪积扇、人工绿洲周边、绿洲外围植被的组成及其群落多样性差异显著,水平空间尺度上群落变异性大,构成群落...     

Monitoring desertification processes in Mongolian Plateau using MODIS tasseled cap transformation and TGSI time series

Most remote sensing studies assess the desertification using vegetation monitoring method. But it has the insufficient precision of vegetation monitoring for the limited vegetation cover of the desertification region. Therefore, it offers an alternative approach for the desertification research to assess sand dune and sandy land change using remote sensing in the desertification region. In this study, the indices derived from the well-known tasseled cap transformation(TCT), tasseled cap angle(TCA),disturbance index(DI), process indicator(PI), and topsoil grain size index(TGSI) were integrated to monitor and assess the desertification at the thirteen study sites including sand dunes and sandy lands distributed in the Mongolian Plateau(MP) from 2000 to 2015. A decision tree was used to classify the desertification on a regional scale. The average overall accuracy of 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 desertification classification was higher than 90%. Results from this study indicated that integration of the advantages of TCA, DI and TGSI could better assess the desertification. During the last 16 years, Badain Jaran Desert, Tengger Desert, and Ulan Buh Desert showed a relative stabilization. Otindag Sandy Land and the deserts of Khar Nuur, Ereen Nuur, Tsagan Nuur, Khongoryn Els, Hobq, and Mu Us showed a slow increasing of desertification, whereas Bayan Gobi, Horqin and Hulun Buir sandy lands showed a slow decreasing of desertification. Compared with the other 11 sites, the fine sand dunes occupied the majority of the Tengger Desert, and the coarse sandy land occupied the majority of the Horqin Sandy Land. Our findings on a three or four years' periodical fluctuated changes in the desertification may possibly reflect changing precipitation and soil moisture in the MP. Further work to link the TCA, DI,TGSI, and PI values with the desertification characteristics is recommended to set the thresholds and improve the assessment accuracy with field investigation.     

Wind regimes and associated sand dune types in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert,China

Wind controls the formation and development of sand dunes. Therefore, understanding the wind regimes is necessary in sand dune research. In this study, we combined the wind data from 2017 to 2019 at four meteorological stations (Cherigele and Wuertabulage stations in the lake basins, and Yikeri and Sumujilin stations on the top of sand dunes) in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert in China, with high resolution Google Earth images to analyze the correlation between the wind energy environments and dune morphology. The results of data analysis indicated that both the wind direction and sand drift intensity exhibited notable spatial and temporal variations. The highest level of wind activity was observed in spring. Northwesterly and northeasterly winds were the dominant in the Badain Jaran Desert. At the Cherigele, Wuertabulage, and Yikeri stations, the drift potential (DP) was below 200.00 vector units (VU). The wind energy environments in most areas could be classified as low-energy environments. The resultant drift direction differed at different stations and in different seasons, but the overall direction was mainly the southeast. The resultant drift potential (RDP)/DP ratio was greater than 0.30 in most parts of the study area, suggesting that the wind regimes mainly exhibited unimodal or bimodal characteristics. Differences between the thermodynamic properties and the unique landscape settings of lakes and sand dunes could alter the local circulation and intensify the complexity of the wind regimes. The wind regimes were weaker in the lake basins than on the top of sand dunes. Transverse dunes were the most dominant types of sand dunes in the study area, and the wind regimes at most stations were consistent with sand dune types. Wind was thus the main dynamic factor affecting the formation of sand dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert BJD. The results of this study are important for understanding the relationship between the wind regimes and aeolian landforms of the dune field in the deserts.     

Desert vegetation distribution and species-environment relationships in an oasis-desert ecotone of northwestern China

Environmental heterogeneity significantly affects the structure of ecological communities. Exploring vegetation distribution and its relationship with environmental factors is essential to understanding the abiotic mechanism(s) driving vegetation succession, especially in the ecologically fragile areas. In this study, based on the quantitative analysis of plant community and environmental factors in 68 plots at 10 different transects in the Minqin oasis-desert ecotone(ODE) of northwestern China, we investigated desert vegetation distribution and species-environment relationships using multivariate analysis. Two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN), detrended correspondence analysis(DCA), and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) methods were used. A total of 28 species, belonging to 27 genera in 8 families, were identified. Chenopodiaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Gramineae, and Leguminosae were the largest families. Annual and perennial herbs accounted for 28.60% of the total number of plants, while shrubs(42.90%) were the most dominant. Nitraria tangutorum was the constructive species of the desert plant community. We divided the 68 plots surveyed in this study into 7 community types, according to the results of TWINSPAN. The distribution of these 7 communities in the DCA ordination graph showed that species with a similar ecotype were clustered together. Results of CCA indicated that groundwater was the dominant factor influencing vegetation distribution, while distance between plot and oasis(Dis) and soil electrical conductivity(EC) were the local second-order factors. Our study suggests that optimizing the utilization of groundwater in oases is key to controlling the degradation of desert vegetation. The favorable topographic conditions of sand dunes should be fully utilized for vegetal dune stabilization, and the influence of soil salinity on the selection of afforestation tree species should be considered.     

Community structure and carbon and nitrogen storage of sagebrush desert under grazing exclusion in Northwest China

Overgrazing is regarded as one of the key factors of vegetation and soil degradation in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.Grazing exclusion(GE)is one of the most common pathways used to restore degraded grasslands and to improve their ecosystem services.Nevertheless,there are still significant controversies concerning GE’s effects on grassland diversity as well as carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)storage.It remains poorly understood in the arid desert regions,whilst being essential for the sustainable use of grassland resources.To assess the effects of GE on community characteristics and C and N storage of desert plant community in the arid desert regions,we investigated the community structure and plant biomass,as well as C and N storage of plants and soil(0-100 cm depth)in short-term GE(three years)plots and adjacent long-term freely grazing(FG)plots in the areas of sagebrush desert in Northwest China,which are important both for spring-autumn seasonal pasture and for ecological conservation.Our findings indicated that GE was beneficial to the average height,coverage and aboveground biomass(including stems,leaves and inflorescences,and litter)of desert plant community,to the species richness and importance values of subshrubs and perennial herbs,and to the biomass C and N storage of aboveground parts(P<0.05).However,GE was not beneficial to the importance values of annual herbs,root/shoot ratio and total N concentration in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers(P<0.05).Additionally,the plant density,belowground biomass,and soil organic C concentration and C storage in the 0-100 cm soil layer could not be significantly changed by short-term GE(three years).The results suggest that,although GE was not beneficial for C sequestration in the sagebrush desert ecosystem,it is an effective strategy for improving productivity,diversity,and C and N storage of plants.As a result,GE can be used to rehabilitate degraded grasslands in the arid desert regions of Northwest China.