生物炭对新疆沙土微生物区系及土壤酶活性的影响

为评估生物炭在新疆改良沙土的潜力,在新疆和田设生物炭施用量为0(CK)、22 500、67 500、112 500kg·hm~(-2)和225 000 kg·hm~(-2)5个处理的微区试验,轮作方式为绿豆-冬小麦。通过对试验结束后小区土壤可培养微生物和生理菌群计数、土壤酶活性测定,研究不同用量生物炭对沙土土壤微生物区系及土壤酶活性影响。结果表明:施用生物炭对沙土土壤养分含量、微生物区系和土壤酶产生显著影响。22 500~67 500 kg·hm~(-2)生物炭施用量能显著提高沙土土壤有机碳、速效磷和速效钾含量。生物炭影响沙土中可培养细菌、真菌及放线菌数量,在生物炭施用量为67 500 kg·hm~(-2)下细菌数量最高,比CK增加了63.83%;施用量为22 500 kg·hm~(-2)放线菌数量最高,增加了250.00%;施用量为67 500 kg·hm~(-2)真菌数量最少,降低了71.43%。生物炭影响沙土中纤维素分解菌和自生固氮菌数量,随着施用量增加,其数量呈先增加后降低趋势,其中施用量为112 500 kg·hm~(-2)纤维素分解菌和自生固氮菌数量最多,分别比CK增加了211.11%和1 057.89%。土壤中添加67 500~112 500 kg·hm~(-2)的生物炭土壤中蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和蛋白酶活性最高。相关分析表明,不同生物炭施用量条件下,土壤养分与细菌、亚硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、土壤酶(磷酸酶除外)关系密切。因此,适量施用生物炭能提高沙土土壤养分、增加微生物菌群数量和土壤酶活性,在本试验点最适生物炭用量为67 500 kg·hm~(-2)。     

生态炭肥防控小麦根腐病效果及对土壤健康修复机理分析

为探索生态炭肥(以生物质炭为主要成分)防治小麦根腐病的效果及对土壤健康的修复机理,通过设置2个生态炭肥处理分析其对小麦根腐病的发病率和病情指数、小麦产量、土壤有机质含量、土壤细菌数量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,生态炭肥防控小麦根腐病效果明显,1 200kg/hm2和750 kg/hm2两个处理的防效均达到77.00%以上,最高可达86.25%;且对小麦增产增收效果显著,2个处理的小麦产量减损率分别为86.62%和76.11%,净增产值分别为7 315.52元/hm2和7 038.04元/hm2;施用生态炭肥均能有效提高小麦返青期和灌浆期的土壤有机质含量、细菌数量及土壤蔗糖酶、淀粉酶及纤维素酶活性;且施用生态炭肥对小麦根腐病的防效及对土壤健康修复作用存在正剂量效应。表明麦田增施生态炭肥是一个能快速修复土壤健康、有效防控小麦根腐病的新途径。     

不同施肥量对稻茬冬小麦田当季杂草群落的影响

为明确不同施肥量对长江中下游稻茬冬小麦田当季杂草群落的影响,通过田间小区试验研究了不同施肥量条件下冬小麦田间杂草群落的组成以及在4个生育期(越冬期、返青期、拔节期、穗期)田间杂草密度和生物量的变化。结果表明,在冬小麦越冬期,3种不同施肥量处理(氮磷钾复合肥562.5、750 kg/hm~2、937.5 kg/hm~2;复合肥的N、P_2O_5、K_2O含量均为16%)对当季麦田主要杂草密度和鲜生物量的影响差异不显著。从小麦返青期到穗期,在供肥更充足的937.5 kg/hm~2处理中杂草的总密度和总鲜生物量显著低于其他2个较低施肥量处理。3种不同施肥量对冬小麦产量、单位面积有效穗数、每穗实粒数的影响差异显著,对千粒质量的影响差异较小。     

戊唑醇防治小麦赤霉病施药时期及安全性评价

为了明确戊唑醇防治小麦赤霉病的关键施药时期及其安全性,进行了戊唑醇防治小麦赤霉病施用浓度和时期的田间试验。结果表明,25%戊唑醇EC在有效成分150g/hm2和75g/hm2两个施用剂量下对小麦赤霉病的防治效果没有显著差异,对病穗率和病情指数的防治效果分别为83.7%、86.0%和85.1%、88.5%;25%戊唑醇EC在有效成分150g/hm2施用剂量下在齐穗期到灌浆初期喷施对小麦安全,以盛花期施药对小麦赤霉病的防治效果最好,对病穗率和病情指数的防治效果分别为80.6%和84.1%,其次为齐穗期和初花期施药,对病穗率和病情指数的防治效果分别为53.9%、53.3%和54.6%、56.8%,灌浆初期施药的防治效果最差。     

耕作模式与氮肥运筹对土壤主要理化性状及作物产量的影响

在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作条件下,以小麦品种矮抗58和玉米品种郑单958为材料,研究了不同耕作方式(小麦季深耕、玉米季免耕;小麦季旋耕、玉米季免耕)及不同氮肥总量(540,420,300 kg·hm~(-2))和不同氮肥运筹方式(不同追肥比例及追肥时期)对豫东潮土和豫南砂姜黑土物理性状及氮含量的周年变化以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:深耕能显著降低潮土和砂姜黑土20~40 cm土层土壤容重,显著提高两类土壤20~40 cm土层土壤总孔隙度以及田间持水量,且深耕处理下两类土壤周年作物产量分别比旋耕处理增加4.30%和2.63%;土壤全氮以及碱解氮含量均随着氮肥施用总量的增加而升高,在氮肥施用量相同条件下,追施氮肥前土壤全氮和碱解氮含量随着底施氮量的增加而升高,追施氮肥后随着追氮量的增加而增加。研究认为,本试验条件下,考虑到经济效益,建议采用小麦季隔年深耕而玉米季免耕直播的耕作方式,在潮土区的B1C3(小麦季300 kg·hm~(-2)纯氮,按照底肥与拔节期追肥之比为1∶1施入,玉米季240 kg·hm~(-2)纯氮,按底肥与拔节期追肥大喇叭口期追肥之比为2∶1∶1施入)施肥模式,和砂浆黑土地区的B2C1(小麦季240 kg·hm~(-2)全底施,玉米季180 kg·hm~(-2)纯氮,底肥与拔节期追肥之比3∶1施入)施肥模式为两地最优的氮肥施用模式。     

多种杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病及其DON毒素的防效

通过田间试验与室内检测,研究不同杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病的防治效果、对DON(脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇)毒素的控制效果以及对小麦产量的影响。结果表明,200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺悬浮剂180 g/hm~2、48%丙硫菌唑悬浮剂288 g/hm~2和40%丙硫·戊唑醇悬浮剂240 g/hm~2对小麦赤霉病的防效较高,药后25d病指防效均达到90%以上。药剂处理有一定增产效果,相比对照区,各处理区产量增幅16.39%~31.91%,千粒重增幅29.69%~36.17%。各处理对小麦病粒率和籽粒中的DON毒素也有一定控制效果。200g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺悬浮剂180g/hm~2和40%丙硫·戊唑醇悬浮剂240 g/hm~2控制病粒率的效果最好,对应处理的病粒率分别为0.31%和0.32%。200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺悬浮剂180 g/hm~2和48%丙硫菌唑悬浮剂288 g/hm~2控制DON毒素的效果最好,对应处理的DON毒素检出量分别为197.33μg/kg和197.07μg/kg。     

生物炭对不同水氮条件下小麦产量的影响

研究生物炭与氮肥互作在不同水分条件下对小麦关键生育期旗叶光合参数、产量与主要农艺性状的影响,探讨生物炭改良不同水肥条件土壤并提高其作物产量的效果与内在机理,可为农田有机物资源合理利用提供理论支撑。本研究采用盆栽试验,生物炭用量设置五个水平(0,1%,2%,4%和6%),氮肥设置N0,N1和N2(0,0.2 g·kg~(-1)和0.4 g·kg~(-1))三个水平,小麦拔节期控制土壤田间持水量的80%和50%模拟正常水分和干旱胁迫两种水分环境。于小麦拔节期和抽穗期测定旗叶光合参数和SPAD值,成熟后对小麦籽粒产量及主要农艺性状进行统计。结果显示:(1)与不施生物炭处理相比,1%和2%生物炭用量平均增产6.62%和11.01%,4%和6%生物炭用量平均减产6.88%和10.1%,同时会导致千粒重、穗粒数和株高的降低;(2)正常水分条件下,1%和2%生物炭用量与N1和N2之间存在协同增产作用,而4%和6%生物炭用量表现出负面效应;(3)干旱胁迫条件下,仅1%和2%生物炭用量与N1存在协同增产作用,生物炭处理削弱N2增产潜力;(4)N0水平下,生物炭处理均表现出促进小麦旗叶光合速率,增加产量的作用;(5)N1条件下,生物炭促进小麦旗叶光合速率且在干旱胁迫条件下效果更明显。总体上生物炭对小麦旗叶光合参数和产量的影响受生物炭用量、氮素水平和水分条件共同制约且存在复杂的交互作用,干旱会限制生物炭与氮肥的协同增产作用;在低肥力土壤上应用生物炭的增产效果较好,而在质地较细且肥力中等的土壤应用时推荐48 t·hm~(-2)(2%)生物炭用量。     

冬小麦拔节期追肥与土壤湿度的生物效应

以冬小麦为试验材料,利用盆栽试验研究了拔节期不同土壤水分条件下不同施氮处理对其叶片光合速率、硝酸还原酶、根系长度及数目、根冠比、养分吸收及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在干旱条件下,不论施肥与否,适当增加土壤湿度均能改善小麦的生长状况,增加产量。在低水条件下,增加施肥量不能相应增加产量;在中、高水情况下,基肥结合拔节期追施氮肥可以促进冬小麦生长,使其籽粒产量显著提高;氮肥一次施用的效果不如基肥加拔节期追肥处理。在中水条件下,2/3氮肥基施,1/3氮肥拔节期追施是干旱地区冬小麦较佳的水肥耦合模式。     

不同栽培方式对2个水稻品种农艺性状、细菌性条斑病抗性和经济效益的影响

试验设计了抗病品种‘甬优15’与感病品种‘D优151’在单作、间作条件下施用3个不同水平追肥量,组成12组不同的栽培条件。结果表明,两个品种均为随施肥量增加,分蘖数、株高、穗长增加;有效穗数、每穗实粒数、千粒重、结实率先增加后减少。两个品种均以间作条件下施用2水平施肥量(675kg/hm~2)产量最高,‘甬优15’为9.62t/hm~2,‘D优151’为8.24t/hm~2。‘甬优15’间作对比单作在施肥量675kg/hm~2时发病率降低0.8百分点,病情指数降低0.9;‘D优151’发病率降低16.3百分点,病情指数降低3.6。两个品种间作条件下施用450kg/hm~2追肥量时经济效益最佳;‘甬优15’的施肥增产率、边际产量、产值、净收益、新增纯收益率和边际成本报酬率为6.42%,7.73kg/kg,24 050元/hm~2,9 725元/hm~2,15.43%,9.67元/元;‘D优151’为4.77%,5.07kg/kg,20 850元/hm~2,6 525元/hm~2,13.97%,6.33元/元。结果表明,两个品种在间作条件施用450kg/hm~2追肥量,不仅可以获得最高水稻产量和较好的细菌性条斑病抗性,还可以获得最佳经济收益。     

旱地分期施用氮肥对小麦产量和品质的影响

采用田间小区结合盆栽试验，对旱地氮肥不同分配方式与小麦产量和品质的关系进行了研究。结果表明，氮肥分期施用比一次作底肥施用不仅能增加小麦产量，而且能改善其籽粒品质，孕穗期和扬花期追施氮肥，能提高小麦蛋白质、面筋含量和沉淀值。，它们分别从１５．０％，２８．２１％和３１．９７ｍＬ；而产量最高是氮肥播种前作底肥和拔节期追施２次施用的处理。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.