14种杀虫剂对芹菜蚜的毒力及协同增效研究

本研究旨在明确不同杀虫剂对芹菜蚜的毒力以及杀虫剂复配对芹菜蚜的协同增效作用,从而找出最佳的农药配比,对芹菜蚜进行科学有效地防治。通过浸渍法测定了14种杀虫剂单剂及烯啶虫胺与氟啶虫胺腈复配组合物对芹菜蚜的室内毒力;同时采用玻璃管药膜法测定了吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和高效氯氟氰菊酯对芹菜蚜虫的触杀毒力。结果表明:供试药剂对芹菜蚜虫毒力大小顺序为:噻虫嗪氟啶虫胺腈烯啶虫胺高效氯氟氰菊酯环氧虫啶吡虫啉氟啶虫酰胺噻虫胺吡啶喹唑啉噻虫啉吡蚜酮呋虫胺啶虫脒戊吡虫胍;协同增效研究结果表明,当烯啶虫胺与氟啶虫胺腈的配比为20:1、10:1、8:1、1:6、1:8、1:10、1:20时,共毒系数均 300,表现出明显的增效作用。其中以烯啶虫胺:氟啶虫胺腈为1:10时增效作用最显著,增效系数达到900.87; 3种杀虫剂的触杀毒力大小为:噻虫嗪吡虫啉高效氯氟氰菊酯。该研究为芹菜蚜虫的科学防控提供了药剂指导,同时,烯啶虫胺和氟啶虫胺腈按1:10复配能够大大提高对芹菜蚜的毒力,从而起到减少杀虫剂使用量的目的。     

8种杀虫剂对苹果树绣线菊蚜的田间防效评价

对8种不同作用机理杀虫剂防治苹果树绣线菊蚜的效果进行了田间试验。结果表明:马拉硫磷、啶虫脒、高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、硫丹、阿维菌素均是防治苹果绣线菊蚜的有效药剂。啶虫脒和吡虫啉为防治苹果绣线菊蚜的首选药剂。噻虫嗪、马拉硫磷、硫丹可作为专用杀蚜剂。阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯可作为防治绣线菊蚜的兼治药剂,一般不推荐为专用杀蚜剂。     

氟啶虫胺腈等11种杀虫剂对瓜蚜的毒力及协同增效作用

为探寻防治瓜蚜的高效协同增效药剂组合，采用叶片带虫浸渍法测定了氟啶虫胺腈等11种杀虫剂对瓜蚜的毒力。结果表明:处理后24 h，氟啶虫胺腈对瓜蚜的毒力最高，吡蚜酮最低，LC₅₀值分别为10.15和369.63 mg/L；48 h时依然是氟啶虫胺腈毒力最高，而高效氯氟氰菊酯最低，LC₅₀值分别为2.35和117.57 mg/L。在此基础上进行协同增效药剂筛选，结果表明:按质量比计，氟啶虫酰胺与吡蚜酮1 : 1、氟吡呋喃酮与吡蚜酮1 : 5、氟啶虫胺腈与吡蚜酮1 : 3、氟吡呋喃酮与高效氯氟氰菊酯1 : 5、氟啶虫胺腈与高效氯氟氰菊酯1 : 5几种组合的增效作用显著，共毒系数分别达1 271、820、561、1 277和478。研究结果可为田间瓜蚜的高效化学防治提供科学依据。     

不同类型药剂对水稻褐飞虱的活性及复配增效作用

采用稻茎浸渍法测定了18种杀虫剂对褐飞虱的毒力,选活性较好的药剂进行复配,筛选出具有较高活性的混剂,测定不同类型增效剂的增效作用与复合增效作用,并研究混剂与复合增效剂的最佳增效配伍。结果表明,18种药剂对褐飞虱的毒力大小次序为:氟虫腈噻嗪酮烯啶虫胺氟铃脲噻虫嗪甲维盐吡蚜酮阿维菌素丁醚脲毒死蜱速灭威啶虫脒异丙威联苯菊酯吡虫啉高效氯氟氰菊酯三唑磷马拉硫磷,其中氟虫腈的活性最高,是吡虫啉的128.38倍。不同药剂复配中,烯啶虫胺与噻嗪酮(30∶70)复配的共毒系数最高,为246.02。6种增效剂与药剂混配增效作用,以氮酮、有机硅最好,增效比在2.69~2.85之间,并且将两者按40∶60配比后,其联合增效作用有显著提高。     

高效氯氟氰菊酯与烯啶虫胺增效混配剂的筛选及其对小麦蚜虫的田间防治效果

为了延缓麦蚜抗药性和降低杀虫剂使用量,本研究筛选了具有增效作用的高效氯氟氰菊酯和烯啶虫胺的复配比例,并研究了增效复配剂对麦蚜的田间防治效果。浸叶法测定结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯对麦蚜的LC50为25.01 mg/L,烯啶虫胺对麦蚜的LC50为28.21 mg/L。通过最佳增效配比的筛选,发现高效氯氟氰菊酯和烯啶虫胺的有效成分比为1.3∶1、1∶1.1、1∶1.7、1∶10.2时,对麦蚜的毒效比分别为1.28、1.49、1.64、1.50,表现为增效作用。深入研究发现高效氯氟氰菊酯和烯啶虫胺的有效成分为1∶4.5、1∶7.5和1∶10.2的混配组合的共毒系数均显示了显著增效作用,其中,当高效氯氟氰菊酯与烯啶虫胺有效成分比为1∶7.5时,混配剂的LC50为5.22 mg/L,共毒系数达到532.61。按有效成分比1∶7.5,将10%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂与20%烯啶虫胺可溶液剂混用后,进行田间试验,结果表明,在药后1、3 d和7 d,混配剂的防效与高效氯氟氰菊酯单剂的防效无显著性差异,在药后1 d,混配剂的防效高于烯啶虫胺单剂的防效,在药后3 d及7 d,混剂与烯啶虫胺单剂的防效没有显著差异。混配剂的防效在药后7 d内不断上升,其中药后7 d防效达到92.98%。混配剂的使用可以达到对高效氯氟氰菊酯减量的目的,同时保证了对麦蚜的防效。     

6种农药对瓜蚜的毒力测定及田间药效

为了筛选防治西瓜瓜蚜的有效药剂,用6种药剂进行了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC对瓜蚜的毒力最高,60g/L乙基多杀菌素SC毒力最低,48hLC50分别为0.38mg/L和2 225.63mg/L。6种药剂毒力大小依次为阿维菌素溴氰虫酰胺氟啶虫胺腈啶虫脒吡虫啉乙基多杀菌素。田间试验结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC 3 000倍、10%溴氰虫酰胺OD 2 000倍、22%氟啶虫胺腈SC 4 000倍对瓜蚜速效性及持效性均较好,3~14d防效均达到90%以上,防效差异不显著;20%啶虫脒WP 3 000倍和10%吡虫啉WP 3 000倍速效性及持效性均较差,1d防效分别为31.31%和6.66%,14d防效分别为57.39%和47.80%;60g/L乙基多杀菌素SC 1 000倍防效最差,药后14d的最高防效仅为34.70%。推荐田间轮换使用阿维菌素、溴氰虫酰胺、氟啶虫胺腈防治瓜蚜。     

不同杀虫剂对苹果黄蚜的毒力及复配研究

采用浸虫法测定不同药剂对苹果黄蚜的毒力,并对不同药剂进行复配,测定复配药剂对苹果黄蚜的毒力和复配效果.结果表明:苹果黄蚜对啶虫脒最敏感,其次是吡虫啉、联苯菊酯、阿维菌素,对高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯敏感度较低,对马拉硫磷基本无敏感性.不同药剂复配以啶虫脒与阿维菌素配合效果最好,5种不同比例配合均表现为增效作用,其中啶虫脒与阿维菌素质量配比为2∶1时增效作用最明显,其余依次为啶虫脒与阿维菌素(1∶4)和(4∶1)、啶虫脒与高效氯氰菊酯(1∶4)、啶虫脒与氰戊菊酯(1∶4)、啶虫脒与联苯菊酯(1∶2),其共毒系数均高于400.田间试验同样表明:啶虫脒与阿维菌素(2∶1)桶混处理效果明显好于单剂.     

金龟子绿僵菌破坏素A与5种杀虫剂混配对苹果黄蚜的联合毒力

为了更科学合理地选择防治苹果黄蚜的药剂, 采用浸渍法测定了虫生真菌毒素-破坏素A和杀虫剂1.8%阿维菌素EC、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC、10%吡虫啉WP、40%啶虫脒WG、10%烯啶虫胺AS等对苹果黄蚜的毒力, 结果显示, 上述药剂对苹果黄蚜的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为0.016、0.221、0.221、2.242、9.793和8.247 mg/L, 表明破坏素A对苹果黄蚜具有较高的毒力, 1.8%阿维菌素EC和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC次之。进一步筛选破坏素A与杀虫剂的最佳混配比例, 结果表明, 当破坏素A和1.8%阿维菌素EC以4∶6、5∶5、6∶4、7∶3、8∶2、9∶1的比例混配时均具有显著的增效作用, 混配比为9∶1时共毒系数为176.36, 毒力效果最佳。生物杀虫剂破坏素A与阿维菌素的混配施用在苹果黄蚜的防治中具有较好的应用前景。     

不同杀虫剂对铜绿丽金龟的室内毒力测定及混配增效药剂筛选

为了筛选出对蛴螬具有增效作用的复配药剂组合,室内采用浸虫法测定了多个复配剂对铜绿丽金龟2龄幼虫的联合毒力,并用共毒因子法与共毒系数法相结合评价了复配组合的联合作用。结果表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺与硫双威、毒死蜱、噻虫胺、氟虫腈、联苯菊酯、吡虫啉、高效氯氟氰菊酯分别按9∶2、5∶1、3∶4、9∶25、18∶5、1∶3、18∶23复配时增效作用最显著,其共毒系数分别为169、248、335、144、195、185、184;高效氯氟氰菊酯与噻虫胺按15∶2复配时增效作用最明显,共毒系数为166;联苯菊酯与硫双威、吡虫啉分别按5∶2、5∶9复配时增效作用最显著,共毒系数分别为216、244。     

3种果树蚜虫有效防治药剂及剂量筛选

本文针对杏瘤蚜、梨二叉蚜和苹果黄蚜3种主要果树蚜虫,选取2种新型杀虫剂50%氟啶虫胺腈WG和240g/L螺虫乙酯SC以及2种常用杀虫剂70%吡虫啉WG和20%啶虫脒WG,采用常规喷雾法比较了不同药剂、不同用药剂量的田间防治效果和持效性。结果表明,在杏瘤蚜和梨二叉蚜发生期,使用50%氟啶虫胺腈WG 41.67、55.56、83.33mg/L,240g/L螺虫乙酯SC 28.00、56.00mg/L,70%吡虫啉WG 35.00、70.00mg/L和20%啶虫脒WG 33.33、50.00mg/L喷雾处理,药后7、14和21d防治效果均在86.21%以上,具有良好的防治效果和持效性。在苹果黄蚜发生期,70%吡虫啉WG和20%啶虫脒WG药后7d防治效果较好,14d和21d的防治效果远低于7d的防效,持效性较差;50%氟啶虫胺腈WG 41.67 mg/L处理与70%吡虫啉WG和20%啶虫脒WG表现相似;而50%氟啶虫胺腈WG 55.56、83.33mg/L和240g/L螺虫乙酯SC 28.00、56.00mg/L在7、14和21d防治效果分别在97.24%、92.44%和75.42%以上,表现良好的防治效果和持效性。综合分析认为,杏瘤蚜和梨二叉蚜对4种药剂均具有较高的敏感性,而70%吡虫啉WG和20%啶虫脒WG在田间对苹果黄蚜已表现出防效下降和持效期缩短的现象。据此推荐在杏瘤蚜和梨二叉蚜成蚜发生期,使用50%氟啶虫胺腈WG、240g/L螺虫乙酯SC、70%吡虫啉WG、20%啶虫脒WG,分别以有效成分用量41.67、28.00、35.00、33.33mg/L进行常规喷雾处理。在苹果黄蚜成蚜发生期,使用50%氟啶虫胺腈WG 55.56mg/L和240g/L螺虫乙酯SC 28.00mg/L进行常规喷雾处理,可有效控制3种蚜虫为害。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.