壳寡糖诱导烟草防御酶系活性变化及PR-1a基因表达研究

 The activity change of defensive enzymes and PR-1a gene expression of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedling induced by chito-oligosaccharides were studied. The results showed that high level systemic acquired resistance (SAR) was expressed in tobacco plants treated with chito-oligosaccharides solution at the concentration of 50 μg/mL. PAL activity increased greatly with 2 peaks, the activity of SOD decreased initially followed by an increase with higher increment, and the activity of POD peaked early followed by a gentle fall in chito-oligosaccharide treated plants. The PR-1a gene was strongly expressed in tobacco due to systemic acquired resistance induced by chito-oligosaccharides. At 168 h after inoculation the expression quantity (co-pies/2 μL) of PR-1a gene was increased to 2 469.6 in treated tobacco leaf, reached 392.6% than that at 0 h after inoculation, it was increased 3.05 times of that in untreated control.     

防治苹果树腐烂病杀菌剂的室内筛选

 The inhibitory effects of 10 fungicides on apple tree valsa canker were compared on dishes and twigs. The results showed that conidia germination and mycelial growth were inhibited by all fungicedes tested. The EC₅₀ value of Difenoconazole was 6. 1×10^-3μg·mL^-1, the lowest among tested fungicide in inhibiting conidia germination. Tebuconazole and Imazalil also showed obvious inhibition effect. Thiophanatemethyl was the least efficient with the EC₅₀ value 2.6×10¹ μg·mL^-1. Difenoconazole also showed the highest activity for inhibiting mycelial growth with ECho value of 2.3×10^-2 μg·mL^-1. Tebuconazole was better than other fungicide. Thiophanate-methyl and Propineb were the least efficient with quite high EC₅₀ value. Furthermore, the size of the lesion after inoculation on excised twigs also revealed that Difenoconazole was most efficient because it showed the smallest lesion of 394 mm² compared with other tested fungicides. So Difenoconazole and Tebuconazole could be used to control apple tree valsa canker in field to subsititute forbided fungicides such as asomate.     

Chemical composition and phytotoxic activity of the volatile oil of invasive Xanthium italicum Moretti from Xinjiang, China

Aerial parts of Xanthium italicum in an air tight container greatly inhibited root elongation of radish,implying that this invasive plant could release biologically active volatile organic compounds(VOCs)into the environment to affect other plants' growth.This phenomenon was further studied by evaluating the phytotoxic effects of X.italicum essential oil against two dicot plants,amaranth(Amaranthus mangostanus L.)and lettuce(Lectuca sativa L.),and two monocot plants,wheat(Triticum aestivum Linn)and ryegrass(Lolium multiforum),and analyzing the chemical composition of the oil.Among the 4 test species,amaranth was the most sensitive plant,0.5μl/mL essential oil application resulted in a 50% reduction on root elongation,and 2.5 μl/mL essential oil almost completely inhibited its seedling growth.Wheat was the least sensitive species,whose root growth was reduced to 36% of control by 5 μl/mL essential oil.The essential oil exerted moderate inhibitory effect on both lettuce and ryegrass.Compared to a commercial herbicide-Harness,X.italicum oil exhibited stronger phytotoxicity on amaranth,lettuce and wheat,but weaker activity on ryegrass.The chemical composition of the essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of X.italicum Moretti was analyzed by GC/MS.Thirty two compounds were identified,representing 94.89% of total oil,which was found to be rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons(60.71%).The main constituents of the oil were limonene(51.61%),germacrene B(6.98%),δ-cadinol(5.94%),β-pinene(5.23%),α-caryophyllene(5.1%)and bornyl acetate(3.15%).Bioassay revealed the dominant constituent-limonene,was unlikely the responsible phytotoxic compound due to its low biological activity;rather,there might be other oil constituent(s)that either act alone,or work together,and possibly assisted by synergistic effect,to display the phytotoxic activity.Our results suggested that X.italicum might produce allelopathic VOCs to facilitate its invasion success.This is the first report on the phytotoxic activity and the chemical composition of the essential oil of X.italicum Moretti from China.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体蛋白对北方根结线虫生物测定方法的建立和杀虫效果评价

 A bioassay procedure was developed to assess the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein against Meloidogyne hapla,a root-knot nematode,under laboratory conditions.Reproducibility and precision of the bioassay results were optimal when forty 2nd stage juveniles were incubated in the dissolved crystal protein solution at 25℃,pH9.0 for 7 days.The juveniles were stained with 1% KMnO₄ for 2 hours or methylene blue solution for 1 hour to distinguish living and dead ones.By the bioassay procedure,the LC₅₀ value of strain YBT-1532 crystal protein against M.hapla was determined as 0.304±0.086 mg/mL(LC₅₀±1.96SE).Moreover,the strain YBT-1532 showed toxicity to Caenorhabditis elegans,a free-living nematode.All results indicated that YBT-1532 is a toxic strain to plant-parasitic nematode,and has the potential to control plant-parasitic nematode.     

玉米弯孢叶斑病菌酵母双杂交cDNA 文库的构建及评价

 BD SMART technique and LD-PCR were applied to synthesize double strand cDNA(ds cDNA).The ds cDNA and pGADT7-Rec were transfered into competent yeast cell to construct yeast two-hybrid cDNA library of Curvularia lunata by homologous recombination method. The results showed that library capacitance was 2. 46 × 105 and transformation rate was 2. 13 × 105 / μg pGADT7-Rec. The plaque titer of the library was 2. 5 × 108 pfu / mL and the recombination frequency was 88. 24% . The length of inserted cDNA fragment was ranged from 0. 4 kb to 3 kb in average. This is the first time to use BD SMART technique to construct yeast two-hybrid cDNA library of C. lunata by homologous recombination.     

陕西省小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵敏感性研究

 The mycelium growth rate method was used to test the sensitivity to carbendazim (MBC) at distinctive concentrations in 136 isolates of Fusarium graminearum from 19 counties of 6 districts in Shaanxi Province in 2008. The distinctive MBC concentration was 4 mg / L for testing of resistance and sensitivity. The results showed that average 50% effective concentration (EC50 ) of 136 tested sensitive isolates were (0. 908 6 ± 0. 062 3) mg / L. All the isolates were sensitive to MBC. The fungicide of MBC could be continually applied wheat production in Shaanxi.     

玉米大斑病菌孢子萌发和附着胞形成的影响因素研究

 Factors of influence on conidium germination and appressorium formation of Setosphaeria turcica,such as light condition,conidial concentration,nutrient resources and pH value of conidial suspension were studied.There was no significant difference among light treatments.The optimal pH for conidium germination and appressorium formation was 5.0 to 7.0.The exogenous nutrient sources were not the indispensable factors for conidium germination,but 5% sugar solution were more favorable for appressorium formation than the others.Low conidial concentration in suspension (conidia ≤ 10⁴/mL) was propitious to conidium germination and appressorium formation,which were inhibited significantly in higher concentration.It was suggested that the phenomenon was due to the self-inhibitor,a kind of lipophilic substance,existing in the site of conidium germination.     

Interactions between vegetation dynamic and edaphic factors in the Great Salt Desert of central Iran

Investigating the relationships between vegetation dynamic and edaphic factors provide management insights into factors affecting the growth and establishment of plant species and vegetation communities in saline areas.The aim of this study was to assess the spatial variability of various vegetation communities in relation to edaphic factors in the Great Salt Desert,central Iran.Fifteen vegetation communities were identified using the physiognomy-floristic method.Coverage and density of vegetation communities were determined using the transect plot method.Forty soil samples were collected from major horizons of fifteen profiles in vegetation communities,and analyzed in terms of following soil physical and chemical characteristics:soil texture,soluble Na+concentration,sodium adsorption ratio(SAR),electrical conductivity(EC),pH,organic matter content,soluble Mg2+and Ca2+concentrations,carbonate and gypsum contents,and spontaneously-and mechanically-dispersible clay contents.Redundancy analysis was used to investigate the relationships between vegetation dynamic and edaphic factors.The generalized linear method(GLM)was used to find the plant species response curves against edaphic factors.Results showed that plant species responded differently to edaphic factors,in which soluble sodium concentration,EC,SAR,gypsum content and soil texture were identified as the most discriminative edaphic factors.The studied plant species were also found to have different ecological requirements and tolerance to edaphic factors,in which Tamarix aphylla and Halocnemum strobilaceum were identified as the most salt-resistant species in the region.Furthermore,the presence of Artemisia sieberi was highly related to soil sand and gypsum contents.The results implied that exploring the plant species response curves against edaphic factors can assist managers to lay out more appropriate restoration plans in similar arid areas.     

亚麻品系9801-1对白粉病的抗性遗传分析

 The genetics of resistance against powdery mildew in flax was analyzed. The F₁ plants from reciprocal cross of resistant materials 9801-1 and three susceptible cultivars ILONA, VENUS and DIANE were resistant to powdery mildew. The ratio of resistant and susceptible plants in F₂ generation fitted the excepted 3 to 1. It was postulated that 9801-1 carded a single dominant and resistant gene.     

雷帕霉素对4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌、油菜菌核病菌、水稻纹枯病菌和棉花枯萎病菌的抑菌活性,比较了嘧菌酯、丙烷脒及雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌效果,并通过电子显微镜观察了雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:雷帕霉素对供试4种植物病原真菌菌丝均表现出了极强的抑制活性,其中对油菜菌核病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50值为2.23×10-4μg/mL,对番茄灰霉病菌、水稻纹枯病菌和棉花枯萎病菌的EC50值分别为1.32×10-3、4.05×10-3及3.82×10-3μg/mL;雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝的抑制活性显著高于嘧菌酯(EC50值为3.24μg/mL)和丙烷脒(EC50值为3.81μg/mL)。电镜观察发现,经雷帕霉素处理后,番茄灰霉病菌菌丝表现出提前衰老等症状。研究结果可为深入探讨雷帕霉素对植物病原真菌的作用机制奠定基础。     

苯甲酰基甲磺酰胺的合成与杀菌活性

以苯乙酮为原料,用三氧化硫·二氧六环进行磺化,经碱中和后制备得到苯甲酰甲磺酸盐;与草酰氯在DMF为催化剂的条件下反应生成磺酰氯,再与胺反应,制备得到14个苯甲酰基甲磺酰胺,其中13个为新化合物。其结构通过1H NMR、IR和元素分析确证。在50 μg/mL浓度时,该系列化合物对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、小麦赤霉病菌Gibberlla zeae、水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani、梨黑星病菌Venturia nashicola菌丝生长均具有很好的抑制活性,其中化合物 B-8、B-9、B-10、B-12 对番茄灰霉病菌的EC50值分别为1.0、0.2、1.2、0.4 μg/mL,接近或优于对照药剂嘧霉胺, B-8、B-10、B-11 对小麦赤霉病菌的EC50值分别为0.07、0.2、0.05 μg/mL,优于对照药剂多菌灵。     

α-甲硫基环十二酮肟醚的合成及杀菌活性

以环十二酮为原料,经α-甲硫基环十二酮制得中间体α-甲硫基环十二酮肟后,经烷基(芳基)化反应合成了10个α-甲硫基环十二酮肟醚,其结构经元素分析、1H NMR、13C NMR和IR的确证。初步生测结果表明,部分化合物对立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani、褐孢霉菌Fulvia fulva(cooke)cifer 、灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea等病原菌具有较好的杀菌活性,其中 F3和 F8 对立枯丝核菌的EC50值为11.22和13.38 μg/mL, 对褐孢霉菌的EC50值为37.12和48.41 μg/mL, F9 对灰霉病菌的EC50值为17.96 μg/mL。     

N-(2,4,5-三氯苯基)-2-氧代环己烷基磺酰胺对灰葡萄孢的抑制作用

研究了新型环烷基磺酰胺类化合物N-(2,4,5-三氯苯基)-2-氧代环己烷基磺酰胺(简称化合物108)对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长、孢子形成和萌发以及菌核产生等不同生育阶段的抑制作用及其对菌丝致病力和形态结构的影响。结果表明:化合物108对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长和孢子形成及孢子萌发具有明显的抑制作用,其EC50值分别为6.90、4.70和4.11μg/mL;菌核形成受到明显抑制,当药剂质量浓度达20μg/mL时,无菌核产生。经化合物108处理后的灰葡萄孢菌丝致病力下降,40μg/mL处理的菌丝致病力显著低于对照。超微结构观察结果表明,化合物108能导致灰葡萄孢菌丝萎缩、塌陷和变形,菌体细胞壁增厚、皱缩及分层。     

旁路氧化与设施蔬菜灰葡萄孢霉菌菌丝生长 对嘧菌酯敏感性的关系

首次研究分析了灰葡萄孢霉菌群体中旁路氧化与菌丝生长对嘧菌酯敏感性之间的关系。结果表明,旁路氧化酶的专化性抑制剂水杨肟酸(SHAM)对不同菌株菌丝生长的影响不同:50 μg /mL SHAM对采自浙江、江苏、山东三地的142株灰葡萄孢霉菌菌丝生长的抑制率在-29.03% ~48.33%之间,平均为10.49%。SHAM处理对嘧菌酯抑制菌丝生长的活性表现出明 显的协同增效作用:无SHAM时,嘧菌酯对上述群体菌丝生长的EC50(EC50Q)值在0.20~51.48 μg /mL 之间,平均为6.56 μg /mL;当SHAM浓度为50 μg /mL时,EC50 值在0.04~5.25 μg /mL 之间,平均为2.21 μg /mL。旁路氧化的相对贡献值F 最低为0.17,最高为24.40,平均为3.19。另外,少数在没有SHAM存在时对嘧菌酯表现"耐药性"的菌株在SHAM存在下对嘧菌酯也很敏感。     

葡萄炭疽病菌对甲基硫菌灵、戊唑醇和醚菌酯的敏感性检测

采用菌丝生长法检测了78株采自浙江省杭州、嵊州和嘉兴 3地的葡萄炭疽病菌 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 对甲基硫菌灵、戊唑醇和醚菌酯的敏感性。结果表明:供试病菌已对甲基硫菌灵产生了严重的抗药性,抗性频率为51.3%,且均为高水平抗药性菌株;78个供试菌株对戊唑醇的EC50值在0.04～21.56 μg/mL之间,平均为1.63 μg/mL,其中L-58菌株的敏感性最低,EC50值为21.6 μg/mL。旁路氧化酶抑制剂水杨肟酸(SHAM)处理对醚菌酯抑制葡萄炭疽病菌菌丝生长的活性表现出明显的增效作用:无SHAM存在时,醚菌酯抑制菌丝生长的EC50(EC50Q)值在0.03～436.55 μg/mL之间,平均为27.77 μg/mL;当SHAM的处理质量浓度为50 μg/mL时,EC50(EC50Q+S)值在0.01～15.20 μg/mL 之间,平均为4.40 μg/mL。旁路氧化的相对贡献值 F 最低为0,最高为155.47,平均为20.09。     

胶孢炭疽菌生防放线菌gz-8的鉴定及生物活性初步评价

从山东省临沂地区土壤中分离到一株放线菌gz-8,发现其对胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides具有较强的抑制作用,皿内抑菌活性达72.5%。通过形态特征和生理生化测定,结合16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株为栗褐链霉菌Streptomyces badius。抗菌谱测定结果表明,菌株gz-8对6种植物病原真菌均具有较强的抑菌活性,抗菌谱较广。进一步对菌株gz-8的粗提物进行了生物活性评价,发现其发酵液粗提物可以明显抑制胶孢炭疽菌的菌丝生长（EC50=3.18 μg/mL）和分生孢子萌发（IC50=1.92 μg/mL）,且活性明显高于菌体粗提物;同时发酵液粗提物具有良好的热稳定性及pH稳定性;1 000 mg/L的发酵液粗提物对感染胶孢炭疽病芒果果实的防效达到35.94%,与同浓度下百菌清的防效（34.11%）无显著差异。     

3种丝柏油醇络合物对11种植物病原真菌的室内抑菌活性

采用生长速率法测定了丝柏油醇铜、钙、钠3种络合物对11种常见植物病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明,3种丝柏油醇络合物对小麦全蚀病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、柑橘炭疽病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、西瓜炭疽病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌、大葱紫斑病菌、玉米纹枯病菌和番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中对棉花枯萎病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的抑制效果相对较高,EC_(50)分别为21.69~27.13mg/L和25.18~29.43mg/L。而3种络合物对其他病菌的EC_(50),除钙络合物对柑橘炭疽病菌和西瓜炭疽病菌、钠络合物对柑橘炭疽病、西瓜炭疽病菌和小麦赤霉病菌的EC_(50)高于50mg/L外,均小于等于45.72mg/L。说明3种丝柏油醇络合物均具有防治上述植物病害的潜力,但以铜络合物的活性相对较高。     

草莓炭疽病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性及旁路氧化在胶孢炭疽菌对QoIs敏感性中的作用

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了草莓炭疽病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性,并分析了旁路氧化与胶孢炭疽菌对Qo Is类杀菌剂敏感性的关系。结果表明:无旁路氧化酶(alternative oxidase,AOX)专化性抑制剂水杨肟酸(SHAM)作用时,吡唑醚菌酯对采自浙江临安、建德、诸暨3地的65株草莓炭疽病菌菌丝生长的EC50(EC50Q)值在0.09~24.26μg/m L之间,平均为6.65μg/m L;当有50μg/m L的SHAM存在时,其EC50[EC50(Q+S)]值在0.06~48.98μg/m L之间,平均为10.58μg/m L。旁路氧化的相对贡献值F[F=EC50Q/EC50(Q+S)]最低为0.02,最高为11.17,平均为0.96,其中78.46%的菌株的F值1。进一步采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析了不同敏感性的草莓和葡萄炭疽病菌在吡唑醚菌酯处理下其AOX基因表达的时间动态。结果显示:吡唑醚菌酯处理能诱导AOX基因的表达,在处理后6~12 h内,各菌株AOX基因的表达水平均显著增强,但表达量的差异与菌株对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性之间无显著相关性。本研究表明,旁路氧化在不同病原菌中的情况是非常复杂的。     

新型杀菌剂苯噻菌酯的抑菌活性及生物学特性

报道了新型Qo I类杀菌剂苯噻菌酯(试验代号Y5247)的生物学特性。在含50μg/m L水杨肟酸(SHAM)旁路氧化专化性抑制剂的AEA培养基上,该杀菌剂抑制水稻纹枯病菌、稻瘟病菌、油菜菌核病菌及草莓灰霉病菌菌丝生长的有效中浓度(EC50)分别为0.004、0.009、0.016和0.023μg/m L;其抑制辣椒炭疽病菌和草莓灰霉病菌孢子萌发的EC50值分别为0.448和0.019μg/m L。苯噻菌酯对防治小麦白粉病具有保护和治疗作用,EC50值分别为0.991和1.823μg/m L。其在小麦叶片上内吸输导性差,但具有一定的渗透性、良好的粘着性、耐雨水冲刷和较长的持效期。用有效成分为25μg/m L的苯噻菌酯药液喷雾处理的麦苗,14 d后接种小麦白粉病菌,其防效仍达72.48%。