SELECTIVITY OF BENZENE SULPHONYL CARBAMATE HERBICIDES BETWEEN DIFFERENT GRASS SPECIES AND CLOVER

Summary. In field experiments extending over the period 1964–68 wettable powder and water soluble formulations of asulam and M & B 8882 were applied to a range of grass species in summer and autumn. Phleum pratense L., Dactylis glomerata L., Holcus lanatus L., Agrostis tenuis Sibth. and Poa trivialis L. were more susceptible than Lolium perenne L., Festuca pratensis Huds. and Festuca rubra L., although effects were more persistent on H. lanatus than on the other species. Trifolium repens L. (white clover) was more resistant to M & B 8882 than to asulam, particularly in July. The pattern of selectivity was similar with summer and autumn treatment, but effects were slower to develop in the autumn.
Sélectivité des herbicides a base de carbamate de benzène sulfonyle entre différentes espèces de graminées et le trèfle     

Triticeae plants preferentially responded to S-1-α-methylbenzyl-3-p-tolylurea in root growth and tetrazolium reduction assays

Optically active 1-α-methylbenzyl-3- p -tolylurea (MBTU) shows diverse plant physiological properties. Gramineae plants exhibit enantioselective root growth inhibition by R / S -MBTU. In the present paper, the dose–growth response (DGR) towards the optically active MBTUs was examined in the tribe Triticeae plants, including Hordeum vulgare L., Secale cereale L., Triticum aestivum L. and Aegilops cylindrica Host., and compared with those of the genus Bromus ( B. inermis Leyss), which is classified into the tribe Bromeae, and the genus Oryza . In spite of their phylogenetic difference, the Triticeae plants responded homogeneously in their chiral recognition. Of particular interest, is the result of the dichotomic enantioselective response of tested Gramineae plants. Only the genus Oryza responds to R -MBTU, and the tribes Triticeae ( Triticum , Aegilops , Secale and Hordeum ) and Bromeae ( Bromus ) preferentially respond to the S -enantiomer. The tetrazolium–phenazine methosulfate–formazan (TPF) assay was demonstrated to measure redox activity of root tips of the MBTU-treated Oryza sativa and T. aestivum , which are the typical dichotomic, enantioselective-responsive plants. In Oryza and Triticum root tips, enantioselective responses of reduction activity in TPF assays were strongly related to those of root growth inhibition in DGR assays, suggesting aggressive participation of the MBTU in the generation of the reducing mechanism in mitochondria.     

THE EFFECT OF JULY APPLICATIONS OF DALAPON ON THE GROWTH AND BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF AN AGROSTIS/LOLIUM PASTURE

Summary. Dalapon–sodium at 3.3–7.5 Ib ac/a.e. was applied in early, mid– and late July 1964 to an Agrostis/Lolium pasture for selective control of the weed grasses Agrostis stolonifera, Poa trivialis and Holcus lanatus. These species were significantly more susceptible than Lolium perenne to dalapon at all doses regardless of the time of spraying. The most promising treatment was 33 lb/ac applied on 4th July, which increased the ground cover of L. perenne and substantially reduced Agrostis stolonifera and Poa trivialis. The total yield of herbage 12 weeks after spraying was only 50% of that from the unsprayed control, but the yield of Lolium perenne was not affected. When cut on 21st May and 5th August 1965, total yield was only slightly reduced and that of L. perenne was increased by 60–90%. The successful practical utilization of this selectivity is likely to depend largely on the spacing of the plants of L. perenne in the pasture. Simazine at 0.75 Ib/ac applied to half of each plot 3–4 weeks alter dalapon treatment had no lasting beneficial effect on the composition of the sward.     

小麦禾谷孢囊线虫寄生范围的研究

经测试表明,禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)对长江中游地区栽种的小麦、裸大麦、米大麦、家燕麦、野燕麦、黑麦草、鹅冠草、苇状羊茅、球茎草芦和鸭茅均能侵染,这些植物是该线虫的良好寄主,但感染率差异不显著。该线虫能侵染玉米,但很难完成生活史,不侵染供试的红三叶草和紫苜蓿2种非禾本科牧草。在不同的寄主根内,线虫发育速度有差异,单位重量根内虫口数亦有异,黑麦草内最多,鲜根有线虫4.45条/g,鸭茅最少为1.26条/g。     

吡氟酰草胺除草活性及对小麦安全性测定

为明确吡氟酰草胺对我国黄淮海区域小麦田常见杂草的生物活性和对小麦的安全性,采用盆栽法测定了吡氟酰草胺在杂草苗前土壤处理和苗后早期茎叶处理2种施药方式下对小麦田常见17种杂草的除草活性及对济麦22、良星66和矮抗58三个小麦品种的安全性。结果表明:吡氟酰草胺在杂草苗前土壤处理和苗后早期茎叶处理中杀草谱基本一致,对阔叶杂草播娘蒿、荠菜和禾本科杂草早熟禾、碱茅、菵草、蜡烛草、棒头草和看麦娘8种杂草的防除效果好,土壤处理GR_(50)在15.96~75.95 g(a.i.)/hm~2之间,GR_(90)在65.27~253.83 g(a.i.)/hm~2之间,茎叶处理GR_(50)在10.47~89.15 g(a.i.)/hm~2之间,GR_(90)在90.20~429.37 g(a.i.)/hm~2之间;对猪殃殃、麦家公、麦瓶草和大穗看麦娘4种杂草防除效果略差,GR_(90)在577.98~2 486.76 g(a.i.)/hm~2之间;对节节麦、硬草、野燕麦、多花黑麦草和雀麦5种杂草的防除效果差或无效。该药对小麦安全性好,土壤处理和茎叶处理中,3个小麦品种在试验剂量下均生长正常,GR_(10)均大于3 200 g(a.i.)/hm~2,在小麦和播娘蒿等8种杂草之间的选择性指数均远远大于5.54。     

啶磺草胺等8种除草剂对小麦田8种禾本科杂草的生物活性

在温室内采用盆栽整株喷雾法研究了啶磺草胺等8种除草剂对雀麦、节节麦等8种禾本科杂草的生物活性,探讨各除草剂对这些禾本科杂草的防除谱及防除效果。结果表明：啶磺草胺、氟唑磺隆和甲基二磺隆对雀麦、日本看麦娘和看麦娘的防效均较好,田间推荐剂量下（14、22.5、9 g/hm2）防效为66.74%～100%;对硬草的防效略差;对野燕麦和节节麦的防效较差;对菵草、蜡烛草略有差异,氟唑磺隆对菵草防效较好,而啶磺草胺对蜡烛草防效较好。唑啉草酯、肟草酮、炔草酯、精恶唑禾草灵和异丙隆对日本看麦娘、看麦娘、蜡烛草、硬草、菵草和野燕麦防效均较好,田间推荐剂量下防效为71.73%～100%,对节节麦、雀麦防效较差或无效。     

Chiral response of Oryzeae and Paniceae plants in alpha-methylbenzyl-3-p-tolyl urea agar medium

The results presented here support the hypothesis that plants of the tribe Oryzeae respond enantioselectively and homogeneously to optically active 1-alpha-methylbenzyl-3-p-tolylurea (MBTU) in root growth inhibition, in contrast to Echinochloa species. The Oryzeae plants tested in this study belong to different genera (Oryza, Leersia, Chikusichloa and Zizania), to different species (O sativa, O glaberrima, O alta, O coarctata, O latifolia, O minuta, O rufipogon), to various ecospecies of Oryza (japonica, indica, japonica x indica, javanica) and to different levels of evolution [cultivated rice (O sativa and O glaberrima) and ancestral wild rice species]. In spite of their different phylogenic status and diverse sensitivity, the root growth of all members of the genus Oryza was inhibited more by R-MBTU than by S-MBTU. Zizania palustris, Z latifolia, Leersia oryzoides and Chikusichloa aquatica belonging to the tribe Oryzeae exhibited similar chiral recognition to the Oryza plants, suggesting that Oryzeae have a common chiral recognition mechanism in their response to optically active MBTUs. In contrast, Echinochloa plants (E crus-galli (L) Beauv var crus-galli and E colonum (L) Link), belonging into subfamily Panicoideae tribe Paniceae, responded in a different way, where their root growth was more sensitive to S-MBTU than to the antipodal R-MBTU. A reverse chiral response between the tribe Oryzeae and the genus Echinochloa was clearly indicated in this study. This diverse response may be relevant to Gramineae classification.     

THE EFFECTS OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE AND 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID ON ROADSIDE VEGETATION

Summary. Observations have been made on the effects of maleic hydrazide (MH) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), used singly or as a combined spray, on the vegetation of roadside verges, over a period of 3-4 years (1958-61). Each year, replicate plots were sprayed in spring, and assessments of growth and floristic composition of the vegetation, which was dominated by grasses, were usually made on three occasions. Treatment with MH, used singly, resulted in a general suppression of growth and flowering, particularly of the grasses. Well-marked changes in the composition of the sward were attributable to MH, notably the decline of tufted forms, e.g. Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata , and the rise to dominance of the rhizomatous grasses. These changes were associated with a progressive increase of some dicotyledonous plants, although this was effectively prevented by the combined spray of MH and 2,4-D. Two of the commonest weeds, Anthriscus sylvestris and Heracleum sphondylium , were almost eliminated from plots treated with this combined spray for 3 successive years; a low sward, fairly free from dicotyledons and dominated by Poa rather than Festuca , usually resulted. Treatment with 2,4-D alone, had relatively little effect on growth, flowering and proportion of the different grasses, but there was a reduction in the weed population.
Les effets de l'hydrazide maléique et de l'acide 2,4-dichlorophénoxyacétique sur la végetation au bord d'une route     

Bacterial leaf streak of Gramineae in Iran

Bacterial leaf streaks of wheat and barley in Kerman province (Iran) were found to be distinct in etiology. The barley strains were limited in host range and could only infect barley. The wheat strains were pathogenic to barley, wheat, rye, triticale, Bromus spp., Agropyron spp., Elymus junceus, Lolium multiflorum , and Phalaris tuberosa , but not Dactylis glomerata, Cynodon dactylon, Phleum pratense , and oat. Based on host reactions and electrophoretic patterns of cell proteins, the barley and wheat strains were identified as Xanthomonas campestris pv. hordei and pv. cerealis , respectively.     

The control of Holcus lanatus in perennial ryegrass swards by asulam.

Asulam was evaluated in three fields experiments for the control of Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus L.) in perennial rygrass(Lolium perenneL). It was used in 1976 on a 3 year-old ryegrass/timothy (Phleum pratense L.) sward in comparison with propyzamidc, in 1977 on a 9 year-old ryegrass pasture grazed at two stocking rates and in 1978 on an intensively managed ryegrass dominant sward. Asulam at 1.75 kg ha^?1 gave good selective control in all the field experiments and was more effective under higher than lower slocking rates. In laxly grazed swards it was most effective when sprayed in October. Propyzamide also controlled H. lanatus and increased yields of while clover (Trifolium repens L.) even at 0.25 kg ha^?1 but it damaged the sown grasses and increased the growth of broad-leaved weeds.     

河南信阳地区麦田杂草发生情况及防除方法

河南省信阳地区小麦田主要杂草有猪殃殃、看麦娘、荠菜、牛繁缕、婆婆纳、卷耳、野燕麦、菵草、早熟禾等,共13科27种.麦田杂草防除,应采用“一封,二杀,三补”的用药原则,并用足兑水量,一般不少于450 kg/hm2.在除草剂品种选用上,做到不同类型除草剂交替使用,防止产生耐药性,以保证除草效果.     

浙沪小麦田杂草调查及优势杂草化学防除技术研究

为了明确浙沪小麦田杂草发生情况及优势杂草控制技术,采用唐氏五级目测法和随机取样计数法相结合的方法,对上海和浙江的116块冬小麦田杂草进行了抽样调查,同时采用盆栽试验和田间小区试验测定了7种除草剂对主要危害杂草的防效。结果表明,浙沪冬小麦田共调查到杂草43种,隶属于14科,其中菊科杂草种类最多,有10种,其次是禾本科杂草9种,再次是石竹科杂草5种。杂草群落组成以禾本科杂草为主,优势杂草为日本看麦娘Alopecurus japonicus Steud.、菵草Beckmannia syzigachne(Steud.) Fern.、棒头草Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud.、硬草Sclerochloa dura(L.) Beauv.、早熟禾Poa annua L.、鹅肠菜Myosoton aquaticum(L.) Moench、救荒野豌豆Vicia sativa L.、猪殃殃Galium spurium L.和小藜Chenopodium ficifolium Smith。室内除草活性及田间药效试验结果表明,日本看麦娘可用15%炔草酯WP、5%唑啉草酯EC、30 g/L...     

The influence of herbicides, nitrogen fertilizer, seed rate and method of sowing, on the establishment and long-term composition of a perennial ryegrass ley.

Changes in ihe species composition of a ryegrass pasture were examined over a 2 year period from a spring establishment. Seed of S23 perennial ryegrass was sown in main plots, eilher broadcast or drilled, at rates of 15, 25 or 35 kg/ha in a field experiment at Oxford. The whole area was oversown withfour weed grasses (Agrostis siolonifera.Holcus lanatus. Poa annua and P trivialis). Five cultural and three herbicide treatments were applied across the plots. These consisted of three levels of nitrogen (0. 50 and 100 kg N per ha), two companion species (Italian ryegrass and white clover) and 2.4-D, benazolin and methabenzihiazuron applications. Ten weeks after sowing, broad-leaved weeds accounted for nearly half the lotal dry-matter yield, except where controlled by the three herbicides. Grass yields were nol increased by herbicide treatment. The only cultural treatment checking broad-leaved weeds was ihe 35 kg/ha seeding rale. Seven months after sowing, the only treatment which had decreased the abundance of weed grasses was melhabenzthiazuron especially againsi A. stolonifera and Poa spp. Two years afler sowing, perennial ryegrass had only 34% ground cover and had been replaced largely by H. lanatus (38%), Poa spp, (15%) and A. stolonifera (7%), Where methabenzthiazuron had been used the ryegrass ground cover was 48%. with less P. trivialis and A. stolonifera. but H. lanatus was nol altered. White clover decreased H. lanatus cover. In two supplementary pot experiments, methabenzthiazuron sprayed pre-emergence damaged perennial ryegrass unless the seed was covered with at least 4 mm of soil. Only H. lanatmand F. rubra out of sixteen grasses were relatively resistant to methabenzihiazuron when applied at ihe tillering stage, confirming that this herbicide has potential for preventing the ingress of many unsown grasses in new leys.     

扬州市邗江区小麦田杂草调查与日本看麦娘的化学防除

2014年对扬州市邗江区的麦田杂草进行了抽样调查,结果表明,小麦田禾本科杂草中优势种类为日本看麦娘、菵草、看麦娘和硬草;阔叶杂草优势种有猪殃殃、野老鹳草、牛繁缕和泥胡菜;日本看麦娘在所有调查田间的发生密度最大、频度最高,且丘陵山区的发生程度重于沿江地区。对日本看麦娘的田间药效试验结果表明,炔草酯、甲基二磺隆对该地区日本看麦娘的防除效果均不理想,7．5％啶磺草胺可湿性粉剂（WP）187．5 g/hm2对麦田日本看麦娘的防除效果较好,且对小麦生长安全,是该地区麦田防除日本看麦娘的理想药剂。     

我国小麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性研究进展

小麦是我国主要的粮食作物, 麦田草害的发生与危害严重影响小麦的产量与品质。我国小麦田的禾本科杂草主要包括日本看麦娘、看麦娘、菵草和多花黑麦草等, 田间杂草防除主要依靠化学除草剂。精噁唑禾草灵自20世纪80年代进入我国市场以来, 长期用于小麦田禾本科杂草防除, 已经报道麦田多种禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵产生了高水平抗药性。为更加科学合理地控制小麦田杂草的发生与危害, 一些学者就麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性水平监测和抗性机理进行了系统研究。本文系统总结了我国小麦田抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的发生种群、抗性水平、靶标酶抗性机理与非靶标抗性机理, 还梳理了抗性杂草的交互抗性与多抗性发生情况, 分析了我国在抗性杂草治理方面的经验以及面临的问题, 为农田杂草防除提供指导。     

The incidence of bacterial wilt caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv graminis in pasture grasses in the West of Scotland

Temporary hay and silage fields with a high proportion of perennial or Italian ryegrass ( Loliumperenne and L. multiflorum ) in Ayrshire, Dumfriesshire, Lanarkshire, West Perthshire and Stirlingshire were surveyed in mid-summer in 1979 and 1980 for the presence of bacterial wilt. The preliminary survey in 1979 showed that the disease was present in approximately half of the fields in the area. A quantitative survey of 24 fields in 1980 revealed the disease in 71% of these fields at densities between 100 and 380,000 symptom-bearing tillers per hectare. Most disease was found in ryegrass, but occasionally diseased plants of cocksfoot ( Dactylis glomerata ) and timothy ( Phleum pratense ) were found. Tall and meadow fescue ( Festuca arundinacea and F. pratensis ) were also susceptible to infection in the laboratory (cut leaf and root dip inoculations). Ryegrass cultivars varied in their susceptibility to laboratory inoculation. Cultures of Xanthomanas campestris pv graminis showed no loss of virulence following freeze-drying and revival.     

The phytotoxicity potential of olive processing waste on selected weeds and crop plants

The effect of sun-dried OPW (olive processing waste) on weeds and crop plants, was investigated at the Adnan Menderes University Research and Application Farm between 2006 and 2007. Sun-dried OPW was placed in pots in doses of 9, 18, 27, 36, 45 and 54 grams per pot, which is equivalent to doses of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 kg m⁻²; pots with no OPW served as controls. In these experiments, ten seeds each of wild oat (Avena fatua), sterile oat (Avena sterilis), blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium), faba bean (Vicia faba), pea (Pisum sativum), and sesame (Sesamum indicum) were sown in pots; for common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), seedlings were planted in pots. Seedlings of both weeds and crop plants were counted in order to assess the effects of sun-dried OPW on plant emergence. One plant was left per pot for observation of the effects of sun-dried OPW treatments on weed and crop plant growth. The results showed that OPW can be used to suppress the growth of all the weeds listed above, in pots containing V. faba, P. sativum and S.indicum plants and without any negative effects on crop growth.     

水稻矮缩病的研究Ⅲ寄主范围

 用黑尾叶蝉(Nephotettix cincticeps)经卵带毒虫接种47种禾谷类作物和禾本科杂草,以无毒若虫进行回接和血清学反向间接炭凝法检测被接种植物。结果水稻矮缩病毒的寄主除水稻(oryza sativa L.)外,还有:Oryza sativa var.fatua,O.australiensis,O.barthii,O.brachyantha,O.latifolia,O.nivara,O.glaberrima,Hordeum distichum,H.distichum var.nudum,H.vulgare,Triticum aestivum,Secale cereale,Avena sativa,Zea mays saccharata,Setaria italica,S.viridis,S.Faberii,Echinochloa crusgalli,E.crusgalli var.hispidula,E.crusgalli var.mitis,Alopecourus aequalis,Paspalum thunbetgii,Polypogon fugax,Leersia japonica,Setaria lutescens,Eragrostis ferruginea,Lolium multizlorum.和Beckmannia erucaeformis.等28种。     

麦田新型除草剂砜吡草唑的除草活性

杂草严重影响小麦的丰产丰收, 而使用除草剂是麦田杂草防除中最经济有效的手段。砜吡草唑是新型广谱、高活性的苗前土壤处理除草剂。明确砜吡草唑对麦田杂草的除草活性是该药剂在麦田应用的重要内容。本文采用温室盆栽法研究了其对麦田常见杂草的杀草谱及除草活性。研究结果表明: 砜吡草唑土壤处理对麦田禾本科杂草鹅观草Roegneria kamoji、多花黑麦草Lolium multiflorum、雀麦Bromus japonicus、棒头草Polypogon fugax、蜡烛草Phleum paniculatum, 阔叶杂草大巢菜Vicia sativa、播娘蒿Descurainia sophia、麦家公Lithospermum arvense、泽漆Euphorbia helioscopia具有良好的防除效果, 但对节节麦Aegilops tauschii和野燕麦Avena fatua的防除效果略差。在推荐剂量180 g/hm2下, 对鹅观草、多花黑麦草、雀麦、棒头草、蜡烛草、大巢菜、播娘蒿、麦家公、泽漆的株抑制率和鲜重抑制率均可达到90%以上。而对节节麦和野燕麦的ED90分别为209.54和886.43 g/hm2, 高于砜吡草唑的田间推荐剂量。砜吡草唑具有广泛的杀草谱及较高的除草活性, 可作为小麦田杂草化学防除的重要候选药剂。