小麦禾谷孢囊线虫（Heterodera avenae）的主要寄主范围研究

１９９１～１９９３年小麦禾谷孢囊线虫（Ｈｅｔｅｒｏｄｅｒａａｖｅｎａｅ）的寄主范围，侵染和在各寄主体内的发育能力进行了观察，研究。结果表明，小麦，裸大麦，米大麦，家燕麦，野燕麦，黑麦草，鹅冠草，苇状羊茅，球茎草芦和鸭等１０种植物是线虫的良好寄主，玉米能被线虫侵入寄生，但很难完成生活史，红三叶草和紫苜蓿不被线虫侵染，线虫在不同寄主体内发育进度有差异，黑麦草内线虫数量最多，平均每克鲜根内有线虫３．４５     

芜菁夜蛾线虫对小木蠹蛾侵染能力的研究

1988年室内试验结果证明:芜菁夜蛾线虫的5个品系Agriotos、All、Mexican、NC 116、Florida对蛀干害虫小木蠹蛾幼虫有很高的侵染力;但不侵染蛹。用Agriotos品系作试验,剂量和温度影响小木蠹蛾的死亡率和致死速度。当剂量大于25条线虫/木蠹蛾幼虫时,死亡率可达92％以上,同一剂量对一年、二年生幼虫的死亡率差异不显著。在15-30℃的范围内,线虫均能侵染和杀死寄主,但30℃不能在寄主尸体内繁殖。25℃为线虫浸染的最适宜温度,寄主死亡率最高,死亡速度也最快。一头5龄和7龄木蠹蛾幼虫能繁殖侵染期线虫16万和48万头。在10℃低温中,线虫不能侵染寄主,但并不死亡,当移入适宜的温度后,能迅速恢复活动。在35℃高温中,线虫则很快死亡。     

氟吡菌酰胺对南方根结线虫的作用效果

为明确琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类(SDHI)杀线剂氟吡菌酰胺对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的作用效果,在室内盆栽条件下研究不同剂量、不同施药时期该药剂对线虫侵入、根结和雌虫数量以及产卵量的影响。结果显示:在黄瓜幼苗移栽前进行土壤处理,氟吡菌酰胺施用剂量为31.25μg/株时,每株2龄幼虫侵染数量和根结数量分别为11.3条和6.4个,相比对照处理显著减少;在接种南方根结线虫后0～11 d,以施药量为125μg/株的氟吡菌酰胺进行灌根时,可大幅减少根结数量,每株根结数量减少至12.8～22.5个,同时,施药后根系内未见成熟雌虫产生;在接种后15 d,以施药量为250μg/株的氟吡菌酰胺进行灌根时,可大幅减少根内成熟雌虫数量,每株雌虫数量减少至16.9条;接种后20 d施药,施药量为500μg/株时可大幅减少根部产生的根结线虫卵块数量,每株卵块数量减少至18.9个。表明氟吡菌酰胺能抑制土壤内线虫对黄瓜根系的侵染并抑制根内线虫发育,但随着施药时间的推迟,防治已侵入根系的线虫需增加施药剂量,在生产上使用氟吡菌酰胺防治根结线虫病应在作物移栽前或线虫侵染早期施药效果更好。     

蔬莱上的茎线虫

茎线虫Ditylenchus dipsaci是许多植物的一种毁灭性害虫。虽然这种线虫在这些寄主范围内已发现有许多小种或株系,但对这些小种还缺乏明确的描述,并且有些小种似乎还能适应新的寄主。洋葱是蔬菜作物中被害最严重最广泛的一种,但萝卜、欧洲防风、蚕豆、豌豆和大黄也被侵染。至少这些作物中的一些被侵染草莓、燕麦和其它作物的一个小种所侵染。     

山东省烟草孢囊线虫的群体动态和世代发生特点

为探究烟草孢囊线虫Heterodera glycines的田间侵染循环特点,2012年从山东省诸城市某烟田定点定期取样,对土壤和根组织中的线虫进行分离和染色后镜检并计数。结果显示,4月29日至9月9日在土壤中均检出烟草孢囊线虫2龄幼虫（J2）,有4个发生高峰,最大密度在7月9日,为7.3条/100 g土壤。5月13日至8月13日在根组织中出现J2,有3个明显高峰,最大密度在7月15日,为30条/10 g根;年轻雌虫在5月21日至8月30日形成,有3个明显高峰,最大密度在7月2日,为54条/10 g根。研究表明,烟草孢囊线虫 1年发生4代,平均世代历期27 d;后两代存在明显世代重叠现象;第4代线虫侵染量很少,且根内线虫发育不良。     

致死粒线虫

致死粒线虫(Anguina funesta)对草业、畜牧业危害极大,被认为是经济意义最大的一种粒线虫.该线虫主要寄主是硬直黑麦草和多花黑麦草,不仅造成寄主植物地上部分产量严重下降,还可传播拉塞氏杆菌(Rathayibacter toxicus),该细菌可侵染多种牧草并产生毒素,牲畜误食受污染的牧草会中毒死亡.致死粒线虫...     

南方根结线虫中国分离群体种内变异分析

为调查我国不同地区和不同寄主上的根结线虫Meloidogyne spp.种类分布以及群体变异情况,基于酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶图谱及SCAR分子标记技术对2017—2019年从6省19种植物根部组织分离到的40个根结线虫群体进行鉴定,针对南方根结线虫M.incognita群体分别通过寄主鉴别法进行生理小种鉴别,利用携带Mi抗性基因的番茄进行毒力测试,对2龄幼虫的口针长度和体长进行测量,并对核糖体ITS和线粒体Nad5基因序列进行比较分析。结果显示：根结线虫分离群体经鉴定包括38个南方根结线虫群体和2个象耳豆根结线虫M.erterolobii群体;38个南方根结线虫群体中有35个群体被鉴别为1号生理小种,其余3个群体被鉴别为2号生理小种;发现1个南方根结线虫群体CN19可在携带Mi抗性基因的番茄上侵染繁殖,为毒性群体,其余群体无法进行侵染和繁殖,为无毒群体。南方根结线虫群体2龄幼虫的口针长度和体长均差异较大,而不同寄主来源分离群体的ITS和Nad5基因序列也存在一定变异。基于ITS和Nad5基因序列构建的系统发育树将所有根结线虫群体归为南方根结线虫和象耳豆根结线虫组成的2个独立分支,但不能确定南方根结线虫不同群体的分子进化与其寄主来源和地理分布之间的相关性。     

根腐线虫病的症状,危害,鉴定与防治

根腐线虫（Ｐｒａｔｙｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ）又叫短体线虫。分布广泛,世界各地都有这个属线虫的危害。近２０年中,我国陆续报道有２０多个种,并证实危害的作物有：小麦、玉米、小米、高粱、大豆、油菜、花生、棉花、苎麻、马铃薯、番茄、草莓、桃等。一、症状和危害根腐线虫以４龄幼虫和成虫,趋向活寄主的根系,破坏根的皮层部分;伤残根腐线虫却危害桃的幼根;有的种在某些寄主上,也可危害维管束组织。根腐线虫侵染根部,在侵染点附近,形成小的枯斑,许多根腐线虫结集时,病斑联合形成一个较大复合病斑,长而窄,呈黑色。但病斑变色不能作…     

根结线虫对寄主核酸含量影响的研究

 根结线虫(Meloidogyne)侵染寄主对寄主体内核酸含量有影响,通过先提取核酸再用紫外光吸收测定核酸的含量结果表明,在植株体内根结中的核酸含量(包含RNA、DNA)比同株健部根及健株健根均高,用不同寄主和不同种线虫作材料,结果也证明根结内的核酸含量较健株及同株健部高。     

西藏小麦条锈菌群体结构与遗传多样性

为查明西藏小麦条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici群体结构和遗传多样性,采用中国鉴别寄主和近等基因系鉴别寄主,以及竞争性等位基因特异性PCR-单核苷酸多态性（kompetitive al-lele specific PCR-single nucleotide polymorphism,KASP-SNP）分子标记对2017年采自西藏的150个小麦条锈菌菌系分别进行表型分析和基因型分析。表型分析结果显示,中国鉴别寄主将150个菌系区分为 12 个已知小种、6 个已知致病类型和 13 个未知致病类型,所有菌系均不能侵染中四和Triticum spelta album鉴别寄主。近等基因系鉴别寄主将150个菌系区分为88个毒性类型,这些毒性类型均不侵染携带抗性基因Yr5、Yr10或Yr15的品种。基因型分析结果显示,26对引物将150个菌系划分为73个基因型,表明西藏小麦条锈菌群体基因型丰富。基因流分析结果表明,波密县与洛扎县小麦条锈菌亚群体之间的基因流N_m最高,达5.86,米林县西部与波密县、洛扎县、巴宜县、米林县东部条锈菌亚群体之间的N_m较低,分别为0.25、0.34、0.42和0.67,表明西藏不同地区条锈菌群体之间基因交流强度差异较大。说明西藏作为我国小麦条锈病的独立流行区,条锈菌群体毒性结构复杂,遗传多样性高。     

Transmission of barley yellow dwarf virus by cereal aphids collected from different habitats on cereal farms

Cereal aphids were collected from cereal crops, from Poa annua within cereal fields, from Lolium perenne pastures and from wild grasses in hedge bottoms and around farm buildings. The frequency of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) transmission was assessed by aphid transmission tests. There were differences in transmission rates between aphid species, between host species and between years. The transmission rates of Rhopalosiphum padi from the different host species were broadly similar whereas for Sitobion avenae, P. annua within cereal fields was significantly better than the other host species. Wild grasses other than P. annua were relatively poor sources of virus. A large percentage of aphids frequently transmitted more than one strain, suggesting that host plants are often infected with more than one BYDV strain.     

Inducible Flavone in Oats (Avena sativa) Is a Novel Defense Against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

ABSTRACT The induction of defense compounds in oats (Avena sativa) in response to invasion by parasitic nematodes and to application of the wound hormone methyl jasmonate was examined. Oats cv. Quoll seedlings were challenged with Pratylenchus neglectus, Heterodera avenae, and Ditylenchus dipsaci and treated with 1 x 10(-4) M methyl jasmonate. Three compounds, isolated in methanolic root and shoot extracts of oats, exhibiting an absorbance spectrum typical of flavone glycosides, were induced by nematode invasion and methyl jasmonate. These were identified as flavone-C-glycosides by mass spectrometry. The effect of the flavone-C-glycosides on the invasion by and development of cereal cyst nematode H. avenae was assessed using methanolic extracts of shoots and roots from methyl jasmonate-treated plants. Both extracts impaired nematode invasion and development. When the extracts were fractionated by high voltage paper electrophoresis, only one flavone-C-glycoside, O-methyl-apigenin-C-deoxyhexoside-O-hexoside, inhibited nematode invasion. The protective effect of the induction of flavone-C-glycosides in oats by methyl jasmonate was evaluated against H. avenae and P. neglectus. Treatment with methyl jasmonate reduced invasion of both nematodes and increased plant mass, compensating for damage caused by the nematodes, and is attributed to the active flavone-C-glycoside. The active compound, O-methyl-apigenin-C-deoxyhexoside-O-hexoside, has not been implicated previously in plant defense against any pest or pathogen, and appears to provide protection against the major cereal nematodes Heterodera and Pratylenchus.     

Cereal and Grass Hosts of Some Gramineous Cyst Nematodes1

The host ranges of some British populations of cyst nematodes from cereals and grasses have been studied. The nematodes were isolated from agricultural and natural habitats. Their morphology corresponded to the Heterodera avenaeImani type, to ≪ pathotype 3 ≫, or to the H. hordecalisIlatipons type. The host series included barley, oats and wheat, some of which were known to be resistant to H. avenae pathotypes, and agricultural and wild grasses. Many of the H. avenae-resistant cereals were susceptible to pathotype 3 and to a population resembling H. avenae I mani, which had a very wide host range including grasses. The population of H. hordecalis, collected from grasses, also overcame the resistance of gene Rha2. Two populations of H. mani reproduced to a limited extent on cereals, and showed a clear preference for grass hosts. A third H. mani population reproduced only on grasses. The results draw attention to some problems in conducting and interpreting tests with many different hosts and nematodes. They reinforce the view that these gramineous cyst nematodes are a species complex, with variations in host range, as well as in morphology and biology.     

Occurrence of barley yellow dwarf virus in cereals and grasses of the low-rainfall wheatbelt of South Australia

South Australia is in the dry temperate zone where most cereal crops are grown in an area of low rainfall, with a crop-free season from December to April. The incidence of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) was assessed by ELISA from 1989 to 1991 in wheat crops and irrigated pastures of South Australia. The incidence of BYDV was low in most wheat crops of the low-rainfall area in 1989 and 1990 (less than 1% of plants infected), but moderate levels of infection (1–10%) were observed in some early-sown crops. BYDV infection was more widespread in the high-rainfall area (south east of South Australia). A high incidence of BYDV was observed in the irrigated pastures of the three areas surveyed (4–86%). Of the five previously described strains, the Rhopalosiphum padi/Sitobion avenae strain (PAV) was the most common in wheat samples (> 90%). PAV and the R. padi-specific strain (RPV) were found in pasture grasses, alone or in mixed infection. Virus incidence was greater in Festuca spp. (56%) and Lolium perenne (30%) than in other species (2-–9%).     

The role of the abaxial leaf surface waxes of Lolium spp. in resistance to Erysiphe graminis

Field and glasshouse observations of Lolium spp. grasses indicated that the lower, abaxial, leaf surface was rarely infected by powdery mildew ( Erysiphe graminis ) even when the upper, adaxial, surface was densely colonized. Experiments showed that conidia of two strains of E. graminis , one from Lolium and one from Avena , germinated equally well on both surfaces of Lolium and Avena leaves, but that the subsequent growth and development of germlings was impaired on the lower surface of Lolium leaves, so that most formed only multiple short germ tubes or an abnormal long tube, and only c. 25% or fewer formed infection structures. This contributes to the apparent resistance of the lower Lolium leaf surface to powdery mildew and may help to explain why the disease is relatively unimportant in UK ryegrass crops, since infection structures develop at a high frequency on only 50% of the leaf area, i.e. the upper surface. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the epicuticular waxes on the lower Lolium leaf surface form amorphous sheets. This contrasts with the crystalline plate waxes seen on the upper surface of Lolium leaves and on both surfaces of oat leaves. However, when the lower Lolium leaf surface was washed with chloroform to remove epicuticular wax, normal germling and infection structure development was obtained on the wax-free surface. This suggests that the sheet waxes prevent the pathogen gaining access to features of the cuticular membrane which trigger normal germling development.     

小麦禾谷孢囊线虫湖北群体活动期特性

小麦播种时定量接种禾谷孢囊线虫（ＣＣＮ）（Ｈｅｔｅｒｏｄｅｒａａｖｅｎａｅ）的孢囊,发芽生根后进行系统观察,结果表明,该线虫在小麦生长季节中完成１代,小麦播种后２５～３５ｄ是２龄幼虫入侵幼根的高峰期,１００～１２０ｄ根内出现３龄幼虫,１１０～１３０ｄ发育成４龄幼虫,１３０～１５０ｄ根表露出白色孢囊（雌虫）。受感染的麦根,侵染点首先变褐,进而肿大,常见分叉增多,形成须根团,ＣＣＮ多居于自然含磷,钾元     

Phosphite Inhibits Development of the Nematodes Heterodera avenae and Meloidogyne marylandi in Cereals

ABSTRACT Phosphonic acid (H(3)PO(3)) solutions were applied to wheat or to bristle oat as soil drenches before inoculation with juveniles of the sedentary, endoparasitic nematodes Heterodera avenae or Meloidogyne marylandi. All the solutions, which were pH adjusted and added at levels as low as 0.63 mg of phosphite (HPO(3)(2-)) per plant, reduced the numbers of H. avenae females and M. marylandi egg masses. Phosphate (PO(4)(3-)), applied as potassium phosphate at the same concentrations, did not reduce the number of female nematodes on the wheat. Addition of phosphate to the phosphite solutions did not change the inhibitory effect of phosphite on H. avenae, but it reduced phosphite's effect on M. marylandi. Phosphite also reduced the number of H. avenae females when applied as many as 20 days after addition of nematodes. The phosphite treatment did not prevent M. marylandi juveniles from penetrating wheat roots or inducing giant cells. However, phosphite inhibited giant cell development: 14 days after inoculation, the giant cells in the phosphite-treated wheat were almost completely vacuolated, whereas those in untreated wheat contained dense cytoplasm.     

THE EFFECT OF JULY APPLICATIONS OF DALAPON ON THE GROWTH AND BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF AN AGROSTIS/LOLIUM PASTURE

Summary. Dalapon–sodium at 3.3–7.5 Ib ac/a.e. was applied in early, mid– and late July 1964 to an Agrostis/Lolium pasture for selective control of the weed grasses Agrostis stolonifera, Poa trivialis and Holcus lanatus. These species were significantly more susceptible than Lolium perenne to dalapon at all doses regardless of the time of spraying. The most promising treatment was 33 lb/ac applied on 4th July, which increased the ground cover of L. perenne and substantially reduced Agrostis stolonifera and Poa trivialis. The total yield of herbage 12 weeks after spraying was only 50% of that from the unsprayed control, but the yield of Lolium perenne was not affected. When cut on 21st May and 5th August 1965, total yield was only slightly reduced and that of L. perenne was increased by 60–90%. The successful practical utilization of this selectivity is likely to depend largely on the spacing of the plants of L. perenne in the pasture. Simazine at 0.75 Ib/ac applied to half of each plot 3–4 weeks alter dalapon treatment had no lasting beneficial effect on the composition of the sward.     

燕麦孢囊线虫在河北冬麦区的种群动态

为明确河北省燕麦孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae在自然环境下的侵染与发育特点,于2009-2012年分别采用漂浮法、浅盘法和酸性品红染色法在3个不同区域对土壤中孢囊和2龄幼虫(J2)以及根系内线虫进行了系统调查,并对孢囊内卵的发育动态进行检测.在土壤中除6月上中旬未检测到J2外,周年均分离到J2.冬前J2出现小高峰,种群密度为12.3 ～18.6条/100mL土样;在4月上中旬J2大量发生,种群密度为52 ～ 65条/100 mL土样.冬前J2侵入小麦后能够发育至3龄幼虫,3龄幼虫发生高峰在4月下旬至5月上旬,4龄幼虫的发生高峰在5月中下旬,白雌虫形成高峰期在5月下旬,且1年后孢囊内卵孵化率达到86.5％.研究表明,燕麦孢囊线虫在河北省小麦上1年发生1代,关键侵染期在3月下旬至4月中旬.     

行间种植不同草种对幼龄苹果园土壤特性的影响

于苹果园建植第一年春季,果树行间分别种植不同草种,以清耕的土壤为对照,研究果园土壤温度、含水量、pH值、有机质及N、P、K的变化。结果表明,种草后,夏季高温时土壤温度降低、日变幅减小,含水量增加,生长季结束时,果园土壤pH下降,碱解N、全N、速效P、全P、有机质含量增加,而除种植红三叶的土壤速效K显著(P<0.05)升高外,其余处理全K、速效K均无显著变化;种草后对不同深度土壤肥力的影响不同,马蹄金对土壤N、P和狗牙根与高羊茅对有机质的影响在0~20 cm内表现一致,而种植多年生黑麦草、狗牙根、紫羊茅的0~10 cm土壤碱解N、全N、全P和种植红三叶、紫羊茅的0~10 cm土壤有机质升高幅度较10~20 cm大,多年生黑麦草、高羊茅、紫羊茅、红三叶、白三叶的速效P,红三叶和高羊茅的碱解N、全N,马蹄金、多年生黑麦草、白三叶的土壤有机质0~10 cm土壤升高幅度较10~20 cm小,白三叶10~20 cm土壤碱解N增加幅度较0~10 cm小,全N则反之;草种不同对土壤作用不一,马蹄金对土壤肥力改善作用最大,红三叶、白三叶次之,而狗牙根、高羊茅较差。说明种草后可改善土壤性状,而草种是影响果园种草效益的关键因素。