Effects of different grasses between rows of apple trees on soft characteristics of 1-year-old orchard

于苹果园建植第一年春季,果树行间分别种植不同草种,以清耕的土壤为对照,研究果园土壤温度、含水量、pH值、有机质及N、P、K的变化.结果表明,种草后,夏季高温时土壤温度降低、日变幅减小,含水量增加,生长季结束时,果园土壤pH下降,碱解N、全N、速效P、全P、有机质含量增加,而除种植红三叶的土壤速效K显著(P＜0.05)升高外,其余处理全K、速效K均无显著变化;种草后对不同深度土壤肥力的影响不同,马蹄金对土壤N、P和狗牙根与高羊茅对有机质的影响在0～20cm内表现一致,而种植多年生黑麦草、狗牙根、紫羊茅的0～10cm土壤碱解N、全N、全P和种植红三叶、紫军茅的0～10cm土壤有机质升高幅度较10-20cm大,多年生黑麦草、高羊茅、紫羊茅、红三叶、白三叶的速效P,红三叶和高羊茅的碱解N、全N,马蹄金、多年生黑麦草、白三叶的土壤有机质0～10cm土壤升高幅度较10～20cm小,白三叶10～20cm土壤碱解N增加幅度较0～10cm小,全N则反之;草种不同对土壤作用不一,马蹄金对土壤肥力改善作用最大,红三叶、白三叶次之,而狗牙根、高羊茅较差.说明种草后可改善土壤性状,而草种是影响果园种草效益的关键因素.     

洛川苹果园土壤养分等级及与有机质的关系

在苹果优生区洛川县域范围内,选取管理措施不同的果园采集土壤样品,对其土壤有机质、全量N、P、K及速效养分和微量元素进行了等级分布研究。分析结果表明,洛川果园土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮属于偏低水平;土壤有效磷变异大,部分果园有累积现象,土壤速效钾含量丰富。微量元素铁、锰、铜、锌较缺乏,相对而言,缺锌程度最大;土壤有效铜变异较大。土壤有机质与全氮、碱解氮和有效磷呈极显著正相关,与有效铁、有效锌呈显著正相关,与有效铜、有效锰的相关性较低;苹果园产量随着土壤有机质含量的增加而增多。     

草坪锈病的发生特点与防治

锈病可以侵染多种冷季型草坪,是一种严重的真菌病害.它主要危害草地早熟禾、多年生黑麦草、狗牙根、高羊茅、台湾草(细叶结缕草、天鹅绒草)、马蹄金等,其中尤以草地早熟禾、黑麦草受害严重.草坪草受锈病危害后,生长不良,叶片和茎变成不正常的颜色,生长矮小,光合作用下降,严重时导致草坪死亡.     

景泰县旱地、旱砂地养分特征比较研究

选择景泰县寺滩乡附近相邻旱地和旱砂地作为研究对象,对两块样地土壤pH值、有机质、N、P含量进行测定和分析。结果表明:1)两块样地表层土壤养分特征表现为缺N、多P、富K,旱砂地缺N更严重,甚至低于灰钙土碱解氮含量平均值,旱地各养分含量高于景泰县平均土壤养分状况。2)从两个土壤剖面来看,全N和碱解N受有机质影响显著,三者的变化趋势较一致;速效P受全P影响显著,这点在旱砂地表现更突出,而速效K含量主要与土壤母质及其风化程度有关,这在旱地表现的更突出。旱地土壤呈碱性环境,其土壤养分有效性受到抑制。3)有机质与N、P、K显著正相关,说明增加有机肥可以有效改善土壤肥力,但要了解土壤养分本底值,结合农作物对养分种类及数量的需求做到科学、合理供肥。     

渭北果园生草生物量与土壤养分因子的关系

果园生草技术作为一种先进的果园管理模式,能够改善土壤的理化性状。采用Person相关性和通径分析方法,对苹果园清耕、苹果/白三叶(Trifoliurn repens L.)、苹果/红三叶(Trifolium pretense)、苹果/小冠花(Coronilla varia L.)、苹果/鸡脚草(Dactylis glomerata L.)、苹果/百脉根(Lotuscorniculatus)间作6种管理模式下生草生物量和土壤养分因子进行了研究,探讨了生草生物量与土壤养分因子的关系,以期为果园生草的合理选择与有效管理提供参考。结果表明:5种生草的总生物量都介于150~300 g·m-2,小冠花的总生物量最大,而白三叶最小,具体顺序为:小冠花百脉根鸡脚草红三叶白三叶。通径分析结果表明,土壤肥力因子对生草生物量的直接作用系数大小顺序为容重全氮速效钾有机碳硝态氮铵态氮速效磷,土壤容重和全氮的直接和间接通径系数较大(分别为0.847和0.917),是影响生草生物量最主要的因素,速效钾和有机碳是影响生草生物量的次要因子,而硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷对生草生物量的作用很微弱。     

尿素除草活性的培养箱实验

以8种杂草为对象,通过培养箱试验研究不同浓度的尿素溶液对供试杂草萌发及根茎生长的影响。供试草种分别为鬼针草(Bidens bipinnata)、杂三叶(Trifolium hybridum)、马蹄金(Dichondra repens)、一点红(Emiliasonchifolia)、水蜈蚣(Kyllinga brevifolia)、狗尾草(Setariae Viridis)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)。结果表明,尿素除对狗尾草的萌发无明显抑制作用外,对其他杂草的萌发、根长、茎长均有明显的抑制作用,并随着尿素溶液浓度的增高抑制作用增强,且以对根长的抑制作用最为明显。尿素对供试草种的萌发和根茎生长的抑制作用存在明显的种间差异,对尿素胁迫最敏感的是三叶草和水蜈蚣,然后分别是鬼针草、一点红、高羊茅、马蹄金、多年生黑麦草,最不敏感的是狗尾草,较低浓度的尿素处理反而促进了狗尾草的萌发。     

辽西半干旱地区深松中耕对土壤养分及玉米产量的影响

在辽宁西部阜新旱作农业示范区进行田间试验,探讨了深松中耕对这一地区土壤养分及玉米产量的影响.结果表明:与传统耕作相比,深松中耕能够提高0～30 cm土层土壤有机质含量及0～20 cm土层土壤全N、P、K含量,以提高0～10 c m土层土壤全N含量最为显著(P＜5%);能够增加0～20 cm土层土壤碱解氮含量及0～30 cm土层土壤有效钾含量,以增加0～10 cm土层土壤有效钾含量最为显著(P＜5%);显著增加10～30 cm土层土壤有效磷含量(P＜5%);增加了玉米产量,增加幅度为7.80% .     

新疆伊犁皮里其河流域表层土壤养分特征

以新疆伊犁皮里其河流域为研究区,采用野外调查与实验分析相结合的方法,选取土壤养分的7个指标:有机质、全N、全P、全K、有效N、有效P和速效K为分析参数。应用主成分分析法,对研究区土壤养分的主要因子进行识别,并应用聚类分析法对样地进行分类。主成分分析表明,该区土壤第一主成分主要反映土壤综合养分水平;第二主成分反映土壤P肥水平;第三主成分反映K肥水平。聚类分析表明,第一聚类样地因子得分较高,该类土壤养分主要受有机质、全N和速效K的影响较大,土壤较为肥沃;第二聚类样地土壤养分普遍低于第一聚类,有机质、全N含量低于第一聚类,土壤养分一般;第三聚类样地由于土壤环境较为特殊,因子得分最低,土壤相对贫瘠。最后,针对3个聚类不同类型土壤,提出具体的保护措施。     

施用氮磷钾对黄土丘陵区山地红枣林土壤酶与土壤肥力的影响

采用野外试验与室内分析,研究了连续4 a施氮磷钾肥对黄土丘陵区山地枣园土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明:连续4 aNPK1施肥处理能够明显增强土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性,提高土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量;在土壤剖面中总的趋势是土壤酶活性和土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量随土层深度加深而降低。土壤酶活性与土壤养分因子的相关分析表明,在0~20 cm土层,磷酸酶与有机质、速效磷,过氧化氢酶与有机质、全氮呈显著或极显著性正相关。在20~40 cm,脲酶与有机质、全氮、速效氮,磷酸酶与速效钾,过氧化氢酶与速效磷,蔗糖酶与有机质、速效钾呈显著或极显著性正相关。在40~60 cm,脲酶与全氮、速效磷,磷酸酶与有机质、速效氮,过氧化氢酶与速效磷,蔗糖酶与有机质、全氮、速效磷呈显著或极显著正相关。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用的土壤养分特征

以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区第3副区典型流域为研究区,采用实地调查、土壤采样分析和数理统计相结合的方法,基于33个样点的土壤养分数据,研究了林地、草地、果园、梯田、坡耕地5种土地利用的土壤养分特征。结果表明：土地利用方式对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型流域土壤有机质、全N和速效P含量的影响达到显著水平,对其他养分指标影响不明显。土壤有机质和全N含量从高到低依次为：林地＞坡耕地≈梯田＞果园＞草地,林地明显高于其他土地利用类型,而草地土壤养分最差。速效P含量从高到低依次为：果园、坡耕地、梯田、林地和草地,农业耕作植被下的速效P含量明显高于自然生态植被。研究表明：梯田作为传统的水土保持措施,在研究区具有良好的土壤保肥作用,而分布于陡坡的草地,养分保持效果在5种土地利用中最差。     

SELECTIVITY OF BENZENE SULPHONYL CARBAMATE HERBICIDES BETWEEN DIFFERENT GRASS SPECIES AND CLOVER

Summary. In field experiments extending over the period 1964–68 wettable powder and water soluble formulations of asulam and M & B 8882 were applied to a range of grass species in summer and autumn. Phleum pratense L., Dactylis glomerata L., Holcus lanatus L., Agrostis tenuis Sibth. and Poa trivialis L. were more susceptible than Lolium perenne L., Festuca pratensis Huds. and Festuca rubra L., although effects were more persistent on H. lanatus than on the other species. Trifolium repens L. (white clover) was more resistant to M & B 8882 than to asulam, particularly in July. The pattern of selectivity was similar with summer and autumn treatment, but effects were slower to develop in the autumn.
Sélectivité des herbicides a base de carbamate de benzène sulfonyle entre différentes espèces de graminées et le trèfle     

苇状羊茅与多年生黑麦草内生真菌菌丝基因组DNA提取的优化及PCR初步检测

感染内生真菌的禾草在牧草和草坪业上具有重要的生态和经济意义，家畜采食感染Neotyphodium coenophialum和N.lolii的苇状羊茅和多年生黑麦草会发生中毒。本研究收集天津口岸1998年以来进境的部分苇状羊茅和多年生黑麦草种子，对经镜检确认带有内生真菌的种子进行分离培养，对疑似菌株的菌丝用改进的Moiler等方法进行基因组DNA抽提，测定浓度及纯度，对照原方法，DNA的纯度有较大提高，浓度略有上升。Tubulin2基因的引物IS1-IS3扩增结果显示为单一的条带，结合形态学和序列比对，分离培养得到的菌株可以基本确定为N．coenophialum和N。lolii。根据Genbank中N.coenophialum和N.lolii的NC25基因序列设计出引物F1-R1，扩增得到能区分开N.coenophialum和N．lolii的单一条带（相差160bp），建立了N．coenophialum和N．lolii的PCR检测方法，结果准确可靠。     

西北半干旱地区葡萄园生草对土壤水分的影响

在生产园行间播种多年生黑麦草、紫花苜蓿、白三叶草,研究其对土壤理化性状和土壤含水量的影响。结果表明:生草可改善土壤物理性状,使土壤容重平均降低5.68%,总孔隙度提高6.15%。同时生草可降低葡萄园土壤水分含量,在葡萄根系生长的土层(0～60cm)范围内,行间种植白三叶草对土壤含水量影响较大,紫花苜蓿影响较小。     

毛乌素沙地天然臭柏灌丛地的土壤特性

采用样方调查法对毛乌素沙地天然臭柏灌丛地土壤特性调查结果表明 :臭柏灌丛地土壤水分、有机质、全氮、速效钾和碱解氮等养分资源分布具有空间异质性。在臭柏灌丛地(覆盖度 70 %～ 85 % ) 0～ 5 cm的土层 ,聚集了较多的中细粒子 ( 0 .2 5～ 0 .0 2 cm) ,平均含量为68.9% ,比油蒿覆盖区 (覆盖度 40 %～ 5 5 % )高 9% ,并随土层深度的加深 ,其含量降低。水分、有机质、全氮、速效钾和碱解氮等养分含量的分布 ,存在明显的“沃岛”现象。在 0～ 1 0 0 cm的土层范围内 ,臭柏灌丛地 60 %以上的土样含水率为 1 %～ 2 % ,变异系数高达 1 1 3%。土层深度 <2 0 cm时 ,臭柏灌丛土壤含水率由灌丛内向灌丛外逐渐减少 ,当土层 >2 0 cm时 ,则正好相反。70 %的土样速效磷含量 <2 mg/kg,除速效磷之外 ,土壤中的有机质、全氮、速效钾、碱解氮等在臭柏灌丛下 0～ 2 0 cm的土层内相对富集。在 0～ 1 0 0 cm的土层内 ,有机质的变异系数为 96.3% ,全氮为 1 0 1 .4% ,碱解氮为 80 .6% ,速效钾为 88.4%。臭柏灌丛地土壤特性的空间异质性 ,是生物和物理过程共同作用的结果。     

RESIDUAL ACTIVITY OF PARAQUAT IN SOILS I. FACTORS AFFECTING PERSISTENCE

Summary. Phytotoxic residues were recorded on soil surfaces sprayed with paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium-2 A ) at 1 and 2 Ib/ac a.i. Phytotoxicity was greater on organic than on mineral soils though on both the residues persisted unchanged for at least 14 days and were greater with the higher dose.
Germination of Brassica napus L. was only slightly affected and most seedlings did not show phytotoxic symptoms until after cotyledon expansion. The cotyledons of Trifolium repens L. showed symptoms on emergence from the testa. By contrast, grains of Lolium perenne L. either failed to germinate on paraquat-treated soils or showed reduced germination.
Seedlings of T. repens were susceptible; both root and shoot systems were affected as they grew through layers of soil previously treated with paraquat. Ground limestone appeared to reduce the phytotoxicity of paraquat under some circumstances. Phytotoxic residues were not reduced by surface irrigation but disappeared if the soil surface was disturbed mechanically.     

Growth and sporulation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stemphylium vesicarium</Emphasis>, the causal agent of brown spot of pear,on herb plants of orchard lawns

The inoculum sources of ascospores of Pleospora allii and of conidia of its anamorph Stemphylium vesicarium were investigated in relation to the brown spot disease epidemiology on pear. Dead and living leaves of three pear varieties (Abate Fétel, Conference and William), seven grasses (Poa pratensis, Festuca rubra, Festuca ovina, Lolium perenne, Digitaria sanguinalis and Setaria glauca) and Trifolium repens, which are used in pear orchard lawns, were inoculated with conidia of Stemphylium vesicarium virulent on pear and incubated under controlled-environment. Stemphylium vesicarium was always re-isolated from dead leaves of the considered plants, but not from symptomless green or yellowish living leaves. The fungus was occasionally re-isolated from leaf segments showing unspecific necrosis. Inoculation of pear leaves with isolates from grasses demonstrated that the fungus did not lose pathogenicity. Pseudothecia, ascospores and conidia were produced on all the dead inoculated leaves; differences between specimens were found for phenology of pseudothecia, their density and size, and for the number of conidia produced. Pseudothecia were produced faster in the lawn species than in pear leaves, and their density was higher, especially for S. glauca, L. perenne and P. pratensis. Ascospore maturation and ejection was more concentrated for the pseudothecia developed on pear leaves than for those on F. ovina and S. glauca. All the lawn species produced more conidia than pear leaves.     

Effects of different cultivated or weed grasses, grown as pure stands or in combination with wheat, on take-all and its suppression in subsequent wheat crops

Grass species were grown in plots, as pure stands or mixed with wheat, after a sequence of wheat crops in which take-all ( Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ) had developed. Annual brome grasses maintained take-all inoculum in the soil as well as wheat (grown as a continuous sequence), and much better than cultivated species with a perennial habit. Take-all developed more in wheat grown after Anisantha sterilis (barren brome) or Bromus secalinus (rye brome), with or without wheat, than in continuous grass-free wheat in the same year, where take-all decline was apparently occurring. It was equally or more severe, however, in wheat grown after Lolium perenne (rye-grass) or Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue), despite these species having left the least inoculum in the soil. It was most severe in plots where these two grasses had been grown as mixtures with wheat. It is postulated that the presence of these grasses inhibited the development of take-all-suppressive microbiota that had developed in the grass-free wheat crops. The effects of the grasses appeared to be temporary, as amounts of take-all in a second subsequent winter wheat test crop were similar after all treatments. These results have important implications for take-all risk in wheat and, perhaps, other cereal crops grown after grass weed-infested cereals or after set-aside or similar 1-year covers containing weeds or sown grasses, especially in combination with cereal volunteers. They also indicate that grasses might be used experimentally in wheat crop sequences for investigating the mechanisms of suppression of, and conduciveness to, take-all.     

干旱胁迫下3种岩石边坡生态修复植物的抗旱性

植物的抗旱性直接影响着岩石边坡生态修复的效果。为研究不同植物在持续干旱下的抗旱机理,选择草地早熟禾、狗牙根和红三叶3种常用于岩石边坡生态修复的植物,采用盆栽控水试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究干旱胁迫下3种植物叶片的相对含水量、相对电导率、丙二醛（MDA）含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量和叶绿素含量6个生理生化指标的变化情况。结果表明：所有参试植物的生理生化指标都随干旱胁迫的程度而变化,但植物之间和生理生化指标之间存在差异。运用模糊数学隶属函数分析法和灰色关联分析法,综合评价3种植物的抗旱性和各指标对干旱胁迫的敏感性。结果显示：干旱前期和中期,植物的抗旱性为：狗牙根＞红三叶＞草地早熟禾;干旱后期,植物的抗旱性为：草地早熟禾＞狗牙根＞红三叶;各生理生化指标与植物抗旱隶属度的关联度从大到小依次为0.708,0.694,0.638,0.630,0.609和0.607,可作为岩石边坡生态修复抗旱性植物筛选的评价指标,其中,以叶绿素含量和相对含水量对干旱胁迫的反应最为敏感。