金钱鱼性腺发育及其组织结构观察

采用常规石蜡切片,H.E染色研究了金钱鱼性腺发育及组织结构特征.结果显示,2+龄的金钱鱼性腺发育成熟.金钱鱼精巢为管型,可分为:精原细胞增殖期、精母细胞生长期、精母细胞成熟期、精子细胞变态期、精子成熟期等5个时期.从Ⅱ期精巢起,金钱鱼精巢的成熟系数(GSI)为0.2％～1.5％,精巢成熟系数在发育到精子细胞成熟期(Ⅴ期)达到峰值,肝重指数(HSI)在精子细胞变态期(Ⅳ期)达到峰值.金钱鱼卵巢的卵母细胞发育过程可分为5个时相,相对应的卵巢发育亦分为5个时期.从Ⅱ期卵巢起,金钱鱼卵巢的成熟系数为1.2％～14.9％,在发育到Ⅴ期时达到峰值,HSI在Ⅳ期达到峰值.Ⅱ时相卵母细胞出现卵黄核和滤泡膜.Ⅲ时相卵母细胞中开始出现油滴,卵黄颗粒.Ⅳ时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒与油滴的数量迅速增多.Ⅴ时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒融合成片,在卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒与油球之间在数量上没有明显的差异.根据切片观察,Ⅴ期卵巢中,除了Ⅴ时相卵母细胞外,还有一定数量的Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ时相卵母细胞,卵母细胞发育呈现非同步型.并且发现在多数产完卵后的卵巢中,除空的滤泡外亦存在一定数量的Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ期卵母细胞,因此推测,金钱鱼的产卵类型为分批非同步产卵类型.     

海南岛糙海参性腺发育的组织学特征

对中国海南岛糙海参(Holothuria scabra)的性腺发育过程进行了组织学观察。结果表明,海南糙海参的性腺发育可分为恢复期(Ⅰ期)、增长期(Ⅱ期)、成熟期(Ⅲ期)、部分排放期(Ⅳ期)、排空期(Ⅴ期)共5个时期。1)精巢发育特征:Ⅰ期,生殖上皮出现精原细胞和精母细胞,生殖管壁最厚;Ⅱ期,生殖管上皮变薄,褶皱往管腔中延伸;Ⅲ期,成熟精子充满整个生殖管;Ⅳ期,生殖上皮恢复褶皱形态;Ⅴ期,生殖管中剩余少量残留精子。2)卵巢发育特征:Ⅰ期,在生殖上皮附近附着卵原细胞和卵黄发生前期卵母细胞;Ⅱ期,大量卵黄发生时期卵母细胞与卵原细胞及卵黄发生前期卵母细胞共存于生殖管中;Ⅲ期,卵黄发生时期卵母细胞充满生殖管;Ⅳ期,在生殖上皮附近重新出现卵黄发生前卵母细胞,生殖管腔中出现营养性吞噬细胞;Ⅴ期,生殖管腔残留少数卵细胞。     

脊尾白虾的性腺发育及组织结构观察

为系统研究脊尾白虾的性腺发育及组织学特征,采用常规的石蜡切片及H.E染色方法对脊尾白虾的性腺发育及其组织结构进行观察。结果表明,脊尾白虾的雌性生殖系统由卵巢、输卵管及排卵孔组成。卵子发生经历了卵原细胞、卵黄合成前期卵母细胞、内源性卵黄合成期卵母细胞、外源性卵黄合成期卵母细胞,最后发育为成熟的卵母细胞。卵巢发育可分为增殖期、小生长期、大生长期、成熟期及产后恢复期。脊尾白虾雄性生殖系统由精巢、输精管及排精孔组成。精巢由生精小管构成,不同生精小管内精子发育可不同步。精子发生经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞,最后发育为精子。输精管可分为前、中、后输精管及末端壶腹,精荚在输精管中形成。     

养殖金乌贼卵子发生和卵巢发育的组织学观察

为了深入了解金乌贼(Sepia esculenta Hoyle)的生殖生理特性,本研究采用解剖学方法及组织切片技术,观察和描述了金乌贼卵巢形态和卵子各个时相结构特征及其变化规律。研究结果表明,金乌贼卵子发生过程的主要特征表现为,卵子成熟之前滤泡细胞一直存在且伴随着其结构变化,滤泡细胞解体与卵黄物质出现同步发生,卵黄物质从无到有再到大量积累直至充满整个卵母细胞,细胞核则随着滤泡细胞内折逐渐发生偏移直至最后消失。研究还发现金乌贼卵巢内卵子发生不同步且形态差异显著,未成熟的卵子粘连在卵巢基质上,依次环布于卵巢基质周围,越靠近中心,卵母细胞发育程度越低;成熟后的卵子游离在卵巢腔中,经过输卵管排出体外。根据卵巢内卵子的大小和形态、滤泡细胞形态及卵黄形成情况,将金乌贼卵子发生分为增殖期(卵原细胞期)、小生长期(无滤泡期,单层滤泡期,双层滤泡期)、大生长期(滤泡内折期,卵黄形成早期,卵黄形成晚期)、成熟期、退化吸收期共5个时期9个时相。卵巢发育分期则是以卵子时相为基础,根据卵巢的外观形态、性腺系数以及切面上优势卵子的时相,把卵巢分为Ⅰ~Ⅵ共6个时期。金乌贼卵巢发育和卵子发生的动态观察与描述,对丰富头足类繁殖生物学理论及提升人工繁殖技术都具有重要意义。     

半滑舌鳎卵巢发育的组织学和形态数量特征研究

采用组织学方法系统研究了人工养殖条件下半滑舌鳎亲鱼卵巢的组织发育周年变化特征.结果表明,卵母细胞发育可分为6个时相,卵巢发育分为6期.卵巢不同发育时期都由不同类型的卵母细胞组成,半滑舌鳎为非同步分批多次产卵类型.周年发育过程中,6月龄前的鱼卵巢发育处于第Ⅰ期;9～12月龄卵巢可发育至第Ⅱ期;12月龄半滑舌鳎性腺可发育达到Ⅲ期,并一直保持至24月龄.3龄雌鱼达到性成熟,卵巢可发育至第Ⅳ期;随着水温和光周期的调控,卵巢发育进入成熟期(Ⅴ期),发生水合现象是卵母细胞成熟并准备排卵的信号;产卵结束后卵巢退化至第Ⅵ期,排出的卵母细胞退化吸收,以Ⅲ期卵巢越冬后,卵巢退化至Ⅱ期并持续至下一个繁殖周期.人工养殖条件下,卵巢内存在卵母细胞闭锁现象.性腺周年发育过程中,性腺指数(GSI)在性腺达到成熟期时达到峰值,产卵结束后性腺快速退化,GSI值各月份差异显著(P<0.05),亲鱼性腺重量在卵巢发育成熟过程中一直处于生长状态.亲鱼肝脏指数(HSI)在产卵前7～8月份(性腺达到成熟期前30 d左右)达到最大,表明7～8月份是性腺进行卵子发育、卵黄能量储备的重要时期,亲鱼在产卵前通过积极摄食储备体内能量,肝脏在卵母细胞卵黄积累方面具有重要的生理作用.肥满度(CF)值在繁殖盛期10～11月份达到最大,表现出与GSI类似的变化趋势.     

管角螺生殖系统解剖学及组织学观察

解剖并观察了管角螺的生殖系统,采用组织切片技术,对其生殖腺发育及生殖细胞发生过程进行了研究。结果表明,管角螺为雌雄异体,雄性生殖系统主要由精巢、贮精囊、前列腺、输精管和阴茎构成,其中,精巢由生精小管和输精小管组成;根据生精小管内生殖细胞分布和间质细胞数量,精巢发育分为增殖期、生长期(精母细胞分裂期)、成熟与排放期、退化期等4个时期,根据细胞大小、形态及分布特征,精细胞的发生经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子4个阶段。卵巢结构为滤泡型,由滤泡壁和滤泡腔组成,内含嗜酸性颗粒。从卵巢内滤泡的大小、结构及滤泡内嗜酸性颗粒的数量,卵巢发育分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期;根据卵细胞的大小、形态及卵黄颗粒的含量,卵细胞发生过程分为增殖期、生长期和成熟期。管角螺生殖腺及生殖细胞的发育均不同步,为多次成熟、多次排放方式。     

锈斑蟳雌性生殖系统的组织学研究

试验结果表明,锈斑蟳雌性生殖系统由卵巢、输卵管、生殖孔和受精囊组成.卵巢由外膜和内生殖上皮构成;输卵管较短,由外膜、肌层和上皮构成;生殖孔位于输卵管末端与受精囊相连;受精囊由结缔组织、薄肌层和上皮组织构成.卵子的发生可根据卵细胞及核仁的大小、形态和卵黄积累分为:卵原细胞期、初级卵母细胞期、卵黄合成初期卵母细胞、卵黄合成中期卵母细胞、卵黄合成后期卵母细胞、卵母细胞发育晚期、卵母细胞成熟期.     

克氏原螯虾大颚器合成甲基法尼酯的研究

利用放射化学方法测定了克氏原螯虾大颚器中甲基法尼酯合成速率。结果发现，同一尾克氏原螯虾的左、右侧大颚器中甲基法尼酯的合成速率无明显差异(P＞0.05)；雄螯虾甲基法尼酯的合成速率比雌螯虾大(P＜0.05)；处于精巢发育期的雄螯虾甲基法尼酯合成速率明显大于发育前期的雄螯虾(P＜0.05)；在雌螯虾卵巢发育周期中，甲基法尼酯的合成速率依次为次级卵黄发生期＞初级卵黄发生期＞成熟期＞卵黄发生前期＞恢复期，表明大颚器合成甲基法尼酯与促进卵黄发生密切相关。     

克氏原螯虾大颚器对卵巢发育的影响

采用埋植和离体方法进行克氏原螯虾的大颚器（ＭＯ）对卵巢发育作用的研究,埋植大颚器７次能显著提高成熟系数和促进卵径增大,处于不同卵巢发育时期的克氏原螯虾大颚器提取物（ＭＯＥ）的离体研究发现,卵黄发生期的ＭＯＥ对初级和次级卵黄发生期卵径增大均有极显著的作用,而对卵黄发生前期的卵径增大无作用,处于卵巢发育早期的ＭＯＥ对卵黄发４生期卵巢小块总ＲＮＡ含量升高无显著作用,处于卵黄发生前期,卵黄发生期和恢复期卵     

栉孔扇贝的生殖周期

本文介绍了栉孔扇贝生殖细胞的发生、生殖腺成熟度和生殖周期的研究结果。作者把栉孔扇贝的卵细胞发生分为卵原细胞期、无卵黄期、卵黄形成前期、卵黄形成后期和成熟期五个阶段；把精子的发生过程分为精原细胞期、初级精母细胞期、次级精母细胞期、精细胞期和精子期五个阶段。对于栉孔扇贝生殖腺的发育过程，作者根据生殖细胞在滤泡中所占的比例，把它分成增殖期、生长期、成熟期、生殖期和休止期五个阶段。栉孔扇贝的性腺发育在青岛海区为一年一个周期，但其繁殖高峰则有二次，这表明栉孔扇贝的成熟期和生殖期二者是相互重叠的。此外，作者也观察到了栉孔扇贝的雌雄同体现象。     

Ovarian maturation of wild Farfantepenaeus paulensis in relation to histological and visual changes

The present study describes the ovarian development stages of wild Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez‐Farfante) through the combined observation of histological and visual characteristics. Twenty‐five females (61.8±2.4 g) were captured in 35–40‐m deep waters off southern Brazil (27°S). The females were grouped according to the size and shape of their ovary and then killed. The colour of the fresh ovary was compared with a chromatic scale catalogue. Analysis of the histological sections of each ovary determined the morphological characteristics, size and frequency of the different oocyte types. Based on these characteristics, four distinct stages of ovarian maturation are proposed: stage I (immature), characterized by the presence of small basophilic oocytes (52.1±19.9 μm) and ovary colour ranging from translucent to creamy; stage II (developing), with yolky oocytes (YOs) (144.2±26.1 μm) and a light green colour; stage III (mature), presenting large YOs but with cortical rods (235.0±30.2 μm) and an olive‐brown colour; and stage IV (spent), with atretic oocytes and the same ovary colour pattern as stage I. The gonadosomatic index ranged from 1.6 (stage IV) to 13.7% (stage III) and was closely related to the different ovarian maturation stages. The observation of visual features coupled with histological characteristics was found to represent a reliable procedure to evaluate the ovarian maturation of F. paulensis.     

GH/IGF-Ⅰ轴对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)卵巢发育的调控作用

为深入认识半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)生殖调控机制,研究了生长轴(GH/IGF-Ⅰ axis)对半滑舌鳎卵巢发育调控的作用及可能机制;分析了卵巢不同发育时期垂体中的生长激素(GH),脑、性腺和肝脏中的类胰岛素生长因子Ⅰ (IGF-Ⅰ)mRNA的表达水平变化;检测了卵巢不同发育期,血清GH、IGF-Ⅰ、雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)的表达水平变化,并分析了生长因子与性腺指数(GSI)、E2和T表达变化的关系.结果显示,垂体GH mRNA表达水平在Ⅳ期卵巢时显著升高,至Ⅴ期时达峰值,随后(Ⅵ期)显著降低,垂体GH mRNA表达水平与GSI、血清GH与IGF-Ⅰ表达水平呈显著正相关.血清GH与垂体GHmRNA表达水平表现出相似的变化趋势.肝脏IGF-ⅠmRNA表达水平在Ⅳ期和Ⅴ期卵巢时较低,但Ⅵ期时又显著升高,其与脑IGF-Ⅰ mRNA及血清IGF-Ⅰ表达水平呈显著正相关,而与血清E2和T表达水平呈显著负相关.脑IGF-Ⅰ mRNA表达水平自Ⅱ期卵巢开始显著升高,至Ⅳ期时达峰值,并与血清IGF-Ⅰ表达水平呈显著负相关.卵巢IGF-ⅠmRNA表达水平自Ⅱ期开始显著升高,并在Ⅳ期时达峰值,但在Ⅴ期时明显下降,并保持至Ⅵ期,与血清E2表达水平呈显著正相关,而与血清IGF-Ⅰ表达水平呈显著负相关.血清IGF-Ⅰ变化趋势与肝脏IGF-ⅠmRNA相似.结果揭示了GH、IGF-Ⅰ在转录和血清水平上以协同或者拮抗的方式共同参与了半滑舌鳎卵巢发育的过程,其作用途径可能与性类固醇激素的合成与分泌有关,表明GH/IGF-Ⅰ轴对卵巢发育具有重要的调控作用,为深入认识半滑舌鳎卵巢发育的调控机制提供了新的思路和素材.     

克氏原螯虾不同发育时期5-HT与DA在卵巢和肝胰腺中的分布

为了研究5-HT与DA阳性物质在克氏原螯虾(Procambrus clarkii)不同发育时期的卵巢细胞和肝胰腺细胞中的分布特征,运用免疫组化法对卵巢发育4个不同时期的卵巢与肝胰腺进行观察。结果表明,各期卵巢卵细胞和肝胰腺细胞中均存在5-HT与DA阳性物质。Ⅰ期卵巢5-HT阳性物质分布于卵母细胞胞核,胞质未出现阳性;Ⅱ期～Ⅳ期5-HT阳性物质主要集中在卵母细胞胞质以及胞核。在发育各期的肝胰腺中5-HT的免疫物质均呈阳性。Ⅰ～Ⅳ期卵巢中,DA阳性物质主要分布于卵母细胞的胞核以及肝胰腺细胞,其强度呈递减趋势。结果提示5-HT具有促进卵巢发育作用,而DA则抑制卵巢发育。     

Mobilization of organic reserves during ovarian development in a marine penaeid prawn,Parapenaeopsis hardwickii (Miers) (Crustacea,Decapoda, Penaeidae)

The present study furnishes data concerning changes in biochemical constituents of midgut gland and ovary of Parapenaeopsis hardwickii associated with ovarian development. The ovarian index (0I) increased as the ovary developed from stage I (0I = 2.80 ± 0.32) to stage IV (0I = 5.85 ± 0.38) and then decreased suddenly in stage V (0I = 1.20 ± 0.45) following spawning. Associated biochemical parameters (protein, glycogen and fat) show remarkable variation. There was a continuous decline in these parameters in the midgut gland during ovarian development and a similar increase in their concentration in the ovary. The physiological significance of these findings is discussed briefly.     

Classification of differentiating oocytes during ovarian cycle in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii de man

Based on the light microscopic observations of cells' sizes, chromatin patterns, amount of lipid droplets and yolk granules, the female germ cells could be classified into four different phases, which include 1) oogonia (Oog), 2) primary oocytes (pOc), 3) secondary oocytes (sOc), and 4) mature oocyte (mOc). Oog are small oval-shaped cells with irregular-shaped nuclei sizing 4–6 μm in diameter. They rest on the connective tissue germinal cord at the tip of each ovarian pouch (lobule). Oogonia increase their number through mitotic division, and the daughter cells move into ovarian pouch where they undergo first meiotic division to become primary oocytes, which have various steps of 1st meiotic prophase accumulating at the innermost zone of the ovarian pouch. The primary oocytes are small oval-shaped cells (8.5–10 μm in diameter) with large nuclei containing chromatin in various states of condensation that finally transform into chromatids. Their nuclei are surrounded by thin rim of faint blue-stained cytoplasm. The secondary oocytes derived from 2nd meiosis and comprise five steps: Oc1 and Oc2, classified as previtellogenic oocytes, Oc3 and Oc4, classified as vitellogenic oocytes, and mature oocyte (mOc) The zones of ovarian pouch are defined based on the accumulation of various steps of developing oocytes, namely, oogenic, previtellogenic, vitellogenic and mature zones, respectively. The ovarian cycle is divided into five stages based on the number and types of oocytes present in each stage. Stage 0 and I are spawn and spent stages. Stage II and III are proliferative and premature stages, while stage IV is mature stage. During ovarian stage I, each ovarian pouch contains primarily oogonia, primary oocytes, Oc1 and a few Oc2. In stage II, the pouch contains mainly Oc2 and Oc3, while in stage III the predominant cells are Oc4. Mature oocytes appear synchronously, in stage IV. The ovulating mature oocytes pass through the thin disrupted wall of ovarian pouch into subcapsular space, that leads into the oviduct situated on the ventro-lateral side of the ovarian lobe. At spawning, the ovarian pouches break down and only connective sheaths and hemolymph sinuses remain. The germinal cords and islets of oogonia remain in the central area of stage 0 ovary. The ovarian capsule, including the muscular layer, becomes attenuated as the ovary progresses from stage 0 to IV. The hemolymph vessels become highly convoluted in the central area of the ovary, and they branch radially into smaller hemolymph sinuses around each oogenic pouch.     

野生斑节对虾卵巢发育过程中不同组织的氨基酸组成

测定了海南岛南部海域野生斑节对虾（Penaeus mofbodon）亲虾在卵巢发育不同阶段的全虾、肝胰腺和卵巢的氨基酸组成。结果表明,在卵巢发育初级阶段（含I期和Ⅵ期）、中级阶段（含Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期）和高级阶段（V期）斑节对虾全虾样品中,牛磺酸（Tau）质量分数差异显著（P〈0．05）,由高到低为中级阶段〉高级阶段〉初级阶段;而其他的氨基酸质量分数、氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸总量略有变化,但差异不显著（P〉0．05）。肝胰腺和卵巢氨基酸总量随着性腺发育逐渐上升,临产时（V期）下降,但差异不显著（P〉0．05）。中级阶段卵巢中的天门冬氨酸（Asp）、谷氨酸（Glu）、脯氨酸（Pro）、酪氨酸（Tyr）和赖氨酸（Lys）等5种氨基酸质量分数处于峰值。     

西伯利亚鲟卵巢发育过程血清脂蛋白脂酶活性与血脂代谢的研究

利用微创手术检查的方法对人工养殖西伯利亚鲟的卵巢发育期进行鉴别,根据卵巢发育期将西伯利亚鲟分为Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期和Ⅵ期共5个实验组。对5个实验组血清脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)活性及血脂含量进行测定,并对其之间的关系进行分析。结果表明:随着卵巢发育,血清LPL活性、极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)呈"先上升,后下降"的趋势,其中LPL在Ⅴ期达到最高值,VLDL-C、TG均在Ⅳ期达到最高值;总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)随卵巢发育表现为上升趋势。血清TG与LPL呈正相关关系。     

Ovarian re‐maturation following the first spawning in the Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis (H. Milne‐Edwards)

The present study investigated the external and histological changes in the ovary and measured the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) during the re‐maturation of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. The results show that the ovarian re‐maturation cycle of this crab species can be divided into four stages, i.e. Stage I: the ovary had an X shape and appeared milky white or with a mottled buff colour, and the dominant gametocyte at the stage were oogonia (OG, 28.3%) and previtellogenic oocytes (PR, 31.6%); Stage II: the ovary appeared light yellow or tan in colour, dominated by endogenous vitellogeic oocytes (EN, 69.3%). The yolk globules of unreleased mature oocytes (MO) from the previous spawn were absorbed, leaving many vacuoles in the retrogressing MO; Stage III: the ovary appeared crimson red or deep purple, and although the main type of gametocyte was exogenous vitellogenic oocytes (EX), near‐mature oocytes (NO) could also be found in the late phase of the ovarian development stage; Stage IV: the ovary was ripe and filled with MO that contained large yolk globules. During the period of the second ovarian maturation cycle, the GSI increased significantly from the time just after the first spawning (P<0.01). However, although HSI appeared to decrease within days after spawning (DAS), no significant correlation was found between GSI and HSI or between HSI and DAS (P>0.05). Furthermore, the final GSI and the volume of MO of E. sinensis during the second maturation cycle were drastically lower than those of the first maturation cycle.     

瓯江彩鲤生殖周期内卵巢成熟系数及脂类、脂肪酸的变化

采用生化方法测定了瓯江彩鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.color)卵巢不同发育时期的成熟系数及卵巢脂类、脂肪酸含量与组成,旨在了解瓯江彩鲤卵巢中脂类、脂肪酸的变化与卵巢发育及卵细胞成熟之间的关系。结果显示:卵巢中总脂含量在产卵前最高,占干重17.62%,产卵后显著下降到12.84%(P<0.05),到快速生长期又出现稍微下降,之后在越冬期开始呈上升趋势。4个时期中,C16∶0(软脂酸)、C18∶1n-9c(油酸)、C18∶2n-6c(亚油酸)均是卵巢中的主导脂肪酸,其含量显著高于其它脂肪酸(P<0.05);产卵前,卵巢中脂肪酸含量高,但种类较少,产卵后,卵巢中脂肪酸含量低,但种类较多;随卵巢的发育,不饱和脂肪酸的比例增加,从快速生长期到产卵前,C20∶4n-6(ARA)与C22∶6n-3(DHA)的含量逐渐上升,最高分别达11.63 mg/g、17.80 mg/g。结果表明:不同时期卵巢中脂类含量与成熟系数呈正相关,卵巢成熟需积累较多脂类物质。不饱和脂肪酸尤其是DHA、ARA对卵巢的成熟具有重要作用。