三株AHPND致病型副溶血性弧菌烈性噬菌体的分离鉴定及其生物学特性

为分离获得AHPND致病型副溶血性弧菌烈性噬菌体,并鉴定及研究其生物学特性,本研究以AHPND致病型副溶血性弧菌为宿主菌,采用双层平板法分别从中国福建及墨西哥海水样本中对其噬菌体进行分离;通过噬菌斑形态、限制性内切酶、全基因组测序构建系统发育树及透射电镜观察对所获噬菌体进行分类鉴定;同时对供试噬菌体裂解谱及其生物学特性进行测定,包括最佳感染复数(MOI)、pH稳定性、热稳定性、过氧乙酸稳定性及不同储存温度下的存活稳定性等。结果显示,本研究分离获得3株AHPND致病型副溶血性弧菌烈性噬菌体P46、P48及VP7,3株噬菌体的噬菌斑均呈透亮圆形,P46噬菌斑直径4～5 mm,P48与VP7噬菌斑直径5～6 mm。3株噬菌体核酸均为双链DNA,电镜下观察其头部均呈二十面立体结构,直径约60 nm,尾部宽约8 nm,长约18～20 nm,属于短尾噬菌体科。3株供试噬菌体对AHPND型副溶血性弧菌裂解率达91.5%,对非AHPND型副溶血性弧菌裂解率为92.3%,且无法识别除副溶血性弧菌外其他种属的细菌;噬菌体P46、P48及VP7感染AHPND致病型副溶血性弧菌的最佳MOI分别为0.001、0.1及0.001;P46与VP7最适pH为6～8,P48最适pH为6～9;3株噬菌体对60°C的温度耐受力较强,在4°C条件下存放50周后仍具有较高的存活率;对通用杀菌浓度的过氧乙酸具有一定耐受性。将噬菌体P46、P48及VP7保守蛋白序列在NCBI数据库中比对后发现,3株供试噬菌体与其他噬菌体同源性较低,因此,噬菌体P48与P46及VP7很可能为3株新发现的短尾科噬菌体,这是中国首次报道AHPND致病型副溶血性弧菌短尾科噬菌体。本研究丰富了AHPND致病型副溶血性弧菌噬菌体的菌种资源,并为其应用于噬菌体生物防治制剂的开发奠定了理论基础。     

霍乱弧菌SWBC—a为靶细菌筛选宽裂解弧菌噬菌体

以舟山赤潮海水为样品,以SWBC-a为靶细菌,分离出4株噬菌体,检测了噬菌体的效价、RTD值、对26株弧菌(副溶血孤菌、霍乱弧菌、溶藻弧菌)的裂解范围,其中SWBC-a-3能裂解3株弧菌,裂解范围较宽,而且显示出跨种属裂解的能力,对这株噬菌体进行了初步的生物学特性研究,包括电镜下的形态,pH值稳定性和热稳定性,钙、镁离子对噬菌体吸附的影响.这2株噬菌体对弧菌的裂解能力较强,有潜在的实用价值.     

微量菌鉴系统在水产养殖中的应用

运用专门检测发酵性革兰氏阴性杆菌的微量菌鉴系统——CDRC-菌鉴系统，鉴定水产养殖中分离自患病动物血液、肝胰腺和养殖水体的9个菌株，鉴定结果为9个菌株均为弧菌科细菌，其中4株属于气单胞菌属，分别为嗜水气单胞菌、温和气单胞菌和豚鼠气单胞菌，其余5株属于弧菌属，为副溶血性弧菌和溶藻弧菌。     

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)中溶源噬菌体与其宿主菌致病力的相关性

急性肝胰腺坏死病(Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease,AHPND)是由副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)引起的对虾病害,本研究从患AHPND的凡纳滨对虾样品中分离得到5株副溶血弧菌,采用致AHPND的副溶血弧菌(VPAHPND)的相关质粒的引物AP2进行PCR检测,表明这5株菌中均存在AHPND相关质粒.利用丝裂霉素C进行溶源性噬菌体筛选和噬菌体诱导发现,其中2株副溶血弧菌(20130629002S01和20130726001S01)可能存在溶源性噬菌体感染;从经0.5 μg/ml丝裂霉素C诱导的20130629002S01和20130726001S01中分别分离得到两种噬菌体phage1和phage2.透射电镜观测显示,phage1为有尾噬菌体,phage2为球形噬菌体.将上述5株副溶血弧菌进行卤虫无节幼体人工感染实验,结果显示,它们对卤虫无节幼体均有致病力,且各分离株的毒力表现出显著性差异;20130629002S01和20130726001S01两株带有溶源性噬菌体的副溶血弧菌的致病力显著低于无噬菌体的副溶血弧菌(20130721001S02).本研究结果表明,5株VPAHPND分离株都含有AHPND相关的质粒,表现出显著的毒力差异,可能携带不同的溶源噬菌体,也可能不携带溶源噬菌体,溶源噬菌体与副溶血弧菌各分离株的毒力并无必然相关性.     

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)中溶源噬菌体与其宿主菌致病力的相关性

急性肝胰腺坏死病(Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease,AHPND)是由副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)引起的对虾病害,本研究从患AHPND的凡纳滨对虾样品中分离得到5株副溶血弧菌,采用致AHPND的副溶血弧菌(VPAHPND)的相关质粒的引物AP2进行PCR检测,表明这5株菌中均存在AHPND相关质粒。利用丝裂霉素C进行溶源性噬菌体筛选和噬菌体诱导发现,其中2株副溶血弧菌(20130629002S01和20130726001S01)可能存在溶源性噬菌体感染;从经0.5μg/ml丝裂霉素C诱导的20130629002S01和20130726001S01中分别分离得到两种噬菌体phage1和phage2。透射电镜观测显示,phage1为有尾噬菌体,phage2为球形噬菌体。将上述5株副溶血弧菌进行卤虫无节幼体人工感染实验,结果显示,它们对卤虫无节幼体均有致病力,且各分离株的毒力表现出显著性差异;20130629002S01和20130726001S01两株带有溶源性噬菌体的副溶血弧菌的致病力显著低于无噬菌体的副溶血弧菌(20130721001S02)。本研究结果表明,5株VPAHPND分离株都含有AHPND相关的质粒,表现出显著的毒力差异,可能携带不同的溶源噬菌体,也可能不携带溶源噬菌体,溶源噬菌体与副溶血弧菌各分离株的毒力并无必然相关性。     

3株噬菌蛭弧菌裂解特性及在水体中的应用研究

对从海水中分离的3株噬菌蛭弧菌Blb-1、Blb-2、Blb-3在不同条件下的裂解特性进行了初步研究,并进行了Blb-2裂解水体哈维氏弧菌的应用试验。结果表明,3株菌在盐度为0~30时均能良好生长,具有广盐性;3株菌对灭活后的宿主菌具有更强的裂解作用,形成噬菌斑的时间普遍提前,且噬菌斑较大;3株蛭弧菌的裂菌谱试验以及不同蛭弧菌菌龄的裂解效果试验表明,3株菌对气单胞菌属和弧菌属细菌均有很好的裂解能力,而对水产益生菌芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌等裂解能力很弱;应用试验表明,噬菌蛭弧菌对水体中的哈维氏弧菌具有较强的的清除能力。     

夏季鲆人工育苗技术研究

1噬菌蛭弧菌微生物生态制剂的研究历程 1979年，我国首次开展对噬菌蛭弧菌（以下简称蛭弧菌）的研究。研究中发现蛭弧菌对许多动物（包括人体）和植物的致病菌，如霍乱弧菌、不凝集弧菌、伤寒沙门菌、副溶血弧菌、福氏志贺菌及大肠杆菌、嗜水气单胞菌、鳗弧菌、溶藻弧菌、荧光假单胞菌等均具有显著的裂解作用。中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所、中国海洋大学、上海水产大学、江苏省海洋渔业研究所等单位的研究证明，蛭弧菌对水生动物养殖中常见的副溶血弧菌、溶藻弧菌等革兰氏阴性菌的裂解率可达97．33％。     

噬菌体生物制剂在草鱼细菌性疾病治疗中的应用实例

正噬菌体是一种可入侵细菌内繁殖,最终使细菌裂解的病毒,又称为细菌的"食者"。国内外很多研究表明,噬菌体对嗜水气单胞菌、温和气单胞菌、副溶血弧菌、维氏气单胞菌、迟缓爱德华氏菌等均有较好的裂解效果,特别对具有多重耐药性的病原菌有较好的裂解效果。本实验室于2018年从中华鳖养殖池塘中分离到一株宽谱噬菌体,经研究发现,它对嗜水气单胞菌、副溶血弧菌等多种致病菌都具有较好的裂解作用,开始逐渐将其应用在实际生产中。     

两株副溶血弧菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及裂解性能

为探究副溶血弧菌的生物防治方法,自水产品市场污水排放处及青岛岸边海水中分离出两株副溶血弧菌噬菌体VPp2、VPp3.借助噬菌斑形态、电镜、酶切等技术对其进行了分类鉴定,测定了其裂解谱、最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线并研究其裂解性能.分类鉴定结果表明,VPp2、VPp3分别属于2株不同的噬菌体.其核酸均是线型双链DNA,均具有正二十面体的头部及较长的尾部,且均属肌尾科噬菌体.VPp2头部直径约64 nm,尾长约114 nm.VPp3头部直径约89 nm,尾长约106 nm.裂解性能研究结果表明,VPp2、VPp3在双层平板上均能形成清晰透亮的噬菌斑.其裂解谱相同.最佳感染复数均较小,潜伏期均较短,VPp2的裂解量只有11.1,而VPp3的裂解量可达45.3,是符合条件的潜伏期短裂解量大的噬菌体,可进一步应用于噬菌体治疗及检测等.     

两株西施舌内脏团细菌的分离及初步鉴定

自健康西施舌内脏团中分离得到两株细菌,命名为NZT-1、NZT-2,并进行形态学观察、生理生化试验和16S rRNA基因分析.电镜观察结果显示,两株菌均为短杆状,革兰氏阴性;生化反应显示,菌株NZT-1为梅氏弧菌的概率为89.07％,NZT-2为梅氏弧菌的概率为66.21％,两菌株均产纤维素酶、蛋白质酶、右旋糖酐酶,NZT-1产淀粉酶;16S rRNA基因分析结果显示菌株NZT-1、NZT-2与弧菌属的EHP1菌株的核苷酸序列相似度分别为96％、95％,初步鉴定两株菌属弧菌属.生物学特性研究表明两株菌生长的最适pH范围为5.0～10.0,最适生长温度28℃.     

Effect of Bacteriophages on Vibrio alginolyticus Infection in the Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

Vibrio alginolyticus is an important pathogen that causes a variety of diseases in marine animals including the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Herein, we describe a two‐phage mixture which may have potential for use as an antibacterial agent to prevent V. alginolyticus infection in the sea cucumber. A Z1210 bacterial isolate was cultured from diseased sea cucumber suffering from skin ulcerations and viscera ejection. The isolate was identified as V. alginolyticus by morphology and sequence similarity analysis. Subsequently, two bacteriophages infecting isolate Z1210 were isolated from the drainpipe of an aquatic market. Morphologically, these two phages were classified as members of Podoviridae (PVA1) and Myoviridae (PVA2) and each phage showed high virulence in an in vitro experiment. Additionally, an experiment conducted in a marine environment showed that a mixture of the two phages increased the survival of sea cucumbers (10 ± 2 g) to 73, 50, and 47% when it was used with a multiplicity of infection of 10, 1, or 0.1, respectively. This result differed markedly from the control without phage (3% survival) while there was no significant difference between the 80 and 47% survival observed for two antibiotic treatments (5 mg/L doxycycline and 10 mg/L kanamycin, respectively).     

Evaluation of a cocktail of phages for the control of presumptive Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains associated to acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease

Shrimp culture is a well‐established and fast‐growing industry that produces economic and social benefits in many countries. However, during the last years, it was severely affected by the emergence of the Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) or Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND). This disease is mainly attributed to Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and currently, there is no effective cure or treatment. In this study, the use of T2A2 and VH5e bacteriophages was evaluated to control different AHPND‐positive strains (presumptively identified as V. parahaemolyticus, VP_AHPND) under laboratory conditions. Lytic effect of T2A2 and VH5e bacteriophages against different strains isolated from AHPND outbreaks was corroborated. In addition, the effectiveness of the mixture of both phages was tested on a brine shrimp experimental infection model using three highly virulent VP_AHPND strains. It has been found that phage‐treated brine shrimp had significantly higher survival percentage compared with non‐treated groups (p < .001). Also, phage cocktail was found to be harmless to the organisms. These results suggest that the phage mixture is worth considering as a possible control measure for positive AHPND strains, although it is clear that further and more extensive testing is needed.     

Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is a potential virulence factor of Vibrio alginolyticus strains isolated from diseased fish

Vibrio alginolyticus is one of the most serious causative agents of diseases in cultured marine fish and shellfish. However, the characteristics of virulence factors in pathogenic V. alginolyticus are poorly known. To gain insight into fish diseases caused by V. alginolyticus, we carried out two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to identify uniquely expressed proteins in the disease-causing V. alginolyticus. V. alginolyticus strains were isolated from marine environments and diseased fish obtained from southern Thailand. We identified seven unique proteins in the disease-causing V. alginolyticus strain. Among those, the outer membrane protein A (OmpA) had the strongest expression. Therefore, the function of this protein was further analysed. To investigate the role of OmpA protein, an in-frame deletion mutant of ompA was constructed using the homologous recombination method. Although the ompA mutant V. alginolyticus strain (ΔompA) grew normally, the mutant exhibited a significant defect in the swarming ability and the biofilm formation. Furthermore, Galleria mellonella larvae injected with the mutant bacteria had a significantly greater survival percentage than those injected with the wild-type strain, demonstrating that OmpA protein is required for the pathogenicity of V. alginolyticus. Together, this study suggests a potential target for vaccine development against pathogenic V. alginolyticus strain.     

Diversity of Flavobacterium psychrophilum and the potential use of its phages for protection against bacterial cold water disease in salmonids

Flavobacterium psychrophilum causes rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) and cold water disease (CWD) in salmonid aquaculture. We report characterization of F. psychrophilum strains and their bacteriophages isolated in Chilean salmonid aquaculture. Results suggest that under laboratory conditions phages can decrease mortality of salmonids from infection by their F. psychrophilum host strain. Twelve F. psychrophilum isolates were characterized, with DNA restriction patterns showing low diversity between strains despite their being obtained from different salmonid production sites and from different tissues. We isolated 15 bacteriophages able to infect some of the F. psychrophilum isolates and characterized six of them in detail. DNA genome sizes were close to 50 Kbp and corresponded to the Siphoviridae and Podoviridae families. One isolate, 6H, probably contains lipids as an essential virion component, based on its chloroform sensitivity and low buoyant density in CsCl. Each phage isolate rarely infected F. psychrophilum strains other than the strain used for its enrichment and isolation. Some bacteriophages could decrease mortality from intraperitoneal injection of its host strain when added together with the bacteria in a ratio of 10 plaque-forming units per colony-forming unit. While we recognize the artificial laboratory conditions used for these protection assays, this work is the first to demonstrate that phages might be able protect salmonids from RTFS or CWD.     

A novel multiplex PCR method for detecting virulent strains of Vibrio alginolyticus

The bacterial strains obtained from various origins were tested with the novel primers targeting the collagenase gene, ompK gene and toxR gene to establish a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. These primers successfully recognized all virulent strains of Vibrio alginolyticus, but the avirulent strains were not recognized by the multiplex PCR because of lack of the collagenase and toxR genes. In a 50 μL multiplex PCR mixture, the lowest detection limit is 8.8 × 10² cells of virulent strains of V. alginolyticus. The multiplex PCR method was successfully developed to identify virulent strains of V. alginolyticus, and provides a rapid, sensitive, specific and reliable technology for diagnosing virulent strains of V. alginolyticus. Therefore, the novel multiplex PCR in the present paper can be useful for any laboratory working with vibriosis detection of aquatic animals.     

Development of novel aptamer‐based enzyme‐linked apta‐sorbent assay (ELASA) for rapid detection of mariculture pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus

As the major opportunistic pathogen to both marine animals and humans, Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) has caused heavy economic losses to mariculture. ssDNA aptamer VA2 targeting live V. alginolyticus was generated by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technology in our previous study. In this study, we first developed aptamer (VA2)‐based enzyme‐linked apta‐sorbent assay (VA2‐ELASA) for rapid detection of mariculture pathogen V. alginolyticus. The VA2‐ELASA could achieve the rapid detection for V. alginolyticus infection with high specificity and sensitivity. The VA2‐ELASA could specifically identify V. alginolyticus, but not other non‐target bacterial strains. VA2‐ELASA could detect V. alginolyticus at the concentration of 5 × 10⁴/ml, the incubation time short to 1 min and the incubation temperature as high as 45°C, which proved sensitivity and stability of the novel VA2‐ELASA in this study. It took less than one hour to accomplish the detection process by VA2‐ELASA. The characteristics of specificity, sensitivity and easy operation make VA2‐ELASA a novel useful technology for the rapid diagnosis of pathogen V. alginolyticus in mariculture.     

A selective and differential medium for Vibrio alginolyticus

In this paper, we present a selective and differential medium, termed Vibrio alginolyticus (VAL) agar, developed for the isolation and identification of V. alginolyticus. The presence of bile salts, high salinity and high incubation temperature allows the selective growth of moderately halophilic Vibrio species. Differentiation of bacteria is achieved by identifying species capable of sucrose fermentation, made visible by the pH indicator bromocresol purple. In this study, all of the 26 strains of V. alginolyticus and only three of the 99 strains representing 30 species (including 19 Vibrio species) other than V. alginolyticus were able to grow in the VAL medium. The remaining three strains could be further differentiated from V. alginolyticus according to colour or the diameter of colonies produced on VAL agar plates. Colonies isolated from shellfish rearing water and infected shrimp through the use of VAL agar plates were all positively identified as V. alginolyticus by conventional tests and 16S rDNA sequencing. The testing of specificity and differentiation capability of VAL shows the potential of the agar as a medium for the primary isolation of V. alginolyticus from pathological and environmental samples.     

Isolation and partial characterization of bacteriophages infecting Vibrio harveyi from shrimp farm effluent water

Bacteriophage isolated from the semi-intensive culture of Pacific white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei infects the luminous bacteria Vibrio harveyi. Lytic activity and lytic spectrum results revealed that the isolated phage had strong lytic activity in V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. Biofilm inhibition activity was performed against different pathogenic vibrios on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) template and the result revealed that the phage effectively inhibited the biofilm formation in V. harveyi. Spectrophotometric assay performed for lytic activity of the isolated phage in V. harveyi liquid culture showed that the phage significantly decreased the V. harveyi cell densities at different time intervals (P?<?0.05). To study the stability of phage at different temperature and pH revealed that the phage withstands the temperature ranged between 40 and 70 °C and the pH of 4 and 9 at a significant level (P?<?0.001). One-step growth curve depicted that the burst size gradually increased to a significant level and reached the maximum of 90% at 180 min (P?<?0.05). This study concluded that the isolated phage had specific activity against pathogenic V. harveyi infections.

     

Characteristics of marine vibrios isolated from fish farm tanks

Twenty-five cultures of organisms (grouped into presumptive V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus strains) isolated from tank water used to farm marine fish were subjected to a series of preliminary tests for the identification of V. parahaemoliticus. None were positively identified as this organism. Consequently the isolates, following their characterization as Gram-negative, motile, oxidase-positive rods which were fermentative without the production of gas, together with ten named Vibrio spp., were subjected to various tests and the results were subjected to computer analysis.They were sorted into clusters and it was found that both the presumptive V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus groups were largely homogeneous. The analysis also showed that the presumptive V. parahaemolyticus strains and one presumptive V. alginolyticus strain were best classified as V. parahaemolyticus and that all but one of the presumptive V. alginolyticus strains would have been best classified as V. anguillarum. The named V. alginolyticus strains proved to be a heterogeneous group and were not closely related to any other group of organisms. The significance of the occurrence of Vibrio spp. in tank water used to farm marine fish, especially when this water is heated power station effluent, is discussed.     

Characterization of two bacteriophages for specific treatment of biofilm formed by a Vibrio sp. isolated from an abalone farm

Vibrio harveyi and related vibrios are potential pathogens causing luminous vibriosis in marine aquaculture systems. In this study, two lytic phages P4A and P4F isolated using Vibrio strains B4A and B4F as indicator bacteria, respectively, were isolated from seawater of an abalone farm. Vibrio strain B4F belongs to the Harveyi clade of the genus Vibrio and was found to cause mortality of abalones in laboratory microcosms. Both phages were able to lyse Vibrio strain B4F. Electron microscopy revealed that phage P4A had an icosahedral head while P4F possessed an elongated hexagonal head. Both phages belong to the family Siphoviridae with long non‐contractile tails. Restriction endonuclease analysis indicated that both phages were double‐stranded DNA viruses and the genome sizes of P4A and P4F were estimated to be about 49 and 44 kb respectively. One‐step growth curves revealed that these two phages exhibited distinct latent periods, exponential periods and burst sizes by infecting the same Vibrio strain B4F. Both phages were able to significantly reduce Vibrio population density in biofilm formed by Vibrio strain B4F on the surface of polyethylene film. It is suggested that these two phages may be promising candidates as biocontrol agents of infections caused by Vibrio strains belonging to the Haveyi clade in marine aquaculture systems.