琼胶降解菌AT-22的筛选和产酶性质

从青岛近海的红藻(Gelidium amansii)中分离筛选到1株高活力的海洋琼胶降解菌AT-22，对其生长、产酶特性和酶活力影响因素进行初步研究。结果表明，AT-22所产琼胶酶为诱导酶，0．2％葡萄糖的添加对菌株产酶有抑制作用。该酶作用的最适pH值为6．0-7．0，最适温度为40℃，最适底物质量分数为1％～1．2％，Ca^2 的添加对酶促反应有较强的促进作用，而Fe^3 、Mn^2 、Cu^2 和Hg^2 等有不同程度的抑制作用。     

光合细菌Ⅰ的分离及其培养条件的优化

从虾塘淤泥中分离出1株能降解亚硝酸盐的光合细菌I,初步鉴定其为球形红假单胞菌。利用Plackett-Barman设计法,对影响光合细菌I生长量的11个因素进行了筛选,确定影响该菌生长的培养基的主要因素为NH_4Cl、NaHCO_3、温度和接种量;采用响应面法对其中的4个显著因子的最佳水平进行研究,结果表明,当NH_4Cl为0.99 g/L、NaHCO_3为1.68 g/L、温度30.18℃、接种量8.90%时,经过5 d培养,菌体密度显著提高,培养液OD_(660)可以从0.972提高至1.343。     

一株溴氰菊酯降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

为建立有效地去除淡水养殖环境中溴氰菊酯残留的微生物修复技术,通过采集长期受菊酯类农药污染土壤样品,以溴氰菊酯为唯一碳源配制基础盐培养基对土样进行富集培养,筛选分离出1株溴氰菊酯降解菌(SW),根据形态、生理生化分析及16S rRNA序列分析,将其鉴定为多食鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacterium multivorum)。通过改变温度、pH、接种量、药物初始浓度等外部条件研究菌株最适降解条件。结果显示:在pH为7的基础盐培养基中,30℃、180 r/min摇床培养120 h,SW对1.0 mg/L溴氰菊酯的降解率达76.4%。溴氰菊酯可作为该菌生长的唯一碳源。SW降解溴氰菊酯的最优条件为30℃、pH 6.0、接种量4%。在溴氰菊酯浓度为0.1、0.5和1.0 mg/L时,降解过程基本符合一级动力学方程模型,降解半衰期(T_(1/2))分别为4.5、2.3和2.0 d。生物修复试验中SW对养殖淡水中0.5、5.0和50μg/L溴氰菊酯作用5 d后的降解率为21.6%,26.4%和53.8%。     

温度、光照和pH相互关系及其对光合细菌生长的影响

观察了在不同温度、光照及ｐＨ下光合细菌的不同生长情况。发现温度、光照、ｐＨ之间相互制约，三者同时影响着光合细菌的生长。试验得出光合细菌生长的最适条件是：温度１５～２０℃，光照为３００００～５０００Ｌｘ，培养基ｐＨ为７；温度为２５～３０℃时，光照为３０００～５００Ｌｘ，培养基ｐＨ为７。     

产虾青素海洋酵母菌YS-185的鉴定及发酵条件优化

以26S rDNA法将实验室保藏的1株产虾青素的海洋酵母菌YS-185鉴定为粘红酵母。以海洋酵母菌YS-185为试验菌株,运用摇瓶发酵优化的方式,探索培养基组分和发酵工艺条件对该菌发酵的影响。实验结果表明,该菌生长最适培养基组分为葡萄糖8 g/L、蛋白胨8 g/L,最适生长起始pH值为5.5、转速220 r/min、接种量8%、温度20℃;虾青素合成的最佳培养基组分葡萄糖8 g/L、蛋白胨8 g/L,最佳虾青素合成条件:pH 5.5,转速220 r/min,接种量8%,培养温度25℃。发酵优化后的虾青素产量2.670μg/ml,较优化前的1.572μg/ml提高了69.8%。温度对酵母菌的生长和虾青素的合成都有显著影响。海洋酵母菌YS-185优化后的发酵条件有规模化生产虾青素的应用潜力。     

铜藻的褐藻糖胶、褐藻淀粉和褐藻胶的分离及提纯

本文研究了从铜藻中分离提取褐藻糖胶、褐藻淀粉和褐藻胶的方法。用稀盐酸溶液加温搅拌提取藻粉后，在提取液中含有褐藻糖胶和褐藻淀粉，可加乙醇至50％和80％分别将其沉淀出来。藻渣含有褐藻酸钠，可加温加碱而制备出。并用正交实验设计求出提取条件中的温度、pH和时间的最适配比。对于褐藻糖胶的提取，以温度70℃、时间2小时和提取液pH为4时最适。对于褐藻淀粉的提取，以温度70℃、时间1小时和提取液的pH为2时较优。本文还对粗褐藻糖胶和褐藻淀粉的提纯进行了研究，证明二者均可用酒精分级沉淀法处理而得到纯品，不需要采用较复杂的季胺盐法和离子交换树脂法。本工作证实铜藻是我国褐藻中含有三种多糖的较好藻种，从中可提褐藻糖胶3．5%，褐藻淀粉3．1％和褐藻酸钠17．8％。     

加州鲈致病性镰刀菌的分离鉴定及其药物敏感性分析

从加州鲈(Micropterus salmoides)患病部位分离纯化到一株优势菌MY1,采用形态观察和真菌rDNA-ITS序列分析对其进行鉴定,通过回归感染实验确定其致病性,同时采用琼脂稀释法和微量液体稀释法对其进行药物敏感性实验,并通过不同温度、pH值、盐度条件进行生理特性研究。结果显示:MY1鉴定为腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium solani),对加州鲈有较强的致病性,半数致死量(LD_(50))为1.03×10~4个/mL。药敏实验表明,该菌对两性霉素B、克霉唑、益康唑、制霉菌素4种药物敏感,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为8、16、8、32μg/mL。生理特性研究发现,MY1在10～35℃和pH4.32～11.44时均可生长,最适温度为25～30℃,最适pH为7.85;2%～8%NaCl显著抑制其生长。     

好氧反硝化细菌YX-6特性及鉴定分析

从对虾池塘筛选得到1株高效的好氧反硝化细菌,命名为YX-6。对该菌生长及反硝化性能间的关系进行研究;同时研究了不同温度、pH、盐度及碳源对该菌生长及反硝化性能的影响。结果表明,该菌反硝化作用主要发生在对数生长期,可将亚硝酸盐氮由10mg/L降至0;该菌最适生长及反硝化温度为30℃;pH值范围为7～9时最适于该菌生长及反硝化性能的发挥。该菌最适盐度范围为0～15;丁二酸钠、乙酸钠为该菌生长及反硝化的最适碳源。通过对YX-6菌株生理生化及16SrRNA分子鉴定,初步鉴定为凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)。对该菌株亚硝酸还原酶基因进行序列分析,结果表明,该菌含有亚硝酸还原酶nirS基因。     

土壤中单宁和植酸降解菌的筛选、鉴定及液态发酵研究

为从土壤中筛选能够同时降解单宁和植酸的微生物,本实验利用富集培养技术,分离、筛选、鉴定土壤中的单宁和植酸降解菌,并研究其在液态发酵下的产酶能力。结果显示,从土壤中共获得109株纯菌落,包括39株细菌、46株酵母菌以及24株霉菌。分别用单宁筛选性培养基和植酸筛选性培养基筛选上述菌株,获得27株植酸降解菌和14株单宁降解菌,其中霉菌M-6、M-3和M-1可以同时分解单宁和植酸,且霉菌M-6的水解圈直径大于M-3和M-1。在液态发酵条件下,随着发酵温度的升高(20~35°C),霉菌M-6产单宁酶和植酸酶的活力呈现先升高而后降低的趋势,在发酵温度为30°C时达到最高值(P0.05)。随着发酵p H的升高(p H 4~7),霉菌M-6产单宁酶和植酸酶的活力呈先升高后降低的趋势(P0.05);其中单宁酶活力在发酵p H值为5时达到最高值,显著高于其他处理组(P0.05);而植酸酶活力在发酵p H值为5时达到最高值,显著高于发酵p H 4和7处理组(P0.05),但与发酵p H 6处理组差异不显著(P0.05)。通过菌落和菌株形态学以及分子测序方法,鉴定M-6为黑曲霉。因此,本研究从土壤中分离筛选出3株(M-6、M-3和M-1)能够同时水解单宁和植酸的降解菌,在液态发酵条件下,黑曲霉M-6产单宁酶和植酸酶的最佳发酵温度为30°C,最佳发酵p H值为5。     

一株反硝化细菌的筛选及其反硝化特性的研究

从土壤中分离到一株高活性反硝化菌DNF409,经生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析,初步判断为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillussp.)。在生长的各个阶段,该菌株均具有较强的反硝化活性,最适反硝化碳源为乙醇。在天然养殖水体中,碳氮摩尔比达到8.0∶1、菌体浓度达到108cfu/L时,其反硝化活性即可充分发挥,硝态氮和亚硝态氮的降解率可分别达到94.79%和99.94%。试验表明该菌株在养殖水体的生物脱氮方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.