军曹鱼稚鱼外周血细胞及其形态学观察

以出膜后第60天的军曹鱼外周血液为材料,利用光镜显微技术研究了其血细胞的种类和形态。外周血液包括5种类型的血细胞,红细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和血栓细胞。血细胞计数测得红细胞密度为(2.97±0.82)×109ind.mL-1,白细胞密度为(1.39±0.94)×106ind.mL-1,淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、单核细胞和血栓细胞在白细胞中所占的比例分别为(53.00±8.51)%、(17.59±4.28)%、(4.78±1.37)%和(24.63±4.08)%。未见到嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞。血细胞计数结果表明,红细胞数量远远大于白细胞,白细胞中淋巴细胞数量最多,单核细胞数量最少。实验还观察到处于分裂状态的红细胞、细胞表面有伪足样胞突的小淋巴细胞和细胞表面有许多微绒毛突起的大淋巴细胞、核呈多种形态的单核细胞和中性粒细胞及不同形态的血栓细胞等。     

长鳍裸颊鲷外周血细胞的显微结构

报道了长鳍裸颊鲷(Lethrinus erythropterus)外周血细胞的显微结构。血涂片经过WRIGHT氏染色,在Olympus BX51显微镜下观察,可鉴别出红细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、血栓细胞和单核细胞等7种类型的血细胞。红细胞数量最多,多为椭圆形,具有圆核;在白细胞中,数量多少依次是血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞,嗜碱性粒细胞在外周血液中很罕见。血栓细胞体积最小,嗜中性粒细胞最大。淋巴细胞包括小淋巴细胞、中淋巴细胞和大淋巴细胞3种。     

日本黄姑鱼血细胞发生的观察

用Wright’sGiemsa混合染料对日本黄姑鱼外周血涂片以及头肾、肾脏、肝脏和脾脏组织印片染色,观察其中各种血细胞的大小、形态特征,研究了日本黄姑鱼血细胞的发生发育模式。观察发现,在外周血涂片中,除红细胞外,还观察到多种白细胞,主要有单核细胞、嗜中性细胞、嗜酸性细胞和淋巴细胞,而嗜碱性细胞没有被发现。红细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞的发生主要在肾脏和头肾,其次是脾脏;粒细胞的发生主要在头肾和脾脏。红细胞的发育经历3个阶段:原红细胞、幼红细胞和成熟红细胞阶段。红细胞在成熟过程中,细胞核的体积逐渐变小,细胞与细胞核的体积比由大变小然后再变大。成熟红细胞除了由幼稚细胞发育而来以外,还可以进行一分为二的方式进行分裂;粒细胞的发育经历5个阶段:原粒细胞、早幼粒细胞、中幼粒细胞、晚幼粒细胞和成熟粒细胞;淋巴细胞经历了3个阶段:原淋巴细胞、幼淋巴细胞和成熟淋巴细胞;单核细胞的发育和淋巴细胞相似,也经历了3个阶段:原单核细胞、幼单核细胞和成熟单核细胞。     

厚颌鲂外周血细胞形态及细胞化学特征研究

采用血细胞常规染色和细胞化学染色对厚颌鲂(Megalobrama pellegrini)外周血细胞形态及细胞化学特征进行观察。结果显示:厚颌鲂外周血细胞可分为红细胞、血栓细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和三种类型粒细胞。红细胞有幼稚、成熟和衰老三种形态,其中幼稚和衰老红细胞较少见;血栓细胞数量最多,其次是淋巴细胞。粒细胞中Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型较常见,Ⅲ型粒细胞少有。细胞化学染色显示幼红细胞、血栓细胞和淋巴细胞均呈ACP弱阳性;单核细胞呈ACP和ANAE阳性;Ⅰ型粒细胞是嗜中性粒细胞,POX、ACP和ANAE阳性;Ⅱ型粒细胞是PAS-GL,PAS强阳性和ACP阳性;Ⅲ型粒细胞是Ⅰ型粒细胞的晚期形态。厚颌鲂的PAS-GL可能是嗜酸性/嗜碱性粒细胞,而不是嗜碱性粒细胞的前体。     

珍珠龙胆石斑鱼血细胞发生的研究

用瑞氏染液对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的头肾、体肾、脾脏等器官组织的涂片、印片进行染色、观察、测定和统计,以研究血细胞发生。试验结果显示,红细胞的发育经历4个阶段,分别是原红细胞、幼红细胞、红细胞和衰老红细胞,细胞体积逐渐变小;粒细胞的发育经历5个阶段,分别是原粒细胞、早幼粒细胞、中幼粒细胞、晚幼粒细胞和成熟粒细胞,中性粒细胞的体积由大变小再变大,嗜酸性粒细胞体积逐渐变小;单核细胞和淋巴细胞的发育经历3个阶段,分别是原始、幼稚和成熟,细胞体积逐渐变小。珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的各种细胞体积均较其他鱼类的细胞体积大;中性粒细胞的体积与嗜酸性粒细胞的体积差异较大。脾脏中未观察到原红细胞和原粒细胞,仅在体肾中观察到巨噬细胞和网状细胞。头肾是珍珠龙胆石斑鱼最主要的造血器官,体肾次之。头肾和体肾是珍珠龙胆石斑鱼红细胞、粒细胞的主要发生器官;头肾、体肾、脾脏是原单核细胞、原淋巴细胞发生的主要场所。     

双齿围沙蚕血细胞形态分析

为了解双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)血细胞的显微结构和组成,通过血涂片染色,并在显微镜下观察。实验结果:双齿围沙蚕血细胞的组成包括嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞和盘状细胞,其中体积最大的是单核细胞,体积最小的是血栓细胞;血栓细胞、单核细胞和淋巴细胞是数量最多的3种血细胞,占血细胞总量的85.37%;血淋巴中无红细胞,盘状细胞也罕见。     

青石爬(鱼兆)血浆生化指标、血细胞分类与发生

对40尾野生青石爬(鱼兆)进行了血液生化指标、血细胞分类与发生研究.测得血浆的总蛋白为(48.35±3.60)g/L,白蛋白为(8.73±0.54)g/L,球蛋白为(39.63±3.10)g/L,血浆白蛋白与球蛋白比为(0.22±0.01),甘油三酯为(5.05±2.14)mmol/L,总胆固醇为(16.66±3.64)mmol/L,极低密度脂蛋白为(1.01±0.43)mmol/L,葡萄糖为(5.27±2.43)mmol/L.血液生化指标检测结果表明,青石爬(鱼兆)血浆中总蛋白与球蛋白、甘油三酯与胆固醇较高,葡萄糖较低,具有活动量较大和冷水性鱼类的特点,主要利用脂肪和蛋白质作为能量.细胞学显示出其外周血液包含红细胞,核影,淋巴细胞,血栓细胞,嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞.血涂片计数为红细胞96.58%,其中成熟红细胞占65.92%,幼稚红细胞占30.66%.白细胞为3.42%,其中嗜中性粒细胞0.14%、单核细胞0.07%、淋巴细胞2.37%、血栓细胞0.85%.白细胞中淋巴细胞和血栓细胞数量较多.原始血细胞主要在中肾和头肾中,在脾脏中也有部分原始白细胞,而肝脏和外周血液中未见原始血细胞.中肾和头肾是青石爬(鱼兆)的主要造血器官,其中红细胞主要由头肾产生,白细胞主要由中肾产生.脾脏亦产生少量白细胞.     

紫红笛鲷血细胞发生研究

将体质量510~620 g的紫红笛鲷用间氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸盐麻醉后解剖,取出头肾、体肾、肝脏、脾脏,用干净的刀片居中横切、纵切,印片和涂片用Wright-Giemsa染液染色10 min,观察头肾、体肾、脾脏、肝脏4个组织印片以及外周血涂片。试验结果显示,头肾、体肾、脾脏是其造血器官。头肾能发育生成各类型血细胞,体肾能生成红细胞、淋巴细胞、粒细胞和单核细胞,脾脏能生成淋巴细胞。肝脏中未发现幼稚型血细胞。红细胞发育经过原红细胞、早幼红细胞、中幼红细胞、晚幼红细胞和红细胞5个阶段;原粒细胞发育至早幼粒细胞后,分化为嗜碱性中幼粒细胞、嗜酸性中幼粒细胞和中性中幼粒细胞,最后发育成嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和中性粒细胞;淋巴细胞和单核细胞发育经过原始、幼稚和成熟3个阶段。血细胞在发育过程中,胞体逐渐变小,细胞核逐渐变小,染色质由疏松到致密;粒细胞中,颗粒由少到多。     

“优鲈1号”大口黑鲈血细胞的形态特征及吞噬功能的研究

用Wright's染色及细胞化学方法,对"优鲈1号"大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)外周血细胞形态特征进行观察,并通过吞噬实验分析其血细胞的免疫功能。结果表明血细胞可分为红细胞和白细胞,白细胞包括粒细胞(Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型粒细胞)、单核细胞、淋巴细胞及血栓细胞;其中红细胞数最多,白细胞较少;白细胞中,淋巴细胞比例最大(62.73%)。通过过碘酸-雪夫氏反应(PAS)、苏丹黑B(SBB)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、过氧化物酶(POX)、酚氧化酶(PO)染色,红细胞染色均呈阴性,而白细胞除AKP、POX染色外,染色均呈阳性,且不同白细胞阳性染色程度不一致,其中血栓细胞染色均较强烈。吞噬实验表明,红细胞具有吞噬功能,吞噬率为(16.17±1.08)%;粒细胞和血栓细胞具黏附能力,且血栓细胞能形成黏附花环,这可能与血栓细胞形态多样性及糖原、脂类、ACP和PO有关。     

洞庭湖区黄鳝血细胞的分类与计数

采用瑞氏染色和显微镜观察法，对洞庭湖区的黄鳝血细胞进行分类和计数，发现黄鳝的血细胞可分为7类，即红细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞和梭形细胞，其中红细胞数目最多，且红细胞数目较其它水生鱼类为高，这可能是与其栖息环境相适应的结果。     

淡水石斑鱼血细胞发生的观察

通过对淡水石斑鱼血涂片及头肾、肾、脾和肝脏器印片的光镜观察,发现血细胞的发育大致经过3个阶段,即原始阶段、幼稚阶段、成熟阶段。试验对脏器中不同发育阶段的红血细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、粒细胞进行了观察和测量,并进行了分类统计。试验结果表明头肾、肾和脾是淡水石斑的主要造血器官,肝组织印片上未观察到原始阶段血细胞,提示肝脏不是淡水石斑鱼的造血器官。     

暗纹东方鲀血细胞发生的观察

通过对暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)血液涂片及头肾、体肾、脾脏和肝脏四种脏器印片的光镜观察,发现血细胞的发育大致经过三个阶段,即原始阶段、幼稚阶段、成熟阶段。实验对不同发育阶段的红血细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、粒细胞进行了观察和测量,并对暗纹东方鲀血细胞的发生过程做了初步探讨。实验结果表明暗纹东方鲀血细胞的发育主要在头肾和体肾,肝脏印片未观察到原始造血细胞,提示肝脏可能不是暗纹东方鲀的造血器官。     

牙鲆免疫相关组织特征及抗体阳性细胞的免疫组化定位

应用抗牙鲆免疫球蛋白单克隆抗体(2D8、1H1)对牙鲆外周血系统、肾、脾、肝、胰、肠道组织中抗体阳性细胞进行了定位观察，并对其组织学特征进行了描述。两株单抗均能在外周血滴片和组织切片中成功地检测到抗体阳性细胞。外周血系统中的抗体阳性细胞主要为淋巴细胞，没有发现抗体阳性的巨噬细胞；牙鲆头肾中没有肾单位，肾小管、肾小球等主要存在于后肾中，脾脏和肾脏都含有巨噬细胞、粒细胞、淋巴细胞等免疫相关细胞，抗体阳性细胞存在方式也极为相似，成簇或单独分布于黑色素巨噬细胞中心和血管周围；牙鲆的胰组织镶嵌在肝上，形成肝胰脏，也参与免疫应答，抗体阳性细胞单个存在，分布于肝组织中，胰组织中没有发现抗体阳性细胞；肠道抗体阳性细胞主要存在于固有层中，有成簇存在现象，在上皮层也可见到单个存在的抗体阳性细胞。     

Blood cleansing cells in head kidney and spleen in Buenos Aires tetra, Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann), (Characidae: Teleostei)

The general structure and cell types in kidney and spleen in Buenos Aires tetra, Hyphessobrycon anisitsi, family Characidae, are described. The capability and capacity of these organs to clean foreign ferritin from the blood stream are analysed and compared. Head kidney was mainly composed of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and other white blood cells, whereas unmatured and matured red blood cells were few in number. Spleen often contained much red pulp, that is mainly matured red blood cells between splenic cords, often with some macrophages and neutrophils in the latter. Occasionally, this pulp contained large volumes of unmatured red blood cells, particularly in the periphery of the spleen. The splenic white pulp consisted of ellipsoids composed of an inner endothelial layer covered by a thick sheet of white blood cells, which in the periphery consisted mainly of macrophages. Erythrocytes occupied nearly the entire splenic volume in some specimens, whereas up to half of this volume was filled by ellipsoid macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and other white blood cells in other specimens. The macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells in kidney and spleen from ferritin-injected specimens were tightly packed by yellow-brown granules or Prussian blue precipitations, in tissue treated with Mallory stain or acid ferrocyanide, respectively, suggesting a large uptake of foreign ferritin. In the present tetra large amounts of white blood cells are developed in head kidney, where macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells play important roles in the cleansing of scavenger and foreign molecules and particles from the blood stream. The spleen seems primarily to be a site for iron recycling and production and storage of red blood cells. Sometimes, however, it was rich in macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and other white blood cells, suggesting functions like blood cleansing and non-specific and specific defence in such specimens.     

Morphological studies of peripheral blood cells of the Chinese sturgeon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser sinensis</Emphasis>

The peripheral blood cells of one-year-old Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) have been studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The erythrocyte count was 84.86 × 10⁴ cell mm⁻³ in the peripheral blood of the fish and that of leukocytes was 2.24 × 10⁴ cell mm⁻³. The erythrocytes and four main types of leucocyte—thrombocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes (including neutrophils and eosinophils), and monocytes, were identified in the peripheral blood. In addition to normal erythrocytes, reticulocytes and division of erythrocytes were observed. Thrombocytes were the most numerous among the leukocytes, and the number of neutrophils with lobated nuclei was larger than for other fish. The structures of the erythrocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and thrombocytes of the fish were studied. The erythrocytes were almost completely devoid of organelles, except for some mitochondria and granules. A large number of vacuoles and a few organelles were observed in cytoplasm of the monocytes. There were many microvilli on the membrane and pseudopodia-like cytoplasm bulge in the lymphocytes. The neutrophils were round or oval in shape with bilobed, trilobed, or multilobed nuclei whereas the eosinophils had big special granules, dark stained. There were many vesicles in some thrombocytes, which were related to its phagocytosis; some thrombocytes had almost no cytoplasm or organelles.     

Effects of sex and season in haematological parameters and cellular composition of spleen and head kidney of pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis)

Phylogenetic diversity in fish determines high interspecific variability in morphology as well as in physiological parameters. Moreover, several haematological variables and the organ composition of haemolymphopoietic sites may vary according to sex or season. The aim of this study was to establish the haematological parameters and the cellular composition of haemolymphopoietic organs in Odontesthes bonariensis, a commercially valuable fish species in Argentina, and also to determine gender or seasonal variations. Haematocrit exhibited the highest value in summer, while haemoglobin concentration was greater in summer and autumn. Erythrocyte count was higher in spring than autumn and winter, but did not differ with summer. The increase in these variables in seasons with higher water temperatures might be a compensatory mechanism to compensate the lower level of oxygen in the environment. Leucocyte formula and blast haemolymphopoietic cells in spleen and head kidney also showed annual variations since cells related to specific immune response, i.e., lymphocytes and thrombocytes, decrease in winter, whereas cells of the non-specific immune pathways, such as granulocyte, rise. The elevation of a particular type of circulating leucocyte was preceded by an increase in values of its precursor in blood in the previous season. Both, spleen and head kidney were active in haemolymphopoiesis, although with some differences in their activity during different seasons. Males showed higher values of circulating lymphoblasts and granulocytes than females, whereas females exhibited higher values of thrombocytes. This study corroborates the high interspecific variations in haematological parameters in fish that underlines the needing of basic studies in order to assess fish health status in new promising species for aquaculture.     

异育银鲫咽碘泡虫病组织病理与病理生理

咽碘泡虫(Myxobolus pharynae)病是近几年发生在江苏省盐城地区的大丰、射阳和滨海以及周边地区,引起养殖异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)大批死亡的一种黏孢子虫病,咽碘泡虫只特异地寄生在异育银鲫的咽部组织内,为了阐明该病对鱼体的损伤作用,我们对不同患病时期的异育银鲫的组织病理和疾病中期的病理生理进行研究。组织病理结果表明:疾病初期病鱼咽部略有轻度充血,咽碘泡虫以营养体阶段寄生在咽部黏膜下层的组织中,并开始形成由成纤维细胞包裹的小孢囊,其他组织器官无病理损伤现象;疾病中期由于小孢囊数量增加和囊内营养体分裂增殖并逐步发育为成熟孢子后体积增大,构成的大孢囊使咽部显著膨大,包裹小孢囊的结缔组织囊壁充血,逐步萎缩而变薄,成纤维细胞核固缩坏死,咽部黏膜层中的上皮细胞淡染、核固缩坏死,味蕾失去应有的结构,鳃组织细胞在鳃小片间严重增生,肾部分区域出现细胞坏死,肾小球肿胀,肾小管上皮细胞出现滴状玻璃样变性,肝、脾、肠和前肾无病理变化现象;疾病后期小孢囊囊壁、黏膜下层和黏膜层组织细胞进一步坏死崩解,出现孔洞,成熟孢子、坏死组织和血液一并流出孔洞,病鱼肠腔中有许多来自坏死的咽部组织细胞和成熟孢子,其他组织器官病理变化与疾病中期相似。疾病中期病鱼的病理生理分析结果表明:病鱼红细胞数量和大小、血红蛋白浓度、血栓细胞数量、血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、血糖、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶都分别极显著低于健康鱼(P0.01),出现贫血;病鱼红细胞脆性、白细胞数、嗜中性粒细胞数、单核细胞数、总胆红素、肌酐、尿素和乳酸脱氢酶分别都极显著高于健康鱼(P0.01);淋巴细胞数和嗜酸性粒细胞数与健康鱼相比,无显著差异(P0.05)。由于咽碘泡虫的寄生部位鱼咽部严重膨大堵塞口咽腔并引发鳃组织增生、肾的损伤和贫血等变化,进一步发展为咽部组织坏死破裂出现孔洞流血,导致病鱼无法摄食和呼吸困难等功能障碍而死亡。