湖南鱼类的新记录

关于湖南鱼类，国外Nichols(1925)Rendahl(1932)等曾报道过数种新种。国内梁启荣等(1963)曾就其鱼类区系组成进行过分析；伍献文等(1964，1974)在《中国鲤科鱼类志》(上、下卷)中，对湖南产的鲤科鱼类新种，以及其它种的分类地位和分布，有过研究和整理；     

中华鲟胚胎发育的研究

<正> 国内外学者对多种鱼类的胚胎发育做过大量工作。苏联鱼类学家A·C·金兹堡和T·A·杰特拉费(1954,1958)对闪光鲟、俄罗斯鲟和欧洲鳇等鲟科鱼类胚胎发育做过深入细致的研究。我国四川省长江水产资源调查组和长江水产研究所(1976)对中华鲟胚胎发育进行了初步观察,西南师范学院苏良栋(1980)和四川省合川水产学校周仰璟(1981)对中华鲟胚胎发育做过初步研究。     

高邮湖鱼类群落结构特征

为了解高邮湖鱼类群落结构特征,采用三层刺网和单目地笼网鱼类采样工具,于2019-2020年在该湖泊设置的5个点位进行4次调查,鉴定了渔获物种类,分析了鱼类生态类型和群落结构特征指数。结果显示:高邮湖鱼类24种,隶属20属7科6目。淡水性、肉食性和中上层鱼类为优势生态型。鲫(Carassius auratus)、大银鱼(Protosalanx hyalocranius)、鳙(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、刀鲚(Coilia nasus)和鲢(H.molitrix)为高邮湖优势种。平均Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为1.45,Pielou均匀度指数为0.61,Simpson优势度指数为0.6,Margalef种类丰富度指数为1.91。与历史资料相比,鱼类群落多样性和丰富度指数有所提高,但群落结构受干扰程度较高。Cluster聚类和nMDS平面图显示,高邮湖不同空间的鱼类多样性差异较小;而与其北部入湖口河流水域相比,鱼类群落结构差异显著。过水性高邮湖的鱼类多样性高于河道,但总体上鱼类物种多样性处于较低水平。     

怎样做鱼肚

名贵海味品鱼肚,是由鱼膘制成的.鱼类虽都有膘,但能制鱼肚的膘不多.不同的鱼类,其膘的大小以及蛋白质并不相同,有的鱼类的膘长得特别肥厚长大,满是胶蛋白,如(鱼免)鱼、大黄鱼、长吻(鱼危)、鲟鳇鱼、毛鲿鱼等等.把这些一鱼的膘取出剖开(小的可以不剖),剥离附着其上的凝血和网膜,平铺晒干或烘干(不要曝晒和温度过高),即成鱼肚.食用时,     

露斯塔野鲮(Labeo rohita)胚胎发育与水温的关系

<正> 关于鱼类胚胎发育与水温关系的研究,国内外水产科学工作者曾作过不少研究工作。国外如A.Thomopoula(1954)在玉筋鱼卵上,T.A.杰特拉弗和A.C.金兹堡在鲟鱼卵上,U.Lieder(1953)在鲤鱼卵上,Ljubitzky(1953)和F.R.Hayes(1953)分别在鲑鱼卵上都进行过研究。国     

印尼科鱼类幼体饲料开发和应用

(鱼旨)科鱼类的经济价值比较高,发展潜力比较大.目前(鱼旨)科鱼类(主要是石斑鱼)的商业养殖遍及整个亚洲地区,但是在过去比较长一段时期里一直依靠野生苗种和喂养杂鱼.近年来开发了一些(鱼旨)科鱼类苗种孵化技术,激发了人们从事(鱼旨)科鱼类养殖的兴趣.饲料在鱼类养殖成本中经常是最大的费用项目.虽然在(鱼旨)科鱼类食物方面杂鱼是养殖者的首选,但是其供应量有限并受季节变化的限制.目前对于(鱼旨)科鱼类营养需求的了解仍然非常有限,如果希望开发利用效能高和成本效益好的人工配合饲料,就必须抓紧解决这方面的问题.在现有(鱼旨)科鱼类营养需求信息的基础上,一些饲料公司生产了各种育苗和养成饲料.由于价格比较昂贵,适口性差,因此养殖者并没有很好地接受这些类型的饲料.为了加深对几种(鱼旨)科鱼类幼体营养需求的理解,开发更好的人工配合饲料,Gondol海水养殖研究所(GRIM)进行了一系列试验研究.……     

蟾胡子鲶仔、稚、幼鱼食性的初步观察

<正> 蟾胡子鲶(Clarias batrachus)自1979年引进以来,人工繁殖和养殖已获得成功,并显示出其生产效益。为了发展生产,解决苗种问题,有必要弄清蟾胡子鲶尤其是仔鱼到幼鱼阶段的营养变化规律。几种胡子鲶的食性曾有学者研究过。如葛国昌(1981)认为胡子鲶(C.fuscus)是一种肉食性鱼类。Carreon等(1976)认为C.macrocephalus是终生肉食性鱼类。Gosse(1963)认为C.lazera是底栖杂食性     

泉州湾南部近海鱼类区系的研究

泉州湾地处东海和南海的过渡海域,属于南亚热带气候,温度适宜,鱼类种类繁多,其区系组成具有一定的特色。对黄海、东海和南海鱼类区系的研究,成庆泰(1959—1966)、上海市水产研究所鱼类研究室海水组(1976)等,已有研究报道。对闽南—台湾浅滩鱼类区系的研究,张其永等(1981)、黄宗强(1984)都有过专文的报道。而泉州湾南部近海鱼类区系的研究,方水美等(1985)在有关研究报告中也有提及,但还没有专文论述。本文根据1988年泉州湾南部近海定置网渔获物调查的资料和有关文献报告,试图就这一海区鱼类区系作初步探讨。     

流溪河水厂坝丹尼尔式鱼道运行效果初探

为检验流溪河水厂坝建立的丹尼尔式鱼道试点工程效果,在2015-2016年鱼道主要过鱼时段4-10月,利用张网法逐日监测。结果显示,鱼道取样共采集鱼类906尾,隶属于3目、8科、32属、34种,体长范围5～74cm,优势种为尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia niloticus)(数量比51.10%)、歺又鱼(Hemiculter leucisculus)(16.23%)、唇鱼骨(Hemibarbus labeo)(8.17%)、银鮈(Squalidus argentatus)(6.73%)、东方墨头鱼(Garra orientalis)(1.55%),以定居型鱼类为主,未见河口洄游性鱼类。水温与上游水位是影响鱼类种类时间分布的主要环境因素。聚类分析表明,6月过鱼群体的种类和数量独成一类,与其他月份鱼类群体最不相似。虽然Shannon多样性指数在5月和6月分别为2.068和1.719,但总体偏低(1.451±0.535),而Margalef丰富度指数差别较小,表明不同鱼类对鱼道入口的感应存在种间差异,推测是由工程全段翻滚闸门下泄水流导致鱼道入口不易发现所致。研究表明,丹尼尔式鱼道试点工程效果较好,为该河段的绝大部分鱼类提供了上溯通道,对流溪河构建整体过鱼设施体系起到了良好的示范作用,有助于流溪河生态系统的健康与恢复。     

鲤Rhbdd3蛋白的抗病毒功能

Rhbdd3(Rhomboid domain-containing protein 3)蛋白在哺乳动物天然免疫中发挥了重要作用,但水生动物中rhbdd3基因的确定序列及Rhbdd3蛋白的功能均尚未见报道。为研究鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的Rhbdd3蛋白在鱼类细胞中的功能,探讨其过表达对鱼类病毒感染的影响,本研究通过PCR扩增得到了鲤rhbdd3基因的编码序列,并将其克隆至pCI-neo载体上,构建了真核表达质粒pCI-rhbdd3。pCI-rhbdd3转染鲤上皮瘤细胞EPC(epithelioma papulosum cyprinid)和鲑囊胚细胞CHSE-214(chinook salmon embryo)后利用制备的特异性抗体进行Western blot,检测Rhbdd3蛋白的表达情况,并利用CCK-8试剂检测其过表达对细胞增殖的影响。转染后分别进行鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)和传染性胰腺坏死病毒(IPNV)的感染实验,并利用间接免疫荧光、Western blot和RT-qPCR方法检测Rhbdd3过表达对SVCV和IPNV增殖的影响。结果显示,pCI-rhbdd3转染后Rhbdd3蛋白在EPC和CHSE-214细胞中得到了过表达,且Rhbdd3蛋白的过表达能显著抑制SVCV和IPNV的复制,但不影响两种细胞的正常活性。本研究为鱼类广谱抗病毒药物的开发提供了新的实验依据,也为鱼类抗病毒新品种的培育奠定了重要基础。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.