大竹蛏人工繁育与中间育成技术

2015~2017年连续3年进行大竹蛏人工繁育试验与生产,累计培育出平均壳长3~6.1 mm蛏苗1.62亿粒,对大竹蛏(Solen grandis)繁殖习性及人工繁育技术进行了研究。结果显示,大竹蛏卵子分批成熟,多次产卵。在水温18~25℃条件下,受精卵约经22~35h发育为D型幼虫,D型幼虫经6~10d培育变态为稚贝,日生长量14~25μm,成活率66.9%~73.3%。以细沙为附着基进行稚贝培育和中间育成,成活率可达53.5%~77.3%,日生长量150~166μm。     

吕四渔场海区大竹蛏的繁育与生长

2007～2011年间在江苏省文蛤良种场对采自吕四渔场海域的大竹蛏(Solen grandis)开展了繁育与生长特性研究。结果表明,吕四渔场海区大竹蛏性腺发育以1年为1个周期,可分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期、休止期5个阶段,繁殖季节为5～7月份。肥满度呈季节性变化,最大值出现在9月份,为102.94%;最低值出现在7月份,为68.30%。在工厂化育苗车间采用pH升高+流水刺激法,5年间催产25批次,总产卵量为43.86×108cell,平均孵化率为(55.14±3.34)%。共获得平均壳长(6.04±1.38)mm的稚贝4.212×108cfu,育苗成活率为(26.20±6.86)%。在水温19.5～24.5℃条件下,D形幼虫经5～10 d生长,发育变态为附着稚贝;经30 d培育,稚贝壳长生长到5 mm;经60 d培育,稚贝壳长生长到1 cm。大竹蛏生长与温度关系曲线显示,12月至翌年3月份水温在13.7℃以下时大竹蛏生长滞缓,其余时间生长明显,壳长平均月壳长增长4.723 mm。连续2年对大竹蛏的周年生长进行跟踪测定,大竹蛏养殖到第二年年末壳长达69.66 mm。稚贝生长过程中壳长与粒重的回归关系式为y=0.066 9x2.877 2,(R2=0.991 9)。研究结果为大竹蛏繁育技术的工艺化和人工养殖的开展积累数据。     

大竹蛏人工繁殖技术研究

报道了大竹蛏Solen grandis Dunker的繁殖季节、亲体暂养与催产、产卵孵化和幼体培育及变态附着的试验结果。结果表明，大竹蛏在人工暂养条件下无需特殊的人工催产方法，可自然排放精卵。受精卵在水温22～24℃条件下，23～24小时孵化出D型幼虫，孵化率为58％以上。受精后7～9天完成变态，发育至稚贝。以粒径400～500μm细砂作为附着基，经50天培育可达体长1cm左右的苗种。同时，对大竹蛏的催产方法、产卵行为、附着基的投放和胚胎发育、幼虫发生及生长等进行了初步研究。     

稳定同位素法研究大竹蛏D形幼虫、稚贝和幼贝的食性

2016年5月在工厂化育苗池水温18.5℃、盐度26.8、pH 7.9和溶解氧6.7mg/L下,采集进水的悬浮颗粒、浮游植物、饵料藻类角毛藻、等鞭金藻、新月菱形藻和大竹蛏的D形幼虫、稚贝和幼贝(壳长5~8mm)样品,检测所有样品的δ~(13) C和δ~(15) N值,探究各种饵料在不同发育阶段大竹蛏中的贡献率。结果发现,大竹蛏的D形幼虫、稚贝和幼贝的δ~(13) C值分别为(-23.272±0.042)‰、(-22.317±0.058)‰和(-21.856±0.108)‰,δ~(15) N值分别为(9.467±0.001)‰、(9.873±0.073)‰和(10.385±0.036)‰。运用IsoSource线性混合模型计算出悬浮颗粒、浮游植物、角毛藻、等鞭金藻、新月菱形藻对大竹蛏D型幼虫的平均贡献率分别为21.4%、21.8%、21.1%、13.3%和22.3%;对稚贝的平均贡献率分别为15.8%、19.1%、22.3%、27.7%、15.1%;对幼贝的平均贡献率分别为14.0%、16.4%、19.5%、37.1%和13.0%;试验结果表明大竹蛏D形幼虫喜食角毛藻和新月菱形藻,稚贝喜食等鞭金藻和角毛藻,幼贝喜食等鞭金藻。     

中国仙女蛤人工育苗试验

2009年在福建平潭进行了2批次中华仙女蛤人工育苗试验。结果表明,亲贝性腺发育成熟程度与催产方法是影响中国仙女蛤亲贝催产成功率和排放率高低的主要因素;在2批亲贝的平均鲜出肉率分别为(31.6±2.0)%和(32.8±2.3)%的前提下,采用阴干、碘钨灯照射提高亲贝体温、流水刺激相结合的物理综合刺激方法可有效地催产中国仙女蛤并培育出健康苗种。但中国仙女蛤亲贝排精产卵的个数比例较小,即亲贝的排放率较低,2批次育苗的排放率分别仅为16.7%和26.7%。2批次共培育出平均壳长为2.87±0.14mm的中国仙女蛤苗种1 331×106cfu。     

大竹蛏生产性人工育苗技术研究

2009-2011年进行了大竹蛏人工育苗技术的研究。2011年主要进行大竹蛏生产性人工育苗,分别在51m^2和312m^2附着面积中,培育出平均壳长（6．33±0．369）mm、平均质量规格220枚儋的稚贝3．12×10^6枚;（1．04±0．199）mm、477枚／g的稚贝3．28×10^8枚。7月8日开展大竹蛏人工苗种增殖放流,共投入平均壳长3mm的人工苗种1．4亿枚。     

大竹蛏稚贝潜砂行为的研究

实验室条件下,研究大竹蛏稚贝的潜砂行为及稚贝规格对潜砂的影响。结果表明,大竹蛏稚贝的潜砂行为可分3个阶段:准备期、潜砂期及结束期。大竹蛏稚贝在壳长3.00～8.50 mm内,规格对潜砂准备时间、潜砂时间及潜砂行为的影响极显著,随着规格变大其潜砂准备时间逐渐降低(10.7～4.0 s);潜砂时间则表现为先降后升,壳长(6.20±0.04) mm组的稚贝潜砂时间最短,约9.7 s;各规格组稚贝的潜沙率均为100%,壳长(5.18±0.11) mm组潜砂率100%且用时最短。建议在大竹蛏增养殖过程中,投放苗种规格宜大于5.00 mm。     

长肋日月贝个体发生观察及人工育苗初步试验

首次报道了长肋日月贝( Amusium pleuronectes )的诱导产卵及幼虫、稚贝培育.用阴干-流水刺激法,成功诱导亲贝产卵、排精.对胚胎和幼虫发生进行了观察.水温23.0～25.0℃,经诱导产卵的受精卵20 h可发育至D形幼虫.水温22.0～24.0℃时,D形幼虫经11 d培育到眼点幼虫期.投放附着基后,眼点幼虫在10 d内附着完毕.水温18.0～24.0℃时,稚贝经30 d培育平均壳长达(2.0±0.18)mm.此试验共培育壳长(2.93±1.15)mm稚贝49.6万粒.     

日本海神蛤人工繁殖及早期生长发育

为探究日本海神蛤规模化人工苗种繁育的可行性,在国内首次开展了日本海神蛤人工繁殖及早期生长发育研究,结果显示,日本海神蛤繁殖盛期为5月和10月,单次产卵量为300~500万粒/枚,卵径为75~85μm。春季人工将水温升至18.6~19℃, 15~18日龄幼虫生长缓慢,壳长生长率仅为1~3μm/d。其他各日龄幼虫壳长生长率为9~15μm/d。日本海神蛤变态后,再经过30~40 d培育,平均壳长可达（4.94±0.93）mm,稚贝壳长生长率为50~167 μm/d,平均苗种产量为2 695粒/m3。秋季水温17.4~13.2℃条件下,日本海神蛤幼虫相对春季生长发育较慢,经过148 d的培育,稚贝平均壳长可达（2.88±0.47）mm,平均苗种产量为6 666粒/m3,再经室外池塘中间育成后,可培育平均壳长（13.22±2.39）mm幼贝。比较发现在我国北方秋季可培育出适于底播养殖的大规格苗种,且培育成本较低。本研究为我国日本海神蛤苗种繁育、高效养殖及资源修复提供了科学依据。     

皱肋文蛤规模化人工育苗技术初步研究

为促进皱肋文蛤养殖业健康持续发展,提供批量优质苗种,研究开展了皱肋文蛤规模化人工育苗试验,育苗全程投喂人工培育的单胞藻。结果表明:分六批次催产皱肋文蛤亲贝580 kg,共获受精卵40.336×10~8粒,孵出D形幼虫总量为28.437×10~8只,受精卵孵化率为70.5%;浮游幼虫培育7 d后开始变态附着,获初附稚贝15.157×10~8粒,幼虫变态附着率为53.3%;再经约33 d培育,共培育出平均壳长916.17μm的皱肋文蛤稚贝8.986×10~8粒,育苗成活率为31.6%,平均单位出苗量为249.6×10~4粒/m~2。     

The first spontaneous spawning of European hake Merluccius merluccius L.: characteristics of eggs and early larval stages

For the first time, a spontaneous spawning of hake was recorded in Spain in April 2009. The spawn was obtained from broodstock kept in captivity for two years at the facilities of the Spanish Institute of Oceanography in Vigo (NW Spain). Eggs were transparent, spherical and had an average diameter of 1.067 ± 0.024 mm; yolk occupied the majority of egg volume. The oil droplet had a diameter of 0.27 ± 0.03 mm. The incubation period of the eggs lasted for 4 days at 14°C and the duration from hatching to the total absorption of the yolk sac was between 5–7 days after hatching, at the same temperature. Newly hatched larvae had an average total length of 3.20 ± 0.13 mm and began feeding 6 days after hatching; a daily growth rate of 0.158 mm day‐1 was observed from hatching to yolk sac consumption. This paper describes the daily evolution of biometric and morphological characteristics of the different stages of embryos and larvae of European hake up to the age of 19 days.     

青蛤土池规模化高产育苗技术

2007-2011年,在34口面积共为100．17 hm2的土池中将阴干的青蛤挂于竹筏上进行流水刺激,催产63次,获得受精卵8150．55-108粒, D形幼虫1970．74×108只,孵化率为24．18%;幼虫正常发育变态为稚贝423．85-108粒,变态率达21．51%;培育到壳长0．50 cm的苗,收获377．02-108粒,育成率达88．95%;平均产量达3．76-108粒/hm2,达到规模化生产要求。     

Effect of incubation temperature on the embryonic development and yolk‐sac larvae of the Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru (Nichols & Murphy, 1922)

The effect of incubation temperature on embryonic development and yolk‐sac larva of the Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru were evaluated by testing the effect of 26, 28 and 30°C, as this is the natural thermal interval reported during the spawning season of Pacific red snapper in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Sixteen developmental stages were observed. The incubation temperature affected the rate of development and time to hatching, being shorter at 30 than at 26°C, but no significant effect (P < 0.05) on larval length at hatching was registered. The depletion rate of yolk sac and oil globule was affected by incubation temperature particularly during the first 12 h post hatching (hph). At the end of the experiment (48 hph), significantly (P < 0.05) larger larvae were recorded at 26°C (TL = 3.22 ± 0.01 mm) than at 28° (TL = 3.01 ± 0.02 mm) and 30°C (TL = 2.97 ± 0.05 mm). Incubation of newly fertilized eggs at 26°C produces larger larvae, which may help to improve feeding efficiency and survival during first feeding.     

雅鲁藏布江尖裸鲤胚胎和仔稚鱼发育的研究

尖裸鲤(Oxygymnocypris stewartii)成熟卵呈圆形,黄色,沉性,卵径(2.57±0.07)mm,受精卵吸水充分膨胀后卵径为(3.22±0.07)mm。水温9.5～11.8℃,尖裸鲤胚胎发育历时265h,根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征,将其分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和孵化共8个阶段、32个时期。出膜仔鱼全长(10.27±0.15)mm,出膜20d后卵黄耗尽,全长(15.22±0.27)mm。出膜后80d,鱼苗全长(23.65±0.59)mm,臀鳞出现,各鳍均已出现,鱼苗侧线全部形成且清晰,体色和体型接近成鱼。尖裸鲤早期发育的特点反映了其对雅鲁藏布江水域的适应性。报道了尖裸鲤胚胎发育和仔稚鱼发育的生物学特性,为雅鲁藏布江特有鱼类资源保护利用提供科学依据和理论基础。     

辐射荚蛏(Siliqua radiata)生物学的研究

本文报道了2013—2016年产于长乐沿海的辐射荚蛏(Siliqua radiata)生物学研究结果,内容包括形态特征(外部形态与内部构造)、生态分布、群体组成、栖息环境、干露耐受力、食性、繁殖、生长等。结果表明,辐射荚蛏壳高与壳长直线回归关系为H=0.360 6L-0.015 3;群体组成壳长分布频率(f/n)为0.44,最适水温为21~28℃,最适盐度为19.65~29.36,最适pH为8.0~8.4,水中溶氧量低于0.5 mg/L会引起死亡;栖息底质以粒级直径0.10~0.25 mm的细砂为主;耐干露能力差,气温33~35℃,干露24 h逐渐死亡;胃含物以硅藻为主,亦有少量细砂;雌、雄异体,生物学最小型为壳长42.60 mm、壳高15.50 mm;个体绝对怀卵量为(12.3~16.2)×10~4粒,繁殖期在每年6—7月,个体产卵量为(6~10)×10~4粒,为沉性卵,卵径64μm;水温(27.35±0.85)℃,用球等鞭金藻(Ischrysis galbuna)、扁藻(Platymonas spp.)为饵料,直线铰合幼虫经10~13 d培养,发育成壳长250~280μm的稚贝,1龄贝平均壳长50.10 mm,2龄贝平均壳长79.20 mm,3龄贝平均壳长101.50 mm。     

Breeding and larval rearing of the camouflage grouper Epinephelus polyphekadion (Bleeker) in the hypersaline waters of the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia

This is the first report on the successful year-round natural spawning and larval rearing of Epinephelus polyphekadion (Bleeker) in captivity and under hypersaline water conditions of 42-43%₀ salinity in the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Although the fish spawned naturally once or twice a year during 1992-94 culture period, incorporation of cod-liver oil in the broodstock diet during the 1995 culture period enabled the fish to spawn continuously for 2-3 days in each month during March, April, May and August. The egg fertilization and hatching rates also increased during the 1995 spawning period. The egg fertilization rate varied from 90 to 100% with a mean of 96.5 ± 3.38%. The egg hatching rate varied from 70 to 95% with a mean of 83.1 ± 10.12%. The fertilized egg diameter averaged 757.3 ± 37.36 μm. There was a linear relation between the fertilized egg size and the egg hatching rate. The increase in the hatching rate relevant to the egg size was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The egg development time until hatching lasted for 19 h at 29°C. The newly hatched larval size ranged from 1.55-1.71 mm with a mean of 1.65 ± 0.052 mm in total length. The larval growth was slow in the early stages and the growth curve until metamorphosis showed a curvilinear pattern. Wide variations in larval size, range 22-47 mm with a mean of 33.40 ± 7.01 mm, were observed during the metamorphosis stage at day 50. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in growth and survival was observed between the larvae reared using white and grey coloured tanks. The larval survival up to metamorphosis was 1.6-4.7% with a mean of 2.98 ± 1.56% in the grey coloured tanks and 1.6-1.9% with a mean of 1.73 ± 0.16% in the white tanks. The results demonstrated the possibility of breeding E. polyphekadion under captive culture conditions. However, methods to improve the larval survival have to be pursued further for commercial farming of this species.     

皱肋文蛤人工育苗技术的研究

笔者于2010年5月～9月对皱肋文蛤（Meretrix lyrata）人工育苗技术进行了研究。试验结果表明,以底播埋养＋投喂生态饵料＋鸡蛋黄组合培育亲贝,促熟效果最好,亲贝生殖腺覆盖率达80%以上的个体占90.5%;采用阴干3 h＋升温4℃刺激对亲贝进行诱导催产,效果最佳,受精率和孵化率分别可达89.7%和92.3%;浮游幼虫在3个室外池中培养7 d后,幼虫进入变态期,平衡囊大而明显,足部活动频繁,平均壳长和壳高分别达176.2μm和165.4μm,幼虫平均壳长和壳高生长速度分别为8.34μm.d-1和8.77μm.d-1;幼虫附着基以细沙采苗效果最佳,附着变态成为稚贝的时间约3 d,附苗率达78.2%;经过32 d的培育,在3个25 m2的水池中共培育稚贝1 293.6×104粒,平均壳长和壳高分别为790μm和758μm,平均壳长和壳高生长速度分别为17.63μm.d-1和17.19μm.d-1,平均稚贝育成率为61.6%。     

Gonad development, larval settlement and growth of Mytilus edulis L. in a suspended population in Hvalfjördur, south-west Iceland

Annual cycles of gamete development in Mytilus edulis L. in south-west Iceland were investigated during 1986 to 1987. Histological preparations of the gonads showed that all individuals were fully mature in the beginning of June in both years and one spawning period was recorded each year at a sea temperature of 10-12^oC. The main spawning took place from the middle of July to the middle of August, and from the middle of June to the end of July in 1986 and 1987, respectively. Redevelopment of the gonads after spawning was observed in February when both food availability, measured as chlorophyll a concentration, and temperature were low. Rapid gonad maturation took place during the spring phytoplankton bloom in March-April. Larval settlement was heavy on the artificial collectors used. The length of the larval period was estimated as being 4-5 weeks and peak settlement occurred in the middle of September. The size of the early plantigrades settling on the collectors during the study period indicated direct settlement of mussel larvae from the plankton onto the collectors. One year after settlement the spat averaged 24.6 mm ± 6.0 (SD) shell length and two years after settlement a market size of 50.8 mm ± 5.7 (SD) was reached. Growth was correlated with food availability, measured as chlorophyll a concentration. The growth season lasted from March to October with the greatest shell growth in late summer. The results showed that the growth of M. edulis was markedly increased by suspending the animals in a more favourable environment than that found on the natural mussel beds.     

Early development and allometric growth patterns in burbot Lota lota L.

This study analyzed the morphological development and allometric growth patterns of Lota lota L. (burbot) larvae reared under controlled laboratory conditions. From hatching to day 50, twenty larvae were sampled each [between 1 and 14 days post-hatch (DPH)] or every second day (between 14 and 50 DPH) and measured under a stereoscopic microscope using analytic software. Based on the external morphology, the different stages during early development of burbot were identified: yolk sac larva 0–8 DPH [3.92–4.37 mm total length (TL)]; preflexion larva 9–26 DPH (4.57–12.06 mm TL); flexion larva (between notochord degradation and its replacement with rays) 28–34 DPH (14.00–16.34 mm TL) and postflexion larva/juvenile 36–50 DPH (18.20–29.27 mm TL). Allometric growth patterns of some parameters (e.g., total length, head length, body length, tail length, head depth, body depth, eye diameter) were modeled by a power function and described by the growth coefficient. Organogenesis and changes of body proportions in burbot larvae were more rapid and complex during the yolk sac and preflexion phase of development as larvae developed most of their sensorial, feeding, respiratory and swimming systems and after notochord flexion, when most morphological changes were related to the progressive transformation from pelagic larva to demersal larva/juvenile.