光照度对海月水母螅状体存活和生长的影响

研究了不同光照度对海月水母螅状体存活及生长的影响。试验结果表明,光照对海月水母螅状体存活和生长的影响显著。在光照度1200、800、400、0lx条件下,各组螅状体柄径生长与时间的回归方程式分别为y=0.003842x+0.345;y=0.003722x+0.313;y=0.004623x+0.317;y=0.006608x+0.303,经检验相关显著或极为显著。     

温度、盐度和光照对海蜇足囊繁殖的影响

在实验室条件下，就温度、盐度和光照对海蜇（Ｒｈｏｐｉｌｅｍａｅｓｃｕｌｅｎｔａｋｉｓｈｉｎｏｕｙｅ）足囊形成和萌发的影响进行观察。温度实验在０～３０℃范围内设７组，盐度实验在２～３２．１‰范围内设１６个梯度，光照分为自然光和黑暗两组。实验显示：１０℃以上海蜇无足囊繁殖迹象，１５～３０℃范围内，随温度升高，海蜇足囊繁殖能力增强；６‰以下盐度，海蜇不能进行足囊繁殖，２０～２２‰是海蜇足囊繁殖的最适盐度；黑暗有利于足囊繁殖。温度是足囊繁殖的关键因子，盐度和光照是足囊繁殖的充分条件。作者认为，适宜的环境因子是海蜇螅状体形成的必要条件，尽管足囊可以抵御外界的恶劣环境，但足囊形成并非需要不良环境因子诱导，足囊繁殖是海蜇螅状体一种正常的无性繁殖方式     

海蜇人工育苗的后期管理技术

1螅状幼体的后期管理技术 1．1光照 用黑布覆盖全池,使池中保持黑暗或弱光,防止杂藻等在附苗器上大量繁殖生长,也有利于足囊发育。     

不同环境对海蜇螅状幼体足囊繁殖和横裂生殖影响的研究

研究了不同温度，光照条件对海蜇螅状体生长及足囊繁殖和横裂生殖的影响。结果表明，适宜的营养和环境条件有利于海蜇螅状体足囊繁殖，2组实验中螅状幼体出现横裂的个数均随实验天数的增加有增长趋势。2组实验最后的横裂率分别达到83.33％和87．50％；形成4-6个碟状体的螅状幼体在Ⅰ、Ⅱ组中所占比例均在50％左右；Ⅰ组横裂过程经历时间集中在4—6天，Ⅱ组横裂过程经历时间多为2～4天。横裂释放完毕之后在最后一个裂节下方的亲本螅状体再生的触手数目可基本确定为8个，由8触手到16触手的转变过程中长势显著。     

海带苗种培育及无公害养殖技术（二）

(二)生态学1.光照游孢子对光照的反应是弱光下有趋光性,强光下表现出背光性。但在强光、弱光或黑暗条件下均能放散和附着。胚孢子在黑暗至4000勒克斯范围内均能正常萌发。说明光强对游孢子放散、附着及胚孢     

安朵仙水母生活史的实验观察

安朵仙水母在固着的无性繁殖螅状体和浮游的有性繁殖水母体间交替,其生活史中绝大多数环节并不是自发进行的,而是受特定的物理、化学或生物因素的影响。静止水流和雌雄个体间的交互作用对于产卵和受精是非常重要的,受精卵在64h内可经浮浪幼虫阶段变态为4触手螅状体。螅状体能通过单碟型横裂产生水母体,但对温度和光照要求严格。出芽生殖是螅状体无性繁殖的唯一方式,出芽率与温度关系最为密切。大多数碟状体在横裂的过程中生长出口腕,并在脱离螅状体12～24h内翻转为口腕向上、外伞向下的倒立形态。水母体可通过食物和体内的共生藻获得能量。人工条件下,螅状体可长期保存,水母体可以饲养两年以上。     

不同养殖模式及光照对凡纳滨对虾生长和水质的影响

利用室内水泥池4种不同养殖模式(虾单养或混养不同鱼类)和2种光照(自然光和弱光)对凡纳滨对虾生长、产量和水质的影响开展了研究。试验共设6个试验组,2个对照组,每个组别共设3个重复:自然光虾单养组、弱光组对虾单养、自然光虾鳅混养、弱光虾鳅混养、自然光虾鲢混养、弱光组虾鲢混养、自然光虾鳅鲢混养、弱光虾鳅鲢混养,养殖70d。测定试验前后试验池虾规格、总质量、存活率及饵料系数和鱼的规格、总质量。每隔15~20d测定水质指标。试验结果表明,单养组的虾自然光条件下规格显著大于其他组(P0.05),而弱光单养组的虾规格显著小于其他组(P0.05),其他组别差异不显著(P0.05)。饵料系数方面,单养组显著大于混养组(P0.05),存活率混养组显著高于单养组(P0.05),自然光组饵料系数和存活率显著高于弱光组(P0.05)。水质方面,养殖期间各组的硝态氮、亚硝态氮、氨氮呈稳步上升趋势,但亚硝态氮质量浓度,虾单养组和虾鳅混养组均显著高于虾鲢混养组和虾鳅鲢混养组(P0.05),自然光组显著低于弱光组(P0.05),氨氮,虾单养组显著高于其他组(P0.05),自然光组低于弱光组(P0.05)。试验结果显示,适当的光照是凡纳滨对虾生长的重要因素,泥鳅能大幅提高池塘经济效益节约成本,而鲢鳙鱼可有效地改善水质,当泥鳅以及鲢鳙鱼共同混养在虾池时,保证对虾池水质良好的同时,可提高对虾养殖的产量。     

咖啡金黄水母的人工培育及生活史观察

以日本白令海引进的咖啡金黄水母为亲本,通过人工繁殖的方法获得受精卵.在实验室培育条件下,对浮浪幼虫、螅状体、碟状体和水母幼体等多次变态发育过程进行了系统观察,描述了各发育阶段形态变化,首次报告了咖啡金黄水母的生活史.咖啡金黄水母为体外受精,卵为沉性,受精后6h内发育为浮浪幼虫,浮浪幼虫有明显的趋光性,在54 h内变态附着为4触手螅状体.螅状体能通过多种方式进行无性繁殖,于20℃横裂生殖,每个螅状体每次横裂产生8～21个碟状体,碟状体的数量和质量与横裂前螅状体的状态有关.合适的水流和充足的食物保证了碟状体在60 d内变态为伞径10cm的育成体.人工条件下,螅状体可长期保存,水母体能饲养8～10个月.     

不同光照周期下鲇幼鱼的日摄食节律

水温(23±1)℃,研究了鲇幼鱼自然光照、持续光照(自然光或日光灯作光源)和持续黑暗条件下的日摄食节律.试验结果表明,3种光照周期下,鲇幼鱼昼夜均有连续摄食特性,期间具有明显的摄食高峰(夜间)和低谷(白天),鲇幼鱼有明显的日摄食节律;持续黑暗与自然光照周期下的鲇幼鱼日摄食节律基本一致,持续光照与自然光照周期下的鲇幼鱼日摄食节律有所差异.研究证明,鲇幼鱼在3种光照周期下均属于典型的夜晚摄食类型;光照周期的改变对鲇幼鱼的日摄食率无显著影响(P>0.05).     

光照对川陕哲罗鲑受精卵孵化的影响

为了解光照强度和光照周期对川陕哲罗鲑(Hucho bleekeri kimura)受精卵孵化的影响,设置4个不同光照条件(24 h黑暗、12 h黑暗∶12 h强光、24 h强光、24 h弱光),比较川陕哲罗鲑受精卵的孵化率和孵化时间。结果显示:川陕哲罗鲑均保持较高的孵化率,其中,24 h黑暗组的孵化率为(63.75±3.31)%,显著低于其他3个试验组;24 h弱光组的孵化率为(82.08±2.60)%,显著高于其他3个试验组。在不同发育阶段,各个试验组的川陕哲罗鲑受精卵死亡率高度一致,死亡较高的时期主要集中在细胞期-囊胚早期和孵化期。从孵出时间来看,24 h黑暗组和24 h弱光组的孵出时间略早于其他2个试验组,各组分别历时23.5 d(24 h黑暗)、25.5 d(12 h黑暗∶12 h强光)、25.5 d(24 h强光)和24.5 d(24 h弱光)完成整个胚胎发育过程。     

Physiological and Biochemical Determination of Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,Semen Quality for Cryopreservation

In rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, parameters to determine semen fitness for cryopreservation and quality control of cryopreserved semen were investigated. The following parameters can be used to evaluate semen fitness for cryopreservation as they are statistically significant (P < 0.01) correlated to the post-thaw fertilization rate: motility rate of fresh semen (y = 4.996x - 0.0958x² + 0.0006x³ - 5 1.7363); sperm velocity of fresh semen (y = 6.741x - 0.036x² - 268.37); seminal plasma osmolality (y = 0.539x - 125.59); seminal plasma pH (y = -82.768x + 728.133); seminal plasma triglyceride levels (y = 0.069x + 29.863); seminal plasma ß-D-glucuronidase activity (y = -1.112x + 0.0058x² + 82.229); seminal [lasma lactate dehydrogenase activity (y = -0.096x + 0.00006x² + 583.80); spermatozoan acid phosphatase activity (y = -132.51x + 126.38x² + 66.48); spermatozoan adenylate kinase activity (y = 3.474x + 4.925). Quality of deep-frozen semen can be evaluated by motility parameters (P < 0.01): frozen/thawed semen motility rate and post-thaw fertilization rate: y = 1.943x + 28.002; sperm velocity and post-thaw fertilization rate: y = 0.8812x - 0.0059x² + 24.9686.     

杂交青虾“太湖1号”越冬试验

2010年12月—2011年3月对南京地区杂交青虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)"太湖1号"越冬的成活率及生长情况进行了研究。结果显示,越冬后,"太湖1号"青虾的产量与规格均比放养时明显提升(P<0.05),平均成活率为(84±9.17)%,成活率较高。各次采样的体长(x,cm)体重(y,g)方程分别为:y=0.024x2.808,R2=0.958;y=0.039x2.519,R2=0.857;y=0.016x3.085,R2=0.956;y=0.021x2.917,R2=0.923;y=0.015x3.120,R2=0.882。越冬前期为负异速增长(b<3),越冬中期为等速增长(b≈3),越冬结束后为正异速增长(b>3)。     

An experimental assessment on the effects of photoperiod treatments on the somatic and gonadal growth of the juvenile European purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

Determining the optimum light conditions for sea urchins reared in land‐based systems is vital for the future use and assessment of possible commercial systems of sea urchin farming. The effects of two different light regimes, complete darkness and a long day photoperiod of 16 h light:8 h darkness, on the somatic and gonadal growth of the European sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (19.5–23.0 mm) was investigated using the commercial UrchinPlatter^? System over a 6‐month period (5 March to 5 September). Hatchery‐produced P. lividus were transported to the Aquaculture Fisheries Development Centre (AFDC, University College, Cork UCC). Before arrival at the AFDC, sea urchins were reared on a diet of Laminaria digitata. Females were the predominant species of the animal group, displaying a reproductive Stage III (growing stage) where gametogenesis was commencing. Results show that darkness supports higher somatic growth than the photoperiod treatment. Feeding rates were higher for sea urchins reared under darkness with gonadal growth increasing for both experimental treatments. Individuals reared under darkness had a higher per cent change in gonad index from the initial sample taken at the beginning of the experiment.     

Shelter and lighting in the intensive rearing of juvenile crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus,Astacidae) from the onset of exogenous feeding

Recent advances on feeding in intensive rearing of juvenile astacids enable research of other factors influencing growth and survival without the confounding effect of inadequate feeding. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the number of shelters per crayfish and to test different lighting conditions. Stage 2 juvenile Pacifastacus leniusculus were stocked in fibreglass tanks and fed a dry diet for salmonids combined with restricted amounts of decapsulated Artemia cysts. In experiment 1, four, two or one shelters per crayfish were tested for 80 days. No significant differences were found among groups either in survival (final mean: 86.67%) or in growth [final mean: 11.41 mm mean carapace length (CL), 355.45 mg mean weight]. In experiment 2, three lighting conditions were tested for 120 days: continuous lighting of 925 lx, continuous darkness and natural photoperiod. Survival rates ranged from 76.7% to 88.3%, with no significant differences among groups. The crayfish kept under continuous darkness grew faster (final mean: 12.70 mm CL, 543.08 mg weight) than those reared under the other two light conditions. This study shows that, under improved feeding conditions, a minimum number of shelters can be provided, and faster growth can be obtained in continuous darkness.     

Interaction of temperature and photoperiod on growth of Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.

The combined effect of temperature and photoperiod on the growth of juvenile Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus (initial weight 11.6 g) was investigated under different temperature (6 °C and 12 °C) and photoperiod (continuous light and simulated natural photoperiod) combinations by studying the effects on fish weight, specific growth rate (SGR), feed consumption (F%), feed conversion (FCE) and oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion under routine and fasting conditions. SGR was greater at the higher temperature, and growth was faster under continuous light than under natural photoperiod, irrespective of temperature, SGRs being 0.83% and 0.98%, and 1.61% and 1.71% at 6 °C and 12 °C respectively. The weight data revealed a significant interaction between temperature and light, and provided evidence of a stronger growth‐enhancing effect of continuous light at the lower temperature. F% increased with temperature but was independent of photoperiod, whereas FCE was higher among fish exposed to continuous light, irrespective of temperature. Independently of photoperiod, oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion increased with temperature, but the differences in these rates in relation to photoperiod became more pronounced at the lower temperature, where continuous light gave the highest rates. Higher oxygen consumption during darkness suggested that light may suppress activity in halibut. It was proposed that reduced activity and anabolic effects of photoperiod contribute to explain the increased growth and growth efficiency in fish subjected to continuous light.     

Effects of photoperiod on growth performance and melanogenesis pathway for skin pigmentation of Malaysian red tilapia

Farming of red tilapia is increasing rapidly. However, its commercial farming development is challenged by lack of clear information on genetic basis for skin colour and pigmentation differences due to environmental changes. This study investigated the effects of photoperiod (light:dark, L:D) on the growth and skin colour variation of Malaysian red tilapia. A total of 180 fish weighing 150.48 ± 0.44 g were reared under natural photoperiod (13L:11D, control), prolonged lightness (24L:0D) and prolonged darkness (0L:24D) in three replicates for 78 days. The weight gain of fish cultured under both prolonged light and darkness were significantly higher than fish under natural photoperiod. The tyrosinase level in ventral skin was significantly higher for fish cultured under prolonged darkness condition than in the other two photoperiod regimes. Contrary, the cysteine level in the dorsal skin was significantly higher in the fish cultured under natural photoperiod than in prolonged light and darkness. The relative mRNA expressions of SRY‐related HMG‐Box 10 (sox 10), tyrosine (tyr), tyrosine‐related protein 1 (tyrp‐1) and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (slc7a11) genes were significantly higher in ventral skin of fish under prolonged darkness than the other two photoperiods. This study demonstrates that photoperiod has an impact on melanogenesis and growth of red tilapia. Understanding the effects of photoperiod on genetic basis of red tilapia will help in selective breeding programme of the important economic traits for the development of commercial red tilapia farming.     

The relation between age at first maturity and growth in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) reared at four different light regimes

The effect of extended photoperiods on growth and age at first maturity was investigated in 166 (79 females and 87 males) individually tagged Atlantic halibut. The halibut were reared at 11°C on four different light regimes from 10 February to 6 July 1996: simulated natural photoperiod, (LDN), continuous light (LD24:0), constant 8 h light and 16 h darkness (LD8:16) and LD8:16 switched to continuous light on 4 May 1996 (LD8:16–24:0). From 6 July 1996 to 9 February 1998 the LD24:0 and LD8:16–24:0 were reared together under continuous light and the LDN and LD8:16 together under natural photoperiod. Juveniles subjected to continuous light exhibited faster growth than those experiencing a natural photoperiod or a constant short day. Moreover, the results suggest an overall growth enhancing effect of continuous light in females, but not in males. No females matured during the trial, but the proportion of mature males differed between the photoperiod groups, with significantly fewer males maturing in groups reared at continuous light. Independent of photoperiod regime and maturation status, females were significantly bigger than males from 14 April 1997 onwards. Immature males were bigger than maturing males from 23 March 1996 onwards. As continuous light reduced maturation at age 2+ in males, this could be used to reduce precocious maturation in males.     

Growth and age at first maturity in turbot and halibut reared under different photoperiods

The effect of extended photoperiods on growth and age at first maturity was investigated in 166 (79 females and 87 males) individually tagged Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus and in 114 (50 females and 64 males) individually tagged turbot Scophthalmus maximus. The halibut were reared at 11 °C on four different light regimes from 10 February to 6 July 1996: simulated natural photoperiod, (LDN), continuous light (LD24:0), constant 8 h light and 16 h darkness (LD8:16) and LD8:16 switched to continuous light 4 May 1996 (LD8:16–24:0). From 6 July 1996 to 9 February 1998 the LD24:0 and LD8:16–24:0 were reared together under continuous light and the LDN and LD8:16 together under natural photoperiod. The turbot were reared at 16 °C on three different light regimes: constant light (LD24:0), 16 h light:8 h darkness (LD16:8), or simulated natural photoperiod (LDN). After 6 months on the different photoperiods, the turbot was reared together on LDN for approximately 12 months until first maturation. Juveniles subjected to continuous light (halibut) or extended photoperiods (halibut and turbot) exhibited faster growth than those experiencing a natural photoperiod or a constant short day. Moreover, when the photoperiod increased naturally with day-length or when fish were abruptly switched from being reared on short-day conditions to continuous light, a subsequent increase in growth rate was observed. This growth enhancing effect of extended photoperiods was more apparent on a short time scale in Atlantic halibut than in turbot, but both species show significant long-term effects of extended photoperiods in the form of enhanced growth. In both species lower maturation of males was seen in groups exposed to extended or continuous light compared to LDN and this could be used to reduce precocious maturation in males leading to overall increase in somatic growth. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

光裸方格星虫繁殖习性的初步观察

2011年6、7、8月每月10日,挑选♀∶♂为5∶1的性成熟光裸方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus)亲体,在水泥池中暂养20 d,观察其产卵习性、产卵量及其体腔中生殖细胞的变化。结果表明,光裸方格星虫雌雄异体、体外受精;卵母细胞分批成熟,分批产卵;产卵时间不固定,昼夜皆可产卵,但夜间产卵次数和产卵量均高于白天;大量产卵时集群游动;6、7、8月的雌光裸方格星虫平均产卵分别为:3.20×104、4.43×104、3.46×104cell,平均受精率达98.3%;6、7、8月日累计产卵量y与时间x的变化方程分别为:y=0.430 5x3-25.971x2+503.39x-582.56(R2=0.982 0)、y=0.583 3x3-33.942x2+659.04x-712.43(R2=0.984 7)、y=-0.31x3+1.4676x2+245.11x-278.22(R2=0.994 3)。6、7、8月成熟卵细胞相对百分含量分别降低4.8%、9.0%、26.0%(P<0.01);6、7月的光裸方格星虫产后具有较好的再繁殖能力。