凡纳滨对虾与点带石斑鱼混养的试验研究

在2.5m×4.0m×2.0m的水泥池中,按3.0×106尾/hm2的密度放养体长2~3cm、4~5cm和8~9cm的凡纳滨对虾。每种规格的对虾3口池塘,其中两口池塘在对虾养殖10d后,分别放入5尾体长为12.3~13.6cm和17.6~18.8cm的点带石斑鱼,另一池单独饲养凡纳滨对虾作为对照组。60d的养殖结果显示,单养池中2~3cm、4~5cm的凡纳滨对虾的质量增加显著低于混养(P0.05),但存活率显著高于混养(P0.05);混养时对虾规格越大增长越快,存活率越低,其中凡纳滨对虾2~3cm,点带石斑鱼17.6~18.8cm及凡纳滨对虾4~5cm,点带石班鱼17.6~18.8cm混养组合的质量增加最大(分别为7.88g与7.67g)。单养和混养时,8~9cm的凡纳滨对虾存活率差异不显著(P0.05)。方差分析显示,对虾规格与养殖模式间的交互作用对对虾质量增加和存活率影响极显著(P0.01);混养时对虾规格对鱼的质量增加影响不显著(P0.05),17.6~18.8cm的点带石斑鱼平均质量增加显著大于12.3~13.6cm(P0.05),对虾规格越大,混养鱼的捕食量越小,凡纳滨对虾8~9cm,点带石班鱼17.6~18.8cm的混养组合对虾存活率高,鱼虾的交互作用对鱼的质量增加和捕食量均有极显著影响(P0.01)。凡纳滨对虾混养的利润显著大于单养(P0.05),其中凡纳滨对虾4~5cm、点带石斑鱼17.6~18.8cm,凡纳滨对虾4~5cm、点带石斑鱼12.3~13.6cm,凡纳滨对虾2~3cm、点带石斑鱼17.6~18.8cm混养组合的利润显著高于其他混养组合(P0.05),凡纳滨对虾8~9cm的养殖利益显著低于其他规格对虾。建议凡纳滨对虾体长达到4~5cm开始混养点带石斑鱼。     

上海市奉贤地区淡水池塘凡纳滨对虾和鱼类混养模式探讨

为在上海市奉贤全区范围内推广鱼虾混养模式,对该区四团镇有代表性的14个对虾养殖户在凡纳滨对虾和鱼类养殖过程中混养鱼类品种、数量、放养时间和水质管理等关键技术进行了研究和探讨。结果表明:(1)虾池内混养不同品种鱼类的养殖模式,对虾单产由高到低依次为C(对虾、青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙混养)B(对虾、斑点叉尾鮰混养)E(对虾、斑点叉尾鮰、鲢混养)A(对虾、鲢混养)D(对虾、青鱼、鲢混养),平均亩产(15亩=1 hm~2,下同)389.6 kg,与同年四团镇6 331亩单养虾塘平均亩产310.38 kg相比增加了79.22 kg。(2)3种规格斑点叉尾鮰(≤500、500~1 000、1 000 g/尾)与对虾混养,对虾单产为400~525 kg/亩,单位面积效益在12 000~15 000元/亩;≤500 g/尾的小规格斑点叉尾鮰组在养殖期间的净增体质量分别为其它两组的2.1倍和1.7倍,表明小规格斑点叉尾鮰在虾池中的生长速度较快。建议凡纳滨对虾池内混养的斑点叉尾鮰规格以500 g/尾左右为宜。     

鱼蚌混养对池塘水质、藻相结构及三角帆蚌生长的影响

2012年4月26日—2012年12月12日通过在鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中放养不同密度的三角帆蚌,研究不同三角帆蚌放养比例对鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中水质、藻相结构及三角帆蚌生长的影响。实验中,鲢鳙放养比例统一为3∶7,总密度为1.5尾/m3。三角帆蚌放养密度则设置4个水平,分别为单养鲢鳙鱼池塘(0只/m3),低密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(0.8只/m3),中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(1.0只/m3)和高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(1.2只/m3)。结果显示,混养三角帆蚌池塘的水化指标(TP、PO4-P、NH3-N、NO2-N和NO3-N)均显著低于单养鱼池塘。中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘除NH3-N和化学需氧量(COD)与低密度三角帆蚌混养池塘无显著差异外,其他各项水化指标均显著低于其他3个池塘,并且极显著低于单养鲢鳙鱼池塘。单养鲢鳙鱼池塘藻类平均密度均极显著高于鱼蚌混养池塘,其中在鱼蚌混养池塘中浮游植物密度与三角帆蚌密度成负相关关系。单养鲢鳙鱼池塘的浮游植物生物量均极显著低于中、高密度鱼蚌混养池塘,并且显著低于低密度混养池塘。浮游植物生物量与三角帆蚌密度成正相关关系,鱼蚌池塘中绿藻和裸藻的生物量在养殖过程中上升显著。低、中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘三角帆蚌存活率均显著高于高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘;低密度混养池塘中蚌湿重、壳长及壳宽相对增长率均为最大,显著高于中、高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘。研究表明,养鱼池塘混养三角帆蚌不仅能改善养殖池塘的水质,还能控制藻类数量,促使绿藻和裸藻等大型藻类的生长,提高养殖水体浮游植物的生物量总量,最终还能有效提高三角帆蚌的存活率及生长率。从改善水质,藻相结构,蚌成活率及生长等指标角度考虑,在鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中,三角帆蚌最佳放养密度为1.0只/m3。     

三疣梭子蟹、凡纳滨对虾、菲律宾蛤仔和江蓠混养结构优化的实验研究

利用海水陆基实验围隔优化了三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)、凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)和菊花江蓠(Gracilaria lichevoides)的混养结构。实验设6个处理组,分别为蟹-虾(CS)、蟹-虾-贝(CSB)、蟹-虾-贝-藻(CSBJ1、CSBJ2和CSBJ3),以梭子蟹单养为对照(C),每个处理组设置了4个重复。结果表明,各处理组梭子蟹个体规格差异不显著(P0.05),产量以CSBJ2处理组最高;CSBJ1和CSBJ2组凡纳滨对虾的平均体重、特定生长率以及成活率均显著高于其它处理组(P0.05);凡纳滨对虾产量以CSBJ2最高,显著高于其它处理组(P0.05);混养江蓠处理组菲律宾蛤仔成活率显著提高,但产量与其它处理差异不显著;养殖期间,CSBJ2处理组亚硝氮含量总体上显著低于其它处理(P0.05),混养江蓠各处理水体氨氮浓度养殖后期均显著降低(P0.05),而CSBJ1和CSBJ2组总氮和总磷浓度在中后期显著低于其它处理(P0.05)。本研究表明,虾蟹贝混养系统中搭配适宜密度的菊花江蓠,可以有效改善水质,减少水体中总氮、总磷浓度以及氨氮、亚硝氮等有害物质含量,提高梭子蟹和对虾的产量和成活率及菲律宾蛤仔的成活率。在本研究条件下,虾、蟹、贝和江蓠混养的最佳配比为三疣梭子蟹6ind/m2,凡纳滨对虾45ind/m2,菲律宾蛤仔30ind/m2和菊花江蓠0.36kg/m2。     

池塘虾蟹鱼混养技术

池塘养殖罗氏沼虾一般采用单养和虾鱼混养,与河蟹混养的报导甚少,为探索新的养殖途径,提高单位面积的经济效益,1995年我们在高邮市菱塘水产养殖场进行罗氏沼虾、河蟹及鲢、镛鱼混养试验,每0.0667公顷(亩)产罗氏诏虾105公斤,河蟹18.3公斤、鲢鳙鱼43.8公斤,毛收入5813元,收效显著。现报告如下。     

投喂不同饵料对长薄鳅生长的影响

在水温18.6～21.6℃条件下,将初始体质量为(3.91±0.22) g的长薄鳅幼鱼随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复10尾鱼,饲养在圆形玻纤缸(直径1 m、高0.8 m)中,分别投喂刀额新对虾、鳙鱼、配合饲料(粗蛋白≥46.0%)、虾+饲料、鱼+饲料5种饵料,以筛选适宜于长薄鳅幼鱼的适宜饵料投喂模式。75 d的饲养结果表明,不同投喂模式对长薄鳅的存活率无显著性影响(P0.05),而对长薄鳅的生长影响显著(P0.05)。试验结果表明,虾组、鱼组、饲料组、鱼+饲料组的长薄鳅最终体质量无显著性差异(P0.05),但虾+饲料组最终体质量和体质量特定生长率显著高于其他4组(P0.05),依次为虾+饲料组饲料组虾组鱼组、鱼+饲料组。5个试验组鱼的体长特定生长率无显著性差异(P0.05),依次为虾+饲料组虾组饲料组、鱼+饲料组鱼组。试验结束时,各试验组鱼的生长离散均有所升高,生长离散变化依次为鱼组鱼+饲料组饲料组虾组虾+饲料组。各试验组长薄鳅的的摄食率差异显著(P0.05),摄食率依次为鱼组虾组鱼+饲料组虾+饲料组饲料组;虾组和鱼组的饵料系数无显著性差异(P0.05),但显著高于其他3组(P0.05),其他3组间无显著性差异(P0.05)。不同投喂模式下长薄鳅幼鱼的生长系数b值均小于3,呈负异速生长,但虾+饲料组的长薄鳅幼鱼生长系数b值最大。试验过程中各组鱼的肥满度均下降。研究结果显示,在本试验的不同饵料投喂模式中,投喂虾+饲料更利于长薄鳅的摄食和生长。     

海参养殖技术之二对虾与海参混养技术研究

为了充分挖掘虾池本身生产潜力,彻底改变单一养虾模式,科学开发利用虾池养殖海珍品,从而提高虾池经济效益和生态效益,1999年,我们在辽宁省杨树房近海养殖开发公司进行150亩对虾与海参混养试验,为了证明混养优越性,同时进行150亩单养对虾对比试验,现将整个养殖过程总结如下.     

对虾与海参混养技术研究

为了充分挖掘虾池本身生产潜力,彻底改变单一养虾模式,科学开发利用虾池养殖海珍品,从而提高虾池经济效益和生态效益,1999年,我们在辽宁省杨树房近海养殖开发公司进行150亩对虾与海参混养试验,为了证明混养优越性,同时进行150亩单养对虾对比试验,现将整个养殖过程总结如下。 一、试验材料与方法 1.池塘选择及整修 本试验项目混养池选择在虾场的12号池,对比养殖池选择在13号     

淡水池塘南美白对虾与鲻鱼生态混养技术研究

2017、2018年连续2年利用7口0.4 hm~2(6亩)对虾养殖池在淡水条件下进行了鲻鱼与南美白对虾混养试验。试验结果:鲻鱼放养规格48～80 g/尾,放养密度为75～225尾/hm~2,收获鲻鱼规格为420～520 g/尾。2017年,南美白对虾单养池(对照池)产量为6 090 kg/hm~2,6口鱼虾混养池产量分别比对虾单养池高540～1 590 kg/hm~2,平均单产提高1 012.5 kg/hm~2;2018年对虾单养池产量5 790 kg/hm~2,6口混养池南美白对虾产量分别比对虾单养池高795～1 515 kg/hm~2,平均单产提高1 170 kg/hm~2。2017年6口鱼虾混养池养殖收益分别比对虾单养池高50 100～64 500元/hm~2,平均收益提高65 145元/hm~2;2018年6口鱼虾混养池的养殖收益分别比对虾单养池高28 500～55 950元/hm~2,平均收益提高40 365元/hm~2。池塘水质方面,养殖中后期,鱼虾混养池的氨氮、亚硝酸氮等水质指标明显低于对虾单养池。试验结果表明,选择合适的鱼类品种混养在对虾池中,对于改善池塘水质,增加养殖收益具有显著效果。     

虾池综合利用的几种类型

虾池综合利用对于降低养虾成本、增加效益，维持虾池生态平衡，提高虾池利用率和饵料利用率，及净化水质具有重要意义。一、鱼虾混养混养鱼种主要有罗非鱼、梭鱼、斑■等，罗非鱼适温范围广，属广盐性鱼类。虾池水温春、夏季较高，适于其生长，罗非鱼经驯化与对虾混养，不必单独投饵，因为对虾残饵或池中有机物质、杂藻、桡足类等可成为该鱼的良好饵料。梭鱼与对虾混养比单养梭鱼，其平均体长与体重分别增至１５５ｍｍ和１０２．１ｇ，导致体重相差９倍多。故与对虾混养是值得提倡的好方式。斑■鱼与对虾混养无论从体高、体宽和丰满度都好于…     

不同鲤养殖模式生物絮团系统中鱼体的生长及水质

为了探明不同鲤养殖模式生物絮团系统中鱼体的生长及水质变化情况。采用陆基围隔法,分别设置了鲤单养、鲤+鳙二元混养及鲤+鳙+鲢三元混养3种鲤养殖模式,每种模式设3个重复,测定了鲤不同养殖模式下鱼体的生长及水质参数,实验共进行90 d。结果显示,与单养模式相比,二元混养和三元混养鲤的存活率和鱼体蛋白质效率均显著偏高,而其总饲料系数则显著偏低。3种养殖模式中鲤肌肉的水分和粗脂肪含量相互之间差异均不显著,三元混养模式鲤肌肉的粗蛋白和灰分含量均显著高于单养模式。在3种养殖模式生物絮团系统中,生物絮团形成量与水温之间在19.3~28.5°C范围内呈显著的正相关。整个实验过程中,二元混养和三元混养水体的总氨氮、亚硝酸态氮、总无机氮、正磷酸盐及总悬浮颗粒物含量均低于单养模式,而硝酸态氮、总碱度、有机悬浮颗粒物及叶绿素a含量均高于单养模式,除叶绿素a之外,其余水质参数相互之间差异均不显著。研究表明,与传统的混养系统相似,在生物絮团养殖系统中,符合生物学原则的混养模式同样能够有效发挥养殖系统的生态功能,提高养殖效率。     

罗氏沼虾与三角帆蚌、鲢和鳙混养模式优化

研究了罗氏沼虾、三角帆蚌、鲢和鳙不同混养系统的养殖产量、饲料系数、增长率、总氮(TN)/总磷(TP)利用率和综合养殖效果,以期获得最优养殖模式。采用基于陆基围隔的比较实验方法,设6个实验组,分别为罗氏沼虾单养(G),罗氏沼虾与三角帆蚌二元混养(GH2)、罗氏沼虾、鲢和鳙三元混养(GSB),罗氏沼虾、鲢、鳙和三角帆蚌按照不同密度放养的四元混养(GSBH1、GSBH2和GSBH3),各实验组设置4个重复。结果表明:GSBH2组罗氏沼虾产量最高[(14.71±0.33)kg/32 m2],显著高于G组[(12.44±0.60)kg/32 m2,P0.01];GSBH1组饲料系数最低(1.43±0.04);GSBH1组增重率最高(4.66%±0.12%),G组最低(3.80%±0.23%);TN平均相对利用率在(0.92±0.09)~(1.60±0.23)之间,GSB组最高,G组最低;TP平均相对利用率为(0.23±0.03)~(1.46±0.32),GSBH3组最高,G组最低;综合养殖效果指数在(0.91±0.02)~(1.25±0.05)之间,GSB组最高,GSBH1组次之,G组最低,且三元、四元混养组显著大于G组和GH2组(P0.05)。研究表明,混养组能显著提高罗氏沼虾养殖的经济效益和生态效益。     

混养锦鲤对微咸水凡纳滨对虾池水质及产量的影响

在6口面积均为0.4 hm2的微咸水池中养殖凡纳滨对虾,密度为7.5×105尾/hm2,其中4口混养锦鲤,密度分别为1500、3000、60001、2 000尾/hm2,研究混养锦鲤对凡纳滨对虾池水质及产量影响。结果表明:混养池水质比较稳定,透明度、NH4+-N和NO2--N波动幅度较小且数值较低,混养池对虾平均产量为3345 kg/hm2,比单养池平均产量2268 kg/hm2高47.5%,其中混养锦鲤3000尾/hm2的池虾产量最高,达到3765 kg/hm2。     

Comparison of Tilapia Monoculture and Carp Polyculture in Fertilized Earthen Ponds

A comparison of a monoculture of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and a polyculture of carps (silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix; rohu Labeo rohita; and mrigal Cirrhinus mriga la; ratio 4:3:3) was carried out in 200-m² earthen ponds fertilized with cattle manure and supplemented with inorganic fertilizer at 3-kg nitrogen and 1.5-kg phosphorus/ha per day. A control treatment of a tilapia monoculture without fertilizer inputs was included to assess the effect of pond basal fertility. Net yields of 23.5 kg/pond per 112 d (3.8 t/ha per 1 yr) in the tilapia monoculture and 19.2 kg/pond per 112 d (3.1 t/ha per yr) in the carp polyculture were not significantly different; net yields from unfertilized tilapia monoculture ponds were negative. In the carp polyculture, silver carp was the dominant species at harvest contributing 73% of the total net fish production compared to 9% and 19% by rohu and mrigal, respectively. Water quality data suggested that tilapia yields could have been further improved by increasing fertilization rate but that critical dissolved oxygen concentration constrained this option for carp polyculture.     

The effect of fish density and species combination on growth and utilization of natural food in ponds

Abstract. Interactions between bottom-feeding fish (common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and hybrid tilapia) and a filter feeder (silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes)) in polyculture were studied in fertilized ponds with no supplementary feeding. The silver carp were stocked at two densities: 1300 and 2600/ha. Growth rate and yield of each of the species were also compared with those in polyculture of bottom feeders alone, and in a monoculture of silver carp alone, at the same densities. The consumption of natural feed as melabolizable energy (ME) was calculated by the energy balance (requirement for maintenance and growth divided by the utilization efficiency).
Increasing the density of silver carp reduced proportionally their own growth rate, due to the limited amount of food. Above a density of about 1000/ha, silver carp inhibit the growth rate of common carp and tilapia. This inhibition was small at 1300 silver carp/ha, but considerable at 2600/ha. However, the presence of bottom feeders increased the growth rate of silver carp at both densities. Calculated natural food consumption showed that growth interactions between species were brought about through the availability of food. The synergistic effect of the bottom-feeding fish on the silver carp is assumed to be due to the upwelling of bottom nutrients to the upper layers of water by the burrowing of the fish in the mud. Combined yield of all species in the polyculture was highest at the density of 1300 silver carp/ha (2116 kg/ha in 156 days). At 2600 silver carp/ha the inhibition of growth rate of silver carp itself, reduced total yield as compared with the lower density.     

Food selection, electivity and dietary overlap among planktivorous Chinese and Indian major carp fry and fingerlings grown in extensively managed, rain-fed ponds in Bangladesh

Abstract. The fry of four species of planktivorous carp, silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes), bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson), rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), and catla, Catla catla (Hamilton), were grown in monoculture in ponds in Mymensingh, Bangladesh in order to determine electivity and the extent of dietary overlap. Other than an avoidance for Cyanobacteria, electivity was found to be low in most instances, although the low productivity of the ponds may have had some influence. Dietary overlap was greatest between catla and silver carp (0–52) and between catla and bighead carp (0–48).     

主养草鱼池塘三种混养模式鱼类生长和效益的比较

为进一步提高我国广大池塘养鱼的产品质量、经济效益和改善其生态环境。本试验在武汉新洲973项目实验基地9个陆基鱼池中进行了三种不同混养模式鱼类生长和效益的比较研究,每种模式设3个重复。模式Ⅰ中放养草鱼、鲢、鳙和高背鲫;模式Ⅱ中放养草鱼、鲢、鳙、匙吻鲟和高背鲫;模式Ⅲ中放养草鱼、鲢和高背鲫。 结果表明：通过122d的养殖试验,模式Ⅱ中草鱼的生长不仅显著高于模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅲ（P<0.05）,而且其经济效益模式Ⅱ同样高于模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅲ。     

鲢鳙在长寿湖水生态系统氮磷循环中的作用

为探究长寿湖鲢、鳙在水体生态系统氮(N)磷(P)循环中的作用,研究测定了季节性水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的变化,进行了原位鲢、鳙排泄率的测定。通过N、P排泄对比分析了鲢、鳙对水体N、P的贡献率。通过长寿湖鲢、鳙鱼体N、P含量测定,估算水体中N、P去除量。结果显示:鲢、鳙N、P排泄率夏季最高,冬季最低,季节性温度变化对其排泄率有一定影响;2016—2017在长寿湖平均水温为19.88℃条件下,鲢的N、P排泄率分别为0.973 1μg L-1d-1和0.242 2μg L-1d-1;鳙的N、P排泄率分别为0.642 5μg L-1d-1和0.174 9μg L-1d-1,鲢、鳙N、P排泄量分别占长寿湖藻类初级生产所需N含量的1.19%和0.79%,P含量的9.57%和6.91%;2016—2017长寿湖通过捕捞鲢、鳙产品带走的N、P含量分别为60.61 t和23.31 t。结果表明,长寿湖开展生态养殖对水体N、P贡献较小,不会引起水体富营养化。     

Comparison of food selection and growth performance of koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.) in mono- and polyculture rearing in tropical ponds

To compare the effect of polyculture against conventional monoculture on ornamental carp production, investigations on food selection and growth performance of koi carp (K), Cyprinus carpio L. and goldfish (G), Carassius auratus (L.) were conducted in a 11‐week rearing experiment in two monoculture (100% K and 100% G) and five polyculture (90% K–10% G, 70% K–30% G, 50% K–50% G, 30% K–70% G and 10% K–90% G) conditions in tropical ponds. There were three replicates for each treatment. Environmental conditions and food availability were similar in all the treatments. Ivlev's electivity index showed that both fish species avoided phytoplankton and preferred cladocerans to other zooplankton groups (copepods and rotifers) in monotypic conditions. However, in the polyculture treatments, the positive electivity of goldfish towards cladocerans reduced significantly (P<0.05), while the percentage of copepods, rotifers and phytoplankton in the gut content increased. No significant differences in weight gain, specific growth rate and deformities were recorded at harvest for koi carp between the different treatments (P>0.05). Even the survival rate of koi carp recorded above 90% in all the treatments. However, the goldfish recorded significantly better weight gain, specific growth rate and survival in monoculture (100% G), compared with the polyculture treatments (P<0.05). Goldfish deformities were lowest (P<0.05) in the monoculture treatment (2.42%). The number of marketable fish above a set size limit of 4 g total weight was significantly higher in the two monoculture treatments, compared with the five polyculture treatments (P<0.05). Keeping in view of the dietary similarities of koi carp and goldfish, and the aggressive nature of koi carp in polyculture, it is suggested to refrain from polyculture of goldfish and koi carp until further documentations relating to optimum stocking density and management of polyculture of ornamental carps are available.