不同高温胁迫条件下的坛紫菜中植物激素分析

为了研究高温胁迫条件下内源性植物激素的变化趋势与坛紫菜在高温耐受性之间的相互关系,实验以在宁波象山采集的"浙东1号"坛紫菜叶状体为样品,以液相色—谱质谱联用的选择离子模式作为分析手段,系统地分析了高温胁迫条件下,坛紫菜中11种植物激素含量的变化。结果显示,在高温胁迫环境中共检测出7种植物激素,分别为异戊烯腺苷、异戊烯腺嘌呤、反式玉米素核苷、吲哚乙酸、茉莉酸甲酯、水杨酸和茉莉酸。在20、25、28和35°C下,茉莉酸和茉莉酸甲酯的含量随着刺激温度的上升而升高;吲哚乙酸、反式玉米素核苷、异戊烯腺苷和异戊烯腺嘌呤在高温组中的含量要明显低于对照组,呈现下降的趋势。以28°C作为胁迫温度,在不同胁迫时间下,吲哚乙酸、反式玉米素核苷、异戊烯腺苷和异戊烯腺嘌呤的含量随着胁迫时间的延长而降低;水杨酸和茉莉酸甲酯的含量随着胁迫时间的延长而上升;茉莉酸的含量先升高后下降。在恢复培养过程中,水杨酸、茉莉酸、吲哚乙酸和茉莉酸甲酯的含量均呈现下降、升高又下降的变化趋势,而反式玉米素核苷、异戊烯腺苷和异戊烯腺嘌呤的含量则随着恢复培养过程的进行而逐渐下降。高温胁迫下,坛紫菜在促进生长类激素和胁迫抑制类激素的共同调控下进行胁迫防御,维持自身生长。然而,坛紫菜的防御能力有限,且高温胁迫引起的藻体自损伤可能难以修复。     

高温胁迫下坛紫菜叶状体的生理响应

以坛紫菜耐高温品系Z-61 F₄代叶状体为试验材料、野生型坛紫菜叶状体为对照,研究了高温胁迫(30 ℃、26 ℃)与正常培养温度(21 ℃)下,处理不同天数(0、2、4、6、8、10 d)后坛紫菜叶状体中自由基含量、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量的动态变化过程。结果发现耐高温型坛紫菜对高温胁迫的生理响应过程:高温胁迫→活性氧含量上升→细胞膜氧化受损,产生过量膜脂过氧化物→细胞感受到过量的活性氧信号→抗氧化系统和渗透压调节系统共同响应,清除活性氧→自由基含量下降。同时比较两种紫菜对高温胁迫的生理响应过程,发现耐高温型坛紫菜在高温胁迫下能同时启动抗氧化系统和渗透压调节系统,而野生型坛紫菜则只能启动渗透压调节系统,并且两种紫菜抗氧化系统的本底含量也存在着显著差别。由此说明不同品系坛紫菜耐高温性状差异的可能原因是细胞内抗氧化系统的应激性和本底含量存在差异。     

坛紫菜自由丝状体响应琼胶寡糖的激发

为了研究琼胶寡糖对坛紫菜自由丝状体藻丝生长和壳孢子囊枝形成的激发的影响,实验采用琼胶寡糖激发坛紫菜自由丝状体,以液相氧电极检测坛紫菜丝状体净光合放氧速率的变化;以对羟基苯乙酸(POHPAA)化学发光法检测坛紫菜丝状体的H_2O_2释放量;利用LC-MS检测红藻糖苷含量变化;利用实时定量PCR技术检测坛紫菜丝状体H_2O_2产生相关基因(Phrboh、Ph SOD)和红藻糖苷合成相关基因(Phnho1、Phgpdh、Phtps)的表达情况;并利用显微镜观察法检测壳孢子囊枝数量的变化。结果发现,琼胶寡糖能够激发坛紫菜自由丝状体的系列响应,表现在净光合放氧速率以及光合同化产物红藻糖苷的含量和生物合成出现增加;H_2O_2释放量持续增加,与产生H_2O_2相关的2个酶基因Phrboh和Ph SOD的表达增强。此外,琼胶寡糖也能够促进在坛紫菜自由丝状体的发育,在培养第30天时,琼胶寡糖处理组的壳孢子囊枝形成率达到59%,显著高于对照组46%。综上所述,琼胶寡糖能够增加坛紫菜自由丝状体的光合速率和光合同化产物,并通过形成H_2O_2的酶的表达来诱导活性氧的释放;琼胶寡糖还能促进坛紫菜自由丝状体的繁殖发育。     

坛紫菜转录因子NhbZIP1克隆和功能验证

高温是制约坛紫菜(Neoporphyra haitanensis)产业发展的主要因素之一,阐明坛紫菜高温胁迫应答机理对耐高温品种选育至关重要。人们已分离多个坛紫菜抗逆相关基因,但尚不清楚这些基因的表达调控机制。本研究通过分子生物学和生物信息学技术分离了坛紫菜转录因子NhbZIP1基因。该基因开放阅读框长825 bp,编码274个氨基酸。从开放阅读框推导的氨基酸序列有5个低复杂度区域和1个BRLZ结构。其中,BRLZ是bZIP家族的保守结构域,含有一个α卷曲螺旋结构(121~171 aa)。实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)检测发现,NhbZIP1受高温胁迫显著诱导。为进一步阐明NhbZIP1的功能,将其转入莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)中。结果显示,高温胁迫下转基因藻株生物量始终高于野生型,且随处理时间增加差异越来越显著。转基因藻株中热激蛋白家族和抗氧化系统相关基因的表达量显著高于野生型。研究表明,NhbZIP1激活下游抗逆基因表达,在坛紫菜应答高温胁迫中发挥重要作用。研究结果有助于阐明bZIP调控坛紫菜响应高温胁迫的分子机制,为耐高温新品种选育提供了基础信息。     

不同生长阶段的坛紫菜对琼胶寡糖激发的响应差异研究

为研究不同生长阶段的坛紫菜对琼胶寡糖激发子的抗性响应差异,选择生长期为50、60、80、110和140 d的坛紫菜叶状体以及自由丝状体,检测在琼胶寡糖刺激后各生长阶段坛紫菜的H_2O_2释放,相关防御基因(Phhsp70、Phrboh、Phsod、Phlox)的表达,以及挥发性物质的变化。结果显示,丝状体H_2O_2的释放量显著高于叶状体,100μg/m L琼胶寡糖可诱导不同时期坛紫菜的H_2O_2爆发。丝状体响应琼胶寡糖刺激后,4个防御相关基因出现显著上调,而叶状体各生长阶段的基因上调幅度较小,各基因变化趋势不同。挥发性物质的种类及含量在不同生长阶段不同,但C8类物质较多。经寡糖处理后,80 d叶状体和丝状体时期的挥发性物质增加的种类较多。研究表明,不同生长阶段的坛紫菜对琼胶寡糖刺激的响应能力和方式不同,以丝状体的响应最强烈。     

低氮、磷胁迫对坛紫菜叶状体生理生化特征的影响

以坛紫菜耐低氮(N)、磷(P)品系9号Ⅳ叶状体为材料,研究了低N、P胁迫不同时间水平对坛紫菜品质及自由基含量、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量等生理指标的影响。结果表明,在低N、P胁迫条件下,作为坛紫菜品质重要指标的光合色素、粗蛋白和游离氨基酸含量均显著下降,而其余各项生理指标均随胁迫时间增加表现为动态变化的过程,由此推测耐低N、P型坛紫菜叶状体应答低N、P胁迫的生理过程为:低N、P胁迫→活性氧含量上升→细胞膜氧化受损,产生大量膜脂过氧化物→细胞感受到过量的活性氧信号→抗氧化系统和渗透压调节系统共同响应,清除活性氧→自由基含量下降。该实验结果为全面了解坛紫菜应答低N、P胁迫的生理机制奠定了基础,同时也为后续坛紫菜抗逆新品种的选育提供了理论指导。     

不同海域不同品种坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)挥发性成分的比较分析

采用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱联用技术,结合多变量数据分析,对不同品种、不同养殖海域、不同收割期坛紫菜的挥发性成分进行了分析研究。结果显示,栽培在2个海域的2种品种坛紫菜中,共检测到115种挥发性组分,其中,烃类和醛酮类物质的含量和种类占据了极大优势。主成分分析(PCA)显示,坛紫菜的挥发性组分有明显的品种和地区性差异,不同品种间的主要差异组分有8-十七碳烯、1-十七碳烯、壬醛、2-乙烯基-6-甲基吡嗪、辛醛等成分,不同海域的主要差异组分有8-十七碳烯、壬醛、2-乙烯基-6-甲基吡嗪、1-十七碳烯、苯乙烯等。另外,不同收获期坛紫菜挥发性成分的变化跟养殖海域有密切的关系。     

不同海域不同品种坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)挥发性成分的比较分析

采用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱?质谱联用技术,结合多变量数据分析,对不同品种、不同养殖海域、不同收割期坛紫菜的挥发性成分进行了分析研究。结果显示,栽培在2个海域的2种品种坛紫菜中,共检测到115种挥发性组分,其中,烃类和醛酮类物质的含量和种类占据了极大优势。主成分分析(PCA)显示,坛紫菜的挥发性组分有明显的品种和地区性差异,不同品种间的主要差异组分有8-十七碳烯、1-十七碳烯、壬醛、2-乙烯基-6-甲基吡嗪、辛醛等成分,不同海域的主要差异组分有8-十七碳烯、壬醛、2-乙烯基-6-甲基吡嗪、1-十七碳烯、苯乙烯等。另外,不同收获期坛紫菜挥发性成分的变化跟养殖海域有密切的关系。     

坛紫菜谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因的克隆及表达特征

谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPX)是植物活性氧(ROS)清除酶促系统的重要成员之一,在植物逆境胁迫应答中发挥着重要作用。本研究以坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)为研究材料采用RACE技术克隆获得了一条坛紫菜的GPX全长基因序列,命名为PhGPX(Gen Bank收录号:JX673908)。该基因序列全长1027 bp,包含555 bp的开放阅读框,所编码的多肽包含184个氨基酸,分子量为19.9 k D,等电点为8.76。多序列比对和系统进化树分析结果表明Ph GPX属于植物GPX基因家族成员。基因表达水平的q PCR分析结果表明Ph GPX基因在坛紫菜叶状体和丝状体世代中的表达水平没有显著差异;高温胁迫不同时间水平下,Ph GPX基因的表达水平呈现为先上调后下调的趋势;不同失水胁迫条件下,Ph GPX基因的表达不受低水平的失水胁迫影响,但可被高水平(40%)的失水胁迫所抑制,且在复水30 min后仍然无法恢复失水胁迫前的水平。由此推测坛紫菜体内的GPX也可能存在多种家族成员,不同的逆境胁迫条件、甚至不同的逆境胁迫水平可能需要不同家族成员的GPX参与ROS的清除和防御。     

高温下芽孢杆菌对坛紫菜生长及生理的影响

坛紫菜是我国东海区栽培的重要经济海藻,其生长适温为20°C,极限高温为29°C。高温和病原菌均会导致坛紫菜生长受抑、藻体病烂。为研究高温下藻际微生物对坛紫菜生长的影响,本文以坛紫菜叶状体和藻际芽孢杆菌(实验证明该菌株在20°C下为紫菜的益生菌)为材料,检测了在28°C下藻际芽孢杆菌对坛紫菜相对生长率(RGR),抗氧化酶(SOD、POD)活性,可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)和藻胆蛋白含量等生理指标的影响。结果显示,28°C下,在实验初始阶段,菌藻共培养组坛紫菜比纯培养对照组有较高的RGR,但随着培养时间的延长,两组的RGR无显著性差异;4 d后两组坛紫菜均出现腐烂,菌藻共培养组的藻体腐烂程度更为剧烈;培养24 h后,菌藻共培养组的SOD、POD活性和MDA水平均显著高于对照组,而渗透调节物质可溶性蛋白和Pro显著低于对照组;共培养组中,坛紫菜的藻胆蛋白含量均显著高于对照组。该研究表明,28°C下,虽然在短期内藻际芽孢杆菌会促进坛紫菜的生长,但随着培养时间的延长反而不利于坛紫菜的生长,且加剧活性氧和渗透压胁迫,表明该菌的生态功能因环境变化而发生了改变。     

Increasing transient expression of CAT gene in Porphyra haitanensis by Matrix attachment regions and 18S rDNA targeted homologous recombination

To test whether matrix attachment regions (MARs) and 18S rDNA can influence CAT gene transient expression positively in the red algae Porphyra haitanensis, a targeting vector pHR‐CAT containing a portion of the 18S rDNA from P. haitanensis, pMAR1‐HR‐CAT containing one MAR from silkworm and a portion of the 18S rDNA from P. haitanensis and pMAR2‐HR‐CAT containing two MARs from silkworm and a portion of the 18S rDNA from P. haitanensis were constructed. With the electroporation method, the vectors were transferred into the protoplasts from the thalli of P. haitanensis. The results showed that the expression of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) protein in transformed cells reached a maximum at 96 h after transformation. It was increased markedly with the pMAR2‐HR‐CAT compared with the pHR‐CAT or the pCAT^@3‐control vector (P<0.01), and it was increased inconspicuously with pHR‐CAT compared with the pCAT^@3‐control vector (P>0.05). It is suggested that MAR from silkworm could enhance the transient expression of foreign genes in P. haitanensis.     

象山港海洋牧场建设与生物资源的增殖养护技术

通过生物资源生境营造、适宜性增殖物种筛选与应用、牧化物种增殖与采捕、效果评估和管理等技术的研究与运用,建立有效恢复生物资源、实现天然水域渔业生物资源产出功能最大化的象山港海洋牧场示范区。至今已建成由15个圆角六边形和1 000个台面框架型诱导礁组合而成的7个鱼礁群,面积25 hm~2,形成空方规模53 810 m~3;移植海带、坛紫菜和龙须菜等大型海藻,建成以浮式平面藻床为主的人工藻场80 hm~2。底播毛蚶、栉江珧等贝类2 000万粒;年放流大黄鱼、黑鲷、黄姑鱼、褐鲳鲉等鱼类苗种160万尾;中国明对虾、日本对虾等虾类1亿尾。调查结果显示,牧场示范区富营养化程度有所降低,初级与次级生产力明显提升,其中海藻年生物量约为18 000 kg/hm~2;海洋牧场的渔业资源养护效果良好,人工鱼礁投放19个月后,鱼礁区游泳动物群落的物种丰富度、总生物量和总丰度分别为对照区的1.32倍、2.04倍和1.49倍。     

Effects of CO2 levels and light intensities on growth and amino acid contents in red seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis

The seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis is largely maricultivated in China, for use as food and as a material in the agar industry. This alga experiences ocean acidification caused by rising atmospheric CO₂ levels, and experiences changing light levels caused by self‐shading during the later period of mariculture. In this study, growth and amino acid (AA) content responses of G. lemaneiformis to different CO₂ levels (the present and the predicted increased levels) and varying light levels at 28 (±1)°C temperature conditions were investigated. The results showed that a higher light level enhanced algal growth and decreased water loss, but reduced AA accumulation. Decreased pH levels (as a result of CO₂ elevation) also enhanced algal growth and reduced AA contents, but the decreases in the AA score at the lower pH levels were not significant under the two light level treatments. In this study, the light treatments had greater influences on growth and AA contents than CO₂ levels. The results suggest that G. lemaneiformis quality will be negatively affected during the later mariculture production period as levels of CO₂ rise and global temperatures increase.     

PCR-DGGE指纹图谱技术分析发病龙须菜附生菌菌群组成

本研究以07-2品系龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)为实验材料,提取自然条件下代表不同病变程度的健康、病间、白化藻体的附生菌DNA,经PCR扩增16S r DNA基因的V3可变区并进行变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE),分离V3片段,再对目的条带进行克隆鉴定。实验结果经数据化后计算龙须菜附生菌数目并比较附生菌菌群多样性,通过非度量多维尺度分析(n MDS)及多元梯度分析(RDA)来比较附生菌菌群组成相似性及优势菌群。实验结果表明,随着龙须菜病变程度的加深,附生菌菌落数及菌群多样性逐渐增加(P0.05)。n MDS分析结果表明,健康藻体与白化藻体在附生菌菌群组成上存在差异,病间藻体在附生菌菌群组成上与健康藻体更为接近。RDA分析结果表明,龙须菜健康藻体附生菌可能的优势菌群是海洋单胞菌属(Marinomonas),病间藻体附生菌可能的优势菌群是单胞菌属(Alteromonas)、红杆菌科(Rhodobacteraceae)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas),白化藻体附生菌可能的优势菌未能鉴定到,而白化残留藻体附生菌鉴定到的优势菌有Maribacter、红杆菌科、玫瑰变色菌属(Roseovarius)。从上述结果可以看出,龙须菜健康藻体与发病藻体在附生菌菌群组成及优势菌上存在较大差异,而介于两者之间的藻体在菌群组成上更偏向于健康藻体。     

龙须菜苯丙烷类抑藻活性物质的分离纯化及其对6种赤潮微藻的抑藻活性

采用溶剂浸提、液液萃取、硅胶柱层析和硅胶薄层层析等分离方法以及红外光谱、质谱和核磁共振谱等光谱技术,初次从龙须菜中纯化得到4种苯丙烷类化合物:邻苯二丙酸、gossonorol、7,10-epoxy-ar-bisabol-11-ol和对羟基苯乙醇,并进一步分析了此4种苯丙烷类化合物对强壮前沟藻、赤潮异弯藻、米氏凯伦藻、球形棕囊藻、东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻生长的影响。结果表明,它们对以上6种赤潮微藻的生长表现出明显的选择性抑制作用。其中,邻苯二丙酸、gossonorol和对羟基苯乙醇表现出更为广泛的抑藻活性。比较此4种苯丙烷类化合物和重铬酸钾对赤潮微藻生长的半抑制效应浓度EC50-96 h,发现邻苯二丙酸对强壮前沟藻、赤潮异弯藻和球形棕囊藻,gossonorol和羟基苯乙醇对赤潮异弯藻和球形棕囊藻,7,10-epoxy-ar-bisabol-11-ol对赤潮异弯藻和米氏凯伦藻在生长抑制方面比重铬酸钾更具有优势。     

Effects of dietary macroalgae meal and lipid source on growth performance and body wall fatty acid composition of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

A 70‐day experiment was conducted to examine the effects of different macroalgal meals and lipid sources on growth, body wall composition and fatty acid (FA) profile of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Two macroalgal meals including Sargassum muticum (SM) and Gracilaria lemaneiformis (GL) and two lipid sources including fish oil (FO) and vegetable oil (VO) were formulated into four diets, i.e., S. muticum and fish oil (SF), S. muticum and vegetable oil (SV), G. lemaneiformis and fish oil (GF) and G. lemaneiformis and vegetable oil (GV). The results showed that the specific growth rates (SGR) of A. japonicus fed diets containing SM were significantly higher than those fed diets containing GL. No significant differences in SGR between the FO‐based and VO‐based groups were observed. Similar results were observed in the body wall lipid content. Most body wall FAs changed to resemble the dietary FA proportions because of the dietary effect. Concentrations of 20:4n‐6 of the SF and GF groups were significantly lower than the SV and GV groups, while levels of 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 were significantly higher than the SV and GV groups. The n‐3/n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratios of the SF and GF groups were significantly higher than the SV and GV groups. Moreover, the SF group had significantly higher 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 contents and n‐3/n‐6 PUFAs ratio than the GF group. These findings reveal that the SF diet can show beneficial effects on both growth performance and body wall n‐3 PUFAs content of A. japonicus.     

不同盐度低渗胁迫处理对龙须菜切段再生能力及光合生理的影响

为探究龙须菜对低渗胁迫的生理性适应，分析了龙须菜主枝切段在不同盐度低渗培养液(盐度19.500、13.000、6.500、0.000)下耐受不同胁迫时间(1、3、6、12和20 h)后，继续恢复正常盐度(盐度26.000)培养过程中的形态发生、光合生理指标和细胞器亚显微结构变化。结果显示，短于12 h的低渗(盐度0～19.500)胁迫可以促进龙须菜切段的出芽，其总出芽数均高于对照组(盐度26.000)。3 h的淡水胁迫后恢复至正常盐度培养，藻段再生过程的出芽数目较多，鲜重增加最多，表现出了明显的生长优势。龙须菜藻段经淡水胁迫3 h后恢复至正常盐度培养28 d，藻段的相对生长率(RGR)为0.91%/d，较对照组RGR提高了61.27%。1和3 h淡水胁迫对龙须菜藻段的光合生理指标无明显的负面效应，且恢复至正常盐度培养后藻段的光合生理活性增强，提示低渗胁迫可能增强了藻段的细胞代谢活力。透射电镜观察表明，经淡水胁迫3 h后，表皮细胞内的红藻淀粉颗粒、质体小球及脂质体等为藻体生长发育提供能量的物质和质体再生所需中性脂原料明显增加，适应于藻段再生过程的新生芽形成。相反，长时间的淡水胁迫对色素体...     

The potential for utilizing fouling macroalgae as feed for abalone Haliotis discus hannai

In order to assess the potential of utilizing fouling macroalgae as feed for abalone Haliotis discus hannai, the species, biomass and total stock of fouling macroalgae attached on the aquaculture facility‐lines were investigated and assessed at Sungo Bay, China, in August 2007. The nutritional value of four fouling macroalgae (Codium fragile, Sargassum muticum, Ulva pertusa and Laminaria japonica) and one cultured macroalgae (Gracilaria lemaneiformis) as the diet of abalone was assessed by analysis of the chemical composition of the macroalgae and by measuring bioavailability and digestibility to abalone H. discus hannai under laboratory conditions in August 2007. The results showed that the biomass of fouling macroalgae at the two sites was 243.61 ± 26.23 and 1078.15 ± 50.28 g m^?1 respectively. The contents of protein of G. lemaneiformis and C. fragile were 18.30% and 17.60%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the others. The five macroalgae were accepted by the abalone, and growth energies (P) and growth efficiency (%) were positive. However, significant differences were found among the different macroalgae. The growth efficiencies of abalone show a negative relationship with the levels of dietary lipid and a positive relationship with the protein contents. These results suggest that fouling macroalgae have a great potential to be used as diets of abalone.     

Replacement of dietary macroalgae with corn starch in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

A 70‐day experiment was conducted to investigate the optimal dietary macroalgae and substitute proportion by corn starch in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Sea cucumbers were fed by eighteen different diets formulated with one of the three macroalgae including Sargassum muticum, Gracilaria lemaneiformis and Ulva lactuca and six graded levels (0, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 g/kg) of corn starch as the replacements for each seaweed. An isotope mixing model indicated that the relative contribution of corn starch to the growth of A. japonicus did not consistently increase, even slightly decreased with increasing dietary corn starch level. The contributions of corn starch to A. japonicus fed by diets containing S. muticum were higher than those fed by diets containing G. lemaneiformis with corresponding corn starch levels or containing U. lactuca at 200–400 g/kg replacement proportions. The growth of A. japonicus first significantly increased and then decreased with increasing corn starch level, regardless of macroalgal species. The corn starch could replace up to 200 g/kg of dietary G. lemaneiformis or U. lactuca, even up to 300 g/kg of S. muticum without affecting growth performance. Based on the polynomial regression model, the replacement of S. muticum with 114 g/kg corn starch was optimal for A. japonicus.