荷斯坦奶牛RAPD反应条件的优化

以中国荷斯坦奶牛为实验材料,研究了Mg2+浓度、dNTPs浓度、引物浓度、模板DNA浓度、TaqDNA聚合酶,以及退火温度对RAPD反应的影响,建立一套适合中国荷斯坦牛的最佳RAPD反应体系。反应总体积为20μL,Mg2+浓度为2.5mmol/L,TaqDNA聚合酶浓度为1U,引物浓度为2μmol/L,dNTPs浓度为400μmol/L,模板DNA浓度为100ng。PCR反应程序:94℃预变性2min→40循环(94℃变性1min→36℃退火1min→72℃延伸1min)→72℃延伸5min。     

荷斯坦奶牛RAPD反应条件的优化

以中国荷斯坦奶牛为实验材料，研究了Mg^2＋浓度、dNTPs浓度、引物浓度、模板DNA浓度、TaqDNA聚合酶，以厦退火温度对RAPD反应的影响，建立一套适合中国荷斯坦牛的最佳RAPD反应体系，反应总体积为20μL。Mg^2＋浓度为2．5μmol／L，TaqDNA聚合酶浓度为1U，引物浓度为2μmol／L，dNTPs浓度为400μmol／L．模板DNA浓度为100ng。PCR反应程序：94℃预变性2min→40循环（94℃变性1 min→36℃退火1min→72℃延伸lmin）→72℃延伸5min．     

青鱼ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立及优化研究

以赣江野生青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)基因组DNA为试验材料,研究Mg2+浓度、dNTP浓度、引物浓度和模板浓度4个参数对ISSR-PCR反应的影响,建立一套适合青鱼ISSR-PCR反应的最佳体系。结果表明,在25μL的反应体系中,Mg2+、dNTP、引物和模板4个参数的最适宜浓度分别为:3.0mmol/L、0.25mmol/L、0.4umol/L和30ng。PCR扩增程序为:94℃预变性5min,94℃30s,52℃45s,72℃2min,共38个循环,最后72℃继续延伸10min。     

拟穴青蟹ISSR-PCR条件的优化

分析DNA模板、Mg2+、dNTPs、引物和Taq DNA聚合酶及甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜等对拟穴青蟹ISSR-PCR反应的影响.研究结果确定了获得清晰条带的模板DNA、Mg2+、dNTPs、引物、Taq DNA聚合酶的浓度范围分别为:模板DNA 8～50 ng/μl ,Taq DNA聚合酶0.75～1.0 U, Mg2+1.0～2.0 mmol/L(与引物密切相关),dNTP 0.15～0.20 mmol/L,引物浓度0.6～0.8 μmol/L.甲酰胺的添加并不能优化拟穴青蟹ISSR-PCR反应结果,而低浓度的二甲基亚砜可提高扩增产物的清晰度,但与引物相关.     

西施舌基因组DNA的提取及其RAPD反应条件的优化

通过实验比较获得了一种高效、简便的西施舌基因组DNA的提取方法,以该法提取的基因组DNA为模板,对西施舌RAPD分析中的DNA模板浓度、镁离子浓度、dNTPs浓度、引物浓度和Taq酶浓度进行了研究,初步确定了适于西施舌RAPD分析的最佳反应体系:25μL反应体系中,含模板DNA 25 ng,10×PCR缓冲液2.5μL,dNTPs 0.3 mmol/L,MgCl22.5 mmol/L,引物15 ng,Taq DNA聚合酶1.5U。     

中国对虾SRAP分子标记体系正交优化及在遗传多样性分析中的应用

利用正交设计L16(45)对影响中国对虾SRAP分子标记分析的5个因素(Taq酶,Mg2+,模板DNA,dNTP和引物浓度)在4个水平上进行了优化,筛选出各反应因素的最佳水平为:20μl反应体系中包含1.0UTaq酶,2.0mmol/L的Mg2+,40.0ng的模板DNA,0.125mmol/L的dNTP以及0.4μmol/L的引物,退火温度为53.5℃。研究表明,各因素的不同水平对扩增结果有显著影响,其中Mg2+影响最大,影响大小顺序依次为Mg2+,Taq酶,引物,dNTP和模板DNA。利用优化的SRAP分子标记体系对中国对虾"黄海1号"第12世代选育群体进行了遗传多样性分析,实验结果表明,此标记技术可作为中国对虾遗传分析的良好技术工具。遗传多样性分析共筛选出8对可以扩增出清晰稳定条带的引物组合,共获得171个位点,其中多态性位点154个,占90.08%;有效等位基因数为1.7741,期望杂合度均值为0.4219,Shannon多样性指数为0.6055。上述参数值均高于应用AFLP技术对前几代选育群体的遗传多样性分析结果。     

鳡鱼ISSR-PCR反应体系的正交优化

利用正交试验设计的方法,对鳡鱼ISSR-PCR反应体系中的Mg2+浓度、引物浓度、dNTPs浓度、DNA模板浓度及Taq DNA聚合酶浓度进行优化分析。建立了最佳ISSR-PCR反应体系,即25μL反应体系中含Mg2+2mmol/L、引物0.4μmol/L、dNTPs 0.2mmol/L、模板DNA 100ng、Taq DNA聚合酶1.0U。并在此基础上对退火温度和循环次数进行梯度试验,得到最佳退火温度为52℃,最佳循环次数35次。     

刀鲚RAPD分析条件的优化

以刀鲚基因组DNA为模板,对刀鲚RAPD分析中的DNA模板浓度、镁离子浓度,dNTPs浓度、引物浓度进行了研究。研究结果初步确定了适用于刀鲚遗传多样性分析的RAPD反应体系为:25μl反应体系中,含10×PCR缓冲液2.5μl,模板DNA20ng, dNTPs0.1m mol/L,Mg~(2+)2.5m mol/L,引物0.4μ mol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶1U。     

鳜鱼SSR-PCR反应条件的优化探索

以鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)基因组DNA为试验材料,研究MgCl2浓度、dNTPs浓度、Taq DNA聚合酶3个反应参数对微卫星PCR的影响,建立一套适合鳜微卫星PCR反应的最佳体系.结果表明,在25μL的反应体系中,Mg2+、dNTPs、Taq DNA聚合酶3个参数的适宜浓度分别为1.2 mmol/L、0.2 μmol/L和0.04 U/μL.PCR反应程序为94℃变性5 min,94℃30 s,56℃ 1 min,72℃ 1 min,共30个循环,最后72℃延伸5 min.     

卤虫HOX基因PCR扩增条件的优化

在研究卤虫的HOX基因abdA基因的分子进化中,为了可靠地扩增出两性生殖卤虫的abdA基因,从模板浓度、引物浓度和Taq酶浓度三个方面对PCR反应体系进行了优化,同时设定了4种退火温度,进行对比试验。扩增的结果经过琼脂糖电泳检测,发现在25μl的反应体系中,引物浓度为5pmol、Taq酶浓度在1 25U,模板为母液浓度不稀释时效果较好,同时本研究还得出为了扩增abdA基因,退火温度在55℃时最佳。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.