海水双壳贝类微生物安全风险评估研究进展

海水双壳贝类能够大量、快速富集养殖环境中的微生物,属微生物安全风险较高的食品,至今已发现多种人类疾病的暴发和流行与食用被致病微生物污染的贝类有关。对海水双壳贝类进行微生物安全风险评估是制定贝类安全质量标准和贝类安全管理制度的重要依据,对保障贝类食品安全具有重要意义。本文简要介绍了海水双壳贝类常见致病微生物,以及贝类微生物风险评估的特殊性,对国内外贝类微生物安全风险评估的研究进展进行综述,并对今后中国在该领域的工作开展提出展望,以期为中国的海水双壳贝类微生物安全风险评估工作提供参考。     

海水贝类养殖中污损生物的防除研究进展

据2002年统计，我国贝类养殖产量占海水养殖总量的79．4％，贝类养殖面积占海水养殖面积的66．9％，贝类养殖种类已发展到了30余种，其中主要为贻贝、扇贝、蛤、蚶、牡蛎等。贝类养殖已成为我国海水养殖业的重要组成部分。目前广泛采用的贝类养殖方式是网笼养殖，但是贝类在笼内放养一定时间后，一些海生动物、植物和微生物会在贝壳表面和养殖网笼的表面附着从而影响养殖贝类的正常生长。污损生物的大量出现严重影响了贝类养殖业的生产效率。如何有效地防止和减少污损生物对养殖贝类和养殖器具的危害，已成为水产养殖业的重要研究课题之一。     

毒贝和贝毒

现存的软体动物约有11万5千种。其巾海洋贝类约有10万1千种，淡水贝类约有1万4千种。它们绝大多数无毒或可供食用，仅少数种类因含有毒素或毒液能使人类中毒，这些具有毒性的贝类称为有毒贝类。据调查，有毒贝类约有80多种，主要分布于海洋中。贝毒对人体健康有不同程度的危害，因而造成社会影响，在一定程度上阻碍了贝类的利用和贝类养殖生产的进一步发展。早在十七世纪，贝毒问题在欧洲就作为医学上的问题进行研究。     

水产加工助剂--水产品加工保鲜杀菌的新方法

鱼贝类产品在加工、贮藏、流通过程中所携带的细菌会因繁殖而增加，细菌的增殖造成了鱼贝类的腐败，所以要防止腐败就要对附着在鱼贝类体上的微生物进行灭菌，并且保证不再受到二次污染，或者是要想办法抑制水产品中微生物的增殖，以保证产品品质。     

海洋贝类Toll样受体及信号通路的研究进展

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)是模式识别受体家族(PRR)中重要的一员,它可以特异地识别病原体相关的分子模式(PAMP),激活信号级联、诱发固有免疫反应,在抵御病原微生物过程中发挥重要作用。TLRs最早在果蝇胚胎中发现,是一类进化高度保守的免疫受体家族,在果蝇及脊椎动物中研究得较为透彻。海洋贝类具有较高的经济价值及重要系统进化地位,近年来,大量贝类的Toll样受体及信号通路相关因子被发现。本文综述了Toll样受体的结构、信号通路和海洋贝类TLR及信号通路相关因子的研究进展,有助于丰富海洋贝类固有免疫理论研究。     

沉积环境中硫化物的形成及其与贝类养殖的关系

描述了海洋及沉积物中硫的主要形态、分布及无机硫化物的形成机理。阐述了环境条件对硫化物形成的影响。并依据国内外的研究资料重点讨论了沉积环境中硫化物的形成、贝类养殖过程中生物沉降对沉积环境中硫化物的影响及养殖活动与底质中硫化物的关系。提出了贝类养殖活动中生物沉降过程对沉积环境中微生物贡献的定量研究将成为贝类养殖对生态环境效应研究的重点内容之一。     

毒贝与贝毒

<正> 现存的软休动物约有11万5千种。其中海洋贝类约有10万1千种,淡水贝类约有1万4千种。它们绝大多数无毒或可供食用,仅少数种类因含有毒素或毒液能使人类中毒,这些具有毒性的贝类称为有毒贝类。据调查,有毒贝类约有80多种,主要分布于海洋中。贝毒对人体健康有不同程度的危害,因     

海洋贝类病毒性疾病研究概述

目前已发现20多种感染贝类的病毒，其中几种已被证实可导致养殖贝类流行性疾病和大量死亡。人工养殖贝类个体密度较高，为病毒传播提供条件，因此贝类病毒研究越来越引起人们的重视。     

贝类等无脊椎动物抗菌肽的研究进展

贝类养殖因其具有食物链短、定居性强、育苗和养殖基础好、成本相对较低等特点,已成为我国沿海地区海水养殖的重要支柱产业之一。但是随着养殖品种的增加,养殖规模的扩大,以及各地区间的频繁引种使养殖病害问题日益严重。据统计:2002年水产养殖病害种类多达185种,造成的直接经济损失达141亿元。研究贝类的免疫系统将有助于这些养殖种类的疾病控制,使贝类养殖业得到更好的持续发展。贝类缺乏特异性的免疫系统,它们的免疫防御主要由细胞和体液免疫系统所组成,通过血细胞或淋巴细胞的吞噬、包囊作用排除异己的微生物和病原体。抗菌肽作为其…     

分子世界里的海洋微生物生态学——未来的发展趋势

过去几十年中,遗传学和免疫学方法的进步改变了医学和生物制药学的研究.人类和几种模式生物的基因组已全部完成测序,这一遗传学信息财富的初步开发已经开始引起对这几种生物的研究及由此产生的应用的革命.得益于生物医学领域的技术进步带来的巨大便利,对微生物(包括海洋微生物)生态学的理解也紧随其后.通过这些新方法、新技术的应用,海洋微生物生态学已经从20世纪50、60年代海洋生物学和生物海洋学的小脚注变成了我们对海洋的兴趣焦点.在过去的半个世纪中,我们学到了大量关于海洋中微生物的丰度、分布和活性的知识.由于认识到海洋微生物异常丰富的多样性、它们在全球生物地球化学过程中所起的主导作用以及天然和工程微生物产品给人类带来益处的潜力,它们已成为科研和公众关注的中心,而且人们对这些海洋中微小生物的迷恋也不会迅速消退.最新的研究表明,我们对海洋生态系中微生物多样性广度的了解相当有限,而且,自然界中许多、或者说大多数海洋微生物的优势种还没有被引入实验室培养.因此,我们对这些物种的生化、生理和行为能力的认识还是懵懂的,并且,在可预见的未来,海洋微生物研究还将是海洋科学研究的主要焦点.随着很多领域的研究者转向这项工作,我们可以期待海洋微生物群落组成和功能方面将会有更多的新发现和范例出现.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.