三角帆蚌稚蚌形态发育与生长特性

在人工繁育现场，水温为26.5～32.0 ℃的条件下，对三角帆蚌钩介幼虫寄生期结束至发育到呈三角形的稚蚌阶段的形态变化过程进行了连续观察。结果发现三角帆蚌稚蚌形态发育过程根据其变化特点可分为4个阶段。刚脱落的稚蚌平均壳长221.88 μm，此时帆没有形成，全高等于壳高；前4 d里稚蚌增厚显著，为贝壳增厚期。5 d后到第23天，壳顶开始突起，为壳顶突出期；此期出现了一个显著的变化，到15 d时，壳顶后端生长速度超过了前端。23 d后到第34 天，翼开始出现，为两翼形成期。34 d后到第60 天，帆开始形成，为帆生长期；此期全高和壳高的比例加大，壳顶不再是稚蚌的最高点。从第60天开始，外型与成体相似，稚蚌发育阶段完成。三角帆蚌稚蚌发育过程中最明显的变化是壳顶位置的变化。对三角帆蚌稚蚌生长特性的研究表明：壳长与日龄的关系式为L=329.39e^0.059t（r=0.968），全高与壳长的关系式为H=0.776L-103.36（r=0.997）。     

背角无齿蚌幼蚌心率对镉暴露胁迫的响应及预警评估

为探究“淡水贝类观察”研究体系专用指示生物“标准化”背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)幼蚌的心率对镉(Cd)暴露胁迫的响应及预警评估，在“非致死/非损伤”条件下，研究从心跳清晰可见至贝壳不再透明的典型生长阶段的早期幼蚌：EJ1 [25日龄，壳长为(1.5±0.1) mm]、EJ2 [55日龄，壳长为(10.5±0.6) mm]、EJ3 [70日龄，壳长为(20.4±0.9) mm]和EJ4 [85日龄，壳长为(30.0±2.0) mm]的心率规律，进而探索EJ4心率对不同浓度Cd2+ (0.0025、0.005、0.025、0.1和0.5 mg/L)的毒性响应特征。结果显示，早期幼蚌心率总体无显著日变化(P>0.05)；心率与日龄和壳长之间均呈显著的线性负相关(P<0.05)；心率和暴露时间仅在0.0025和0.5 mg/L的Cd2+暴露组之间呈显著线性负相关(P<0.05)；所有暴露组的心率和暴露浓度之间均呈显著线性负相关(P<0.05)。本研究表明，利用“标准化”背角无齿蚌幼蚌的心率对Cd2+浓度的响应特征，有潜力开发出基于心率为指示的新型水质Cd2+污染预警监测系统。     

五种蚌的形态变异与判别分析

运用多变量形态度量学方法，采用6个形态性状对褶纹冠蚌、三角帆蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和球形无齿蚌5种蚌的种间以及地理种群间的形态变异进行了研究。主成分分析构建了2个主成分，第一主成分受4个性状的影响，贡献率为54.17%；第二主成分受1个性状的影响，贡献率为34.08%。主成分分析和聚类分析表明，褶纹冠蚌与三解帆蚌形态相近，随圆背角无齿蚌与球形无齿蚌外形相拟。方差分析和t检验表明，褶纹冠蚌和三解帆蚌的不同地理种群分别表现出形态上变异。建立了5种蚌的判别函数，三角帆蚌和圆背角无齿蚌的判别准确率均为100%，褶纹冠蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和球形无齿蚌的判别准确率依次为98.92%、86.36%和96.88%，总判别准确率为97.83%。     

圆背角无齿蚌损伤后血细胞的吞噬活性

模拟人工育珠手术对圆背角无齿蚌外套膜进行务后，研究了其血细胞在０～２５ｄ对荧光极毛杆菌的吞噬活性的变化。结果发现，圆背角无齿蚌４种血细胞中有吞噬能力的主要是颗粒细胞和无颗粒细胞。手术蚌血细胞的吞噬活性从手术后１０天起有了显著升高，在第２０天时达到最大，而后开始下降；血清对手术蚌和对照蚌血细胞的吞噬都具有调理作用。     

背瘤丽蚌钩介幼虫寄生变态发育和有效积温的研究

选用黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)作为寄主鱼,研究了背瘤丽蚌(Lamprotula leai)钩介幼虫寄生变态发育的过程、生物学零度和有效积温等重要生物学特征。结果显示,背瘤丽蚌钩介幼虫在黄颡鱼的鳃丝、鳍条或须上均能完成变态发育。在水温(25±1)℃时,寄生期为8 d。钩介幼虫腹缘先与寄主鱼体表组织接触,寄生后5 h,大部分被鱼体组织包裹;第2天,内幼虫足丝消失,钩介幼虫全部被包在包囊中;随着钩介幼虫寄生变态发育的进行,其壳颜色逐渐加深;第7天,变成黑色不透明,并有少量钩介幼虫变态为稚蚌;第8天,稚蚌脱落达到高峰期;第9天,稚蚌全部脱落。在寄生阶段,钩介幼虫壳长、壳高和铰合部长未发生显著变化。钩介幼虫寄生变态发育的生物学零度为12.8℃,有效积温为100.2℃.d。     

底质和饵料对不同生长阶段橄榄蛏蚌稚蚌成活和生长的影响

为提高橄榄蛏蚌(Solenaia oleivira)稚蚌成活率,在稚蚌生长3个阶段设置不同的饵料和底质组合,探究饵料和底质对稚蚌成活和生长的影响.结果表明:前期稚蚌投喂破壁微拟球藻组的成活率、壳长和壳高生长均显著高于投喂未破壁微拟球藻组;3.4×105个/mL和6.8×105个/mL饵料浓度对前期稚蚌成活率、壳长和壳高...     

背角无齿蚌人工繁殖技术初探

本地食用蚌有背角无齿蚌与圆背角无齿蚌两种。两者相比背角无齿蚌内脏团肥大,可食部约占体重的25～33％,因而成为主要食用蚌。以其肉为原料加工而成的营养丰害、味美可口的菜肴在一些地方享有盛誉。但时至今日,人们食用的背角无齿蚌仍依赖于野生资源。随着河蚌食用价值的提高,捕捞强度日益加大,加之水环境恶化,资源再生力下降,长此以往,河蚌将会和其它名特水产品一样枯竭。为了保护食用蚌资源,打下增养殖的基础,我们开展了背角无齿蚌的人工繁殖技术探索。首批繁殖获得养成幼蚌40万只,有关介绍情况如下。     

背角无齿蚌血清的抑菌活性

对２０种细菌生长的影响试验结果表明，背角无齿蚌血清对嗜水气单胞菌、副溶血性弧菌、类志贺邻单胞菌、枯草杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌等１２种细菌的生长具不同程度的抑制作用；而对大肠杆菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、灵菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等８种细菌无生长抑制作用。背角无齿蚌血清对嗜水气单胞菌生长的抑制作用强弱具有个体差异，抑制强度与血清的加入量直接相关，而偏高的温度会使血清的抗菌能力下降。     

病蚌的检查与诊断

一、外部检查1.将育珠蚌提出水面,病蚌的出水孔不喷水,而是从蚌体内滴水。而健康正常的蚌,水从出水孔射出,射得远而有力。2.手摸育珠蚌贝壳的腹缘,病蚌有发硬感觉,这是因为蚌体停止生长,而使腹缘变硬。健康正常的蚌生长较快,贝壳腹缘柔软。3.病蚌生长线紧密,年轮间距宽,壳缘有嫩黄色的软边。4.患病的蚌,用双手掰其双壳,有松弛现象。健康蚌双壳紧闭。二、内部检查1.查看蚌的鳃组织是否增生、发炎或变色。鳃瓣发炎、糜烂是细菌性、病毒性疾病;鳃组织红肿、增生,有时可见白点,是寄生虫侵袭致病。2.查看斧足的边缘。发炎、糜烂是病毒性或细菌性…     

溶解氧和体重对背角无齿蚌耗氧率的影响

采用自制耗氧率测定装置,研究了不同溶解氧(DO)与体重(W)对椭圆背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana elliptica)和圆背角无齿蚌(Anodanta woodiana pacifica)耗氧率(Oxygen Consumption Rate,Ro)的影响.结果表明,椭圆背角无齿蚌和圆背角无齿蚌耗氧率均随体重的增加而降低,呈负相关关系,非线性拟合方程:Ro椭圆=0.58W-0.48(R2=0.963,P＜0.05);Ro圆=26.65W-1.01(R2=0.916,P＜0.05);2种蚌的耗氧率均随水中溶解氧降低而降低,用双曲线模型Ro=DO/(K1+K2×Ro)评估其在低溶氧条件的适应能力,结果显示2种蚌的耐低氧能力随体重的增加而增强,且椭圆背角无齿蚌对低氧环境的调节能力比圆背角无齿蚌强.     

Evaluation of laser labeling on growth and survival of the freshwater pearl mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii

Laser labeling techniques have been developed for breeding programs in aquatic organisms through this study. This study assessed their use in Hyriopsis cumingii, an important Chinese freshwater pearl mussel. In preliminary studies, H. cumingii juveniles between 55 and 95?days old were labeled by a laser engraving machine. The mortality rate decreased in an age-dependent manner, no differences in growth between treated and unlabeled juveniles at 85 and 95?days of age. Hundred-day-old juveniles were labeled with four different sized labels. The mortality rate and growth inhibition were significantly higher with the largest label size (2.55?cm) compared to the smaller size and control. Four different types of laser intensity were applied to 100-day-old juveniles, but mortality rates and growth inhibition after high current treatments were significantly higher than the lower currents and control. The wing part, center, lower edge, left edge and right edge were labeled in different 100-day-old juveniles. Labeling of the left edge caused higher mortality and growth inhibition than the other sites. No significant differences were found after either side of the shell was labeled compared to the control. All labels remained clear without any deformation after several months. In summary, the optimal strategy for the laser labeling of H. cumingii would be in juveniles >85?days. The label size, laser intensity and positions could affect their growth and survival. There was no difference labeling either side of the shell. This study showed laser labeling is a relatively simple and practical marking method for mussels such as H. cumingii.     

Predator–prey size relationship in siphon cropping between the juvenile stone flounder Platichthys bicoloratus and the bivalve Nuttallia olivacea

ABSTRACT:   The purpose of the present paper was to examine the size relationship between the juvenile stone flounder Platichthys bicoloratus and the bivalve Nuttallia olivacea , the siphon of which is important prey for the juvenile flounder. Juvenile stone flounder feed mainly on tips of the inhalant siphon of the bivalve. The maximum width of siphon tips in the stomach contents of age-0 fish could not reach that of age-1 fish, although the siphons in age-0 fish became larger as they grew. This size discrepancy indicated a limitation in the size of bivalves available to juveniles. The proportion of total cropping frequency for the siphon of the bivalve by juveniles was estimated according to the bivalve size class. Most bivalves that had cropped siphon tips ranged from 5 to 30 mm in shell length. The total cropping frequency per bivalve was particularly intense on bivalves of 10–25 mm shell length in spite of their small proportion of 24.9% of the total. This frequency intensity indicated that the size of bivalves with cropped siphons by juvenile stone flounder might depend on the ability of juveniles rather than the size composition of the bivalves.     

干露及淡水浸泡对菲律宾蛤仔稚贝生长和存活的影响

于2004年3—5月研究了干露及淡水浸泡对菲律宾蛤仔稚贝生长及存活的影响。试验结果表明,(1)同种规格稚贝耐干露和淡水浸泡能力随着温度升高而下降;相同温度下,不同规格稚贝耐干露能力随规格的增加而增大,耐淡水浸泡能力在稚贝壳长9.5mm时,随规格增大而增大,当稚贝规格9.5mm时,耐淡水浸泡能力随规格的增大而减小。(2)经干露和淡水浸泡的稚贝在开始7d内生长缓慢,生长速度远不及未经处理的稚贝,7d后各种规格的稚贝生长明显加快,达到、甚至超过未经处理稚贝的生长速度,存在补偿生长现象。     

文蛤贝壳形态性状对活体重的影响分析

随机抽取中国沿海文蛤292个,分别测其壳长(X1)、壳宽(X2)、壳高(X3)、韧带长(X4)、楯面长(X5)、楯面宽(X6)、小月面长(X7)、前端到腹缘(X8)、后端到腹缘(X9)及活体重(Y)等形态性状,采用相关分析、通径分析、决定系数分析和多元回归分析方法,讨论了贝壳各形态性状对活体重的影响。结果表明,文蛤的壳长、壳宽、壳高、韧带长、楯面长、楯面宽、小月面长、前端到腹缘、后端到腹缘与活体重存在极显著正相关(P0.01)。壳长对活体重的直接影响最大,通径系数为P1=0.345(P0.05);壳宽(P2=0.210)(P0.01)、韧带长(P4=0.129)(P0.01)、小月面长(P7=0.079)(P0.05)对活体重直接影响亦较大。决定系数∑d=0.9170.850,说明文蛤形态性状是影响活体重的重点性状。多元回归分析显示壳长、壳宽、韧带长和小月面长与活体重极显著相关(P0.01),其最优理想回归方程为:Y=1.157X1+0.894X2+0.929X4+0.523X7-69.553。实验结果认为,在文蛤选择育种中,壳长、壳宽、韧带长和小月面长是重要的甄别性状。     

壳金长牡蛎自交和杂交家系生长与存活比较

选择具有生长优势的长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)G2(A)家系及具有明显生长和存活优势的G19(B)和G28(C)家系进行完全双列杂交,得到包括3个自交组(AA、BB、CC)和6个杂交组(AB、AC、BA、BC、CA、CB)共9个壳金长牡蛎实验组,分析各实验组在幼虫期及稚贝期不同日龄的各生长指标和存活性能,并评估了杂交组的杂种优势。结果表明,在整个培育阶段,大多数杂交组在不同生长时期均表现出较高的生长和存活性能,其中,浮游幼虫期5日龄,所有杂交组的壳高和壳长均显著大于自交组(P0.05);10日龄后,杂交组CB、BC和AC的壳高显著大于相应的自交组(P0.05),杂种优势明显;稚贝期85和130日龄,杂交组CB的壳高性能大于其他实验组。浮游幼虫期10日龄,CB组存活率显著大于AA、CA组(P0.05);稚贝期85日龄后,杂交组AC、CA和CB的存活率杂种优势逐渐增大;190日龄,杂交组AC、BC与自交组AA、CC之间存活率差异显著(P0.05)。研究结果为壳金长牡蛎新品种的培育及杂种优势的充分利用奠定了重要基础。     

Freshwater migration and feeding habits of juvenile temperate seabass <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lateolabrax japonicus</Emphasis> in the stratified Yura River estuary,the Sea of Japan

Juvenile temperate seabass Lateolabrax japonicus were sampled along the Yura River estuary from April to July 2008 to determine their distribution and feeding habits during migration within a microtidal estuary. Throughout the sampling period, juvenile seabass were distributed not only in the surf zone, but also in the freshwater zone, and they were particularly abundant in areas with aquatic vegetation in the freshwater zone. This distribution pattern suggests that the early life history of the temperate seabass depends more intensively on the river (freshwater) than previously considered. Small juveniles in the freshwater zone fed on copepods and chironomid larvae and upon reaching a standard length (SL) of approximately 20 mm did they fed on mysids. In contrast, juveniles (approx. 17–80 mm SL) in the surf zone fed mainly on mysids.     

The use of physiological condition indices in marine bivalve aquaculture

The physiological condition indices most commonly used in bivalve aquaculture are reviewed and evaluated. Two general categories of indices may be distinguished: static and dynamic. Of the static indices reviewed, only one is recommended for use in the culture of early developmental stages — the dry ash weight: total dry weight ratio. In the case of juveniles and adults, the easily-measured dry tissue weight: dry shell weight is recommended for most routine work.The dynamic indices reviewed are based on production estimates, and hence reflect physiological changes over specified time intervals. Of these indices, only net growth efficiency is recommended for use in bivalve aquaculture, and it is applicable to all life stages. While this index gives the most information about the physiological state of the animals comprising a population, it is very difficult to evaluate and is thus most appropriate as a research tool.     

六种淡水贝类耗氧率的初步研究

通过自制的流水密闭装置,测定了六种淡水贝类耗氧率,研究了起始溶解氧对贝类耗氧率的影响,结果表明:①六种淡水贝类耗氧率大小依次为:圆顶珠蚌、河蚬、扭蚌、背角无齿蚌、三角帆蚌和楔形丽蚌;②水中起始溶氧水平对贝类耗氧率有一定影响,起始溶氧水平与耗氧率呈线性正相关关系,随着起始溶解氧水平的降低,六种贝类耗氧率出现了不同程度的降低;③淡水贝类与其他滤食性鱼类相比具更强耐低氧能力,更适合作为水环境生态修复的工具种。     

虾夷扇贝家系的建立及不同家系的早期生长研究

采用♂：♀=1：3的交配方法建立了33个虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis全同胞家系，对其壳长、壳高、壳宽和活体重进行了周年观测，对家系间和家系内的生长变异进行了比较分析。结果表明，不同家系间在不同性状上差异极显著。在同批家系中，06S-1、06S-24和06S-25号等家系壳高的生长较快，优势明显；06S-1、06S-25、06S-18和06S-30号等家系活体重的生长速度较快，差异显著；33个家系壳高月增长量大小顺序与活体重月增长量变化规律相近；06S-24、06S-25、06S-30、06S-1和06S-18号家系在各时期各性状上均表现出了明显的生长优势，是生长性状优良的家系，而06S-2和06S-5号家系生长一直最慢，各性状的表现也最差。全同胞家系间生长的差异性，表明家系间差异较显著，遗传变异资源丰富，可为后期的选育提供大量选种材料。     

人工养殖银鲳子代胚胎发育及仔稚幼鱼形态观察

采用人工培育的子代银鲳(Pampus argentus)为亲本,对银鲳的胚胎及胚后各发育阶段的形态特征进行观察测量,以期为今后苗种培育和繁殖生物学研究提供参考资料.银鲳成熟卵子为端黄卵,单个油球,卵径(1.417±0.063)mm,油球径(0.575±0.031)mm.在水温(20.0±0.5)℃、盐度24±1,pH8.0～8.5条件下,受精卵经36 h孵化出膜.初孵仔鱼在水温19.0～24.0℃、盐度 23±1,pH8.0～8.5、光照2 000～3 000 lx条件下,经60 d培育成幼鱼.银鲳早期发育分前期仔鱼、后期仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼,前期仔鱼以卵黄囊吸收消化为主要形态特征;后期仔鱼分化出侧囊、食道、胃、幽门育囊和肝脏等消化器官,外形特征是鱼体腹两侧星状黑色素及金黄色斑点明显,背鳍和臀鳍鳍条原基出现,13日龄仔鱼全长(5.586±0.479)mm,体高((1.068±0.087)mm;稚鱼期消化器官进一步完善,脊索末端向上曲屈,随后尾下骨出现并且尾下骨末端与体轴倾斜,至35日龄尾下骨与体轴垂直,45日龄体高明显增高,全长(25.560±3.870)mm,体高(11.157±1.266)mm.幼鱼期胸鳍前端呈尖形,尾鳍上下两侧生长加快形成深叉状,鳞片完全长成,60 d时全长为(引.000±3.300)mm,体高达(19.750±1.620)mm,此时体形与成鱼已无差别.此外,本研究还对仔稚幼鱼的划分、鲳属鱼类中主要品种胚胎与仔稚鱼发育的异同点以及育苗中容易出现死亡的关键时期进行了分析探讨.