五种蚌的形态变异与判别分析

运用多变量形态度量学方法，采用6个形态性状对褶纹冠蚌、三角帆蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和球形无齿蚌5种蚌的种间以及地理种群间的形态变异进行了研究。主成分分析构建了2个主成分，第一主成分受4个性状的影响，贡献率为54.17%；第二主成分受1个性状的影响，贡献率为34.08%。主成分分析和聚类分析表明，褶纹冠蚌与三解帆蚌形态相近，随圆背角无齿蚌与球形无齿蚌外形相拟。方差分析和t检验表明，褶纹冠蚌和三解帆蚌的不同地理种群分别表现出形态上变异。建立了5种蚌的判别函数，三角帆蚌和圆背角无齿蚌的判别准确率均为100%，褶纹冠蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和球形无齿蚌的判别准确率依次为98.92%、86.36%和96.88%，总判别准确率为97.83%。     

背角无齿蚌人工繁殖技术初探

本地食用蚌有背角无齿蚌与圆背角无齿蚌两种。两者相比背角无齿蚌内脏团肥大,可食部约占体重的25～33％,因而成为主要食用蚌。以其肉为原料加工而成的营养丰害、味美可口的菜肴在一些地方享有盛誉。但时至今日,人们食用的背角无齿蚌仍依赖于野生资源。随着河蚌食用价值的提高,捕捞强度日益加大,加之水环境恶化,资源再生力下降,长此以往,河蚌将会和其它名特水产品一样枯竭。为了保护食用蚌资源,打下增养殖的基础,我们开展了背角无齿蚌的人工繁殖技术探索。首批繁殖获得养成幼蚌40万只,有关介绍情况如下。     

溶解氧和体重对背角无齿蚌耗氧率的影响

采用自制耗氧率测定装置,研究了不同溶解氧(DO)与体重(W)对椭圆背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana elliptica)和圆背角无齿蚌(Anodanta woodiana pacifica)耗氧率(Oxygen Consumption Rate,Ro)的影响.结果表明,椭圆背角无齿蚌和圆背角无齿蚌耗氧率均随体重的增加而降低,呈负相关关系,非线性拟合方程:Ro椭圆=0.58W-0.48(R2=0.963,P＜0.05);Ro圆=26.65W-1.01(R2=0.916,P＜0.05);2种蚌的耗氧率均随水中溶解氧降低而降低,用双曲线模型Ro=DO/(K1+K2×Ro)评估其在低溶氧条件的适应能力,结果显示2种蚌的耐低氧能力随体重的增加而增强,且椭圆背角无齿蚌对低氧环境的调节能力比圆背角无齿蚌强.     

圆背角无齿蚌繁养殖技术

圆背角无齿蚌(Anodonta Woodiana pacifica)隶属软体动物门、瓣鳃纲，俗称河蚌或菜蚌。现将繁养殖技术介绍如下。     

橄榄蛏蚌血细胞形态及吞噬能力的初步研究

对橄榄蛏蚌(Solenaia oleivora)血细胞的形态特征和吞噬作用进行了初步研究。基于瑞氏染色后血细胞的形态、颜色、大小等特征,可将橄榄蛏蚌的血细胞分为大颗粒细胞、小颗粒细胞、透明细胞、类淋巴细胞共4种类型。透明细胞的直径最大,小颗粒细胞次之,类淋巴细胞最小;透明细胞的胞核直径最大,小颗粒细胞次之,大颗粒细胞最小。类淋巴细胞的核质比最大(0.67),其他3种细胞的核质比为0.37～0.48。4种血细胞所占比例以小颗粒细胞最高(43.6%),透明细胞次之(36.6%),类淋巴细胞最低(7.0%)。橄榄蛏蚌平均血细胞浓度为(4.21±1.51)×105个/mL,个体的血细胞浓度与体重(或壳长)不相关(P>0.05),不同体重组(或壳长组)的平均血细胞浓度无显著差异(P>0.05)。在37℃体外吞噬试验中,橄榄蛏蚌血细胞对金黄色葡萄球菌的吞噬比例为(43.6±7.0)%,吞噬指数为(0.743±0.145)。4种血细胞中,小颗粒细胞的吞噬比例最大(0.288±0.061),类淋巴细胞不具吞噬能力。     

椭圆背角无齿蚌对水中重金属的积累作用及其氨基酸含量的变化

饲养在滇池水中的椭圆背角无齿蚌氨基酸含量只有饲养在松华坝水库水中蚌的氨基酸含量一半，质量分数分别是680．57mg/hg和1477．14mg/hg。检测表明椭圆背角无齿蚌对砷、铅、锌、铜、铁元素有一定的富集能力，说明由于滇池污染，椭圆背角无齿蚌在滇池中虽然可以生存，但这一物种资源的利用价值受到严重影响。     

圆背角无齿蚌在河蟹健康养殖中的应用效果研究

在河蟹成蟹养殖后期使用人工繁殖培育的圆背角无齿蚌进行对比投喂试验, 探讨大规格河蟹健康养殖的新模式。试验设计了两种养殖方式, 一种为圆背角无齿蚌与成蟹的配合饲料混合投喂 (1#池 ), 另一种为专投成蟹配合饲料 ( 2#池 )。结果表明: 1#池出池平均规格 ( 171. 8±34. 9 ) g, 2#池出池平均规格(145 .8±31 .4) g, 规格上差异显著 (P<0 .05); 1#池的H2S呈下降趋势而 2#池的H2S含量却显著升高, 1#池的氨氮也有所降低; 1#池亩效益 3020元, 2#池亩效益仅 1670元。圆背角无齿蚌是河蟹健康养殖的优良天然饵料, 用圆背角无齿蚌取代螺蛳、苹果螺、冰冻鱼、鲜血、大豆、小麦等饲料原料, 减少专用配合饲料的投喂量, 这样既可降低生产成本, 增大河蟹规格, 增加经济效益, 又可改善养殖池塘的水质条件。     

背角无齿蚌精子超低温冷冻保存技术初探

<正>背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana woodiana)隶属软体动物门、双壳纲、蚌科、无齿蚌属,俗称菜蚌、河蚌、湖蚌、蚌壳、无齿蚌、圆蚌等,广泛分布于我国各省的江河、湖泊、水库、沟渠及池塘中。背角无齿蚌产量较高,是我国常用的淡水育珠蚌之一,具有较好的经济价值。近年来贝类自然资源不断减少,遗传多样性被破坏,而精子超低温冷冻保存技术能为珍稀物种和重要经济种类基因资源的长期保存提供有效技术手段,在繁殖生物学、遗传育种和种质资源保护等方面具有重要意义,尤其可作为克服因繁殖     

三角帆蚌瘟病的防治

我省珍珠业的发展始于六十年代末。育珠蚌有三角帆蚌、褶纹冠蚌、背角无齿蚌等，其中尤以三角帆蚌以育成的珍珠质量最佳，价值最高。但自七十年代中期，江南一带出现大面积三角帆蚌死亡现象。当初，我省有些地区从外省购进不少三角帆蚌，导致我省1983年发生三角帆蚌暴发性的死亡，一直延续至今，群众称之为三角帆蚌瘟病，     

背角无齿蚌和三角帆蚌的rDNA基因ITS1及ITS2序列的初步研究

对背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana woodiana)和三角帆蚌(Hyriposis cumingii)的核糖体RNA内转录间隔区1(ITS1)和内转录间隔区2(ITS2)进行扩增测序。结果显示,背角无齿蚌(A.woodiana woodiana)的ITS1长度为496bp(A:20.36%;T:25.40%;G:27.42%;C:26.82%);ITS2长度为466bp(A:24.89%;T:21.89%;G:26.39%;C:28.83%);三角帆蚌(H.cumingii)的ITS1为475bp(A:21.47%;T:23.79%;G:29.36%;C:25.48%);ITS2为519bp(A:25.82%;T:22.93%;G:25.24%;C:26.01%)。研究表明ITS在不同科的物种间差异较大,不适合用于高阶元的系统发育研究。背角无齿蚌、三角帆蚌、魁蚶、栉孔扇贝、大珠母贝5个物种的ITS2中有一段保守序列,推测可能与ITS的某一功能有关。     

Biochemical,physiological, and immunological changes during starvation in juveniles of Litopenaeus vannamei

In an attempt to know how the protein level modulates catabolism and its effects on the immune response, we studied juvenile L. vannamei that had been starved for varying period after being conditioned on diet containing either maintenance or optimal dietary protein levels (DPL). The effect of dietary protein level on nutritional reserves management of shrimp and its relation with immune condition was also addressed. Juvenile shrimp were fed for 21 days on diets containing 5% and 40% dietary protein. Hemolymph metabolites (glucose, cholesterol, protein, acylglycerols, and lactate), hemocyanin, osmoregulatory capacity, digestive gland glycogen and lipids, and immune conditions (hemocytes characterization, phenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst: basal and activated) were evaluated and considered as initial condition. After that time, shrimp were starved for 21 days. During starvation time every 7 days nutritional, physiological and immunological condition were evaluated. A reduction in all physiological and immunological indicators was observed with starvation. The protein level of the conditioning diet had a significant effect on this response; generally, the effect was smaller with shrimp previously fed 40% dietary protein. In this sense the present results demonstrate that shrimp are well adapted to tolerate food deprivation for some time but that this tolerance is closely related to its previous nutritional condition. In the case of shrimp fed 40% DPL, wet weight, nutritional and immune condition was significantly affected after 14 days of starvation. In shrimp previously fed 5% DP, tolerance to starving condition was limited to only a few days (7 days) as a result of low reserves of circulatory and mussel proteins. All these results demonstrate that dietary protein levels can governor the immune condition of shrimp through the management reserves metabolism, indicating that a shrimp with a good nutritional condition can tolerate until 14 days without modifying the evaluated immune responses. In this sense it can be concluded that protein metabolism have a central role for shrimp.     

厚壳贻贝血细胞颗粒的蛋白质组学分析

贝类的血细胞在宿主的免疫防御机制中发挥着重要的作用。文章利用线性离子阱-四级杆质谱对厚壳贻贝（Mytilus coruscus）血细胞的颗粒蛋白质组分进行了Shotgun分析,结合Mascot数据库搜索,共鉴定了125种高丰度蛋白,其中包括细胞骨架蛋白、细胞粘附蛋白、精氨酸激酶和代谢相关酶类等。此结果为深入了解厚壳贻贝血细胞颗粒的蛋白组成、贻贝免疫分子标记的筛选及其免疫机制奠定了基础。     

Antioxidative Status of a Nutrient Enriched Formulation of Perna viridis in a Time Series Shelf-Life Study

ABSTRACT

The freeze-dried concentrate of green mussel, Perna viridis, was added with naturally derived antioxidative oleoresins of rosemary and turmeric along with trace amounts of other natural additives to prepare different treatments and was subjected to accelerated shelf life study (50°C) to evaluate its oxidative stability. The total oxyradical scavenging activities of samples with higher concentrations of turmeric over rosemary demonstrated the prominent role of the turmeric extracts to arrest free radical chain reactions. Time dependent antioxidative status in relation to the nutritional compositions was evaluated to identify the oxidative changes for different treatments. The addition of natural additives with polyphenolic moieties in the treatments shielded the mussel’s unsaturated fatty acids against oxidation as evident by higher polyunsaturated fatty acids in the two treatments as compared to control after 90 days of accelerated shelf-life study. Higher n-3/n-6 ratios after 90 days’ storage were also observed in these treatments. A threshold level of combined turmeric (0.8 g/100 g) and rosemary (0.4 g/100 g) was sufficient for optimum antioxidant activity and to maintain nutritional composition of the green mussel extract at desired levels.     

Evaluation of hemato-immunological parameters during the reproductive cycle of the scallop Nodipecten nodosus in association with a carotenoid-enriched diet

The cultivation of scallops Nodipecten nodosus is a promising activity emerging in Brazil. The purpose of this study was to characterize the immune system of N. nodosus and evaluate the modulation of some hemato-immunological parameters during the reproductive cycle, in association with an astaxanthin-enriched diet. It was hypothesized that a supplementation on astaxanthin could enhance scallop immune system and minimize stress of reproduction. Scallops were separated in different groups: juveniles (J), adults (A), sexually mature (M), and recently spawned (S) animals. The last two groups were fed standard (M and S) or astaxanthin-enriched (Ma and Sa) diets. Scallop hemolymph contained two hemocyte populations: hyaline (HH) and granular hemocytes (GH). Antimicrobial peptides, similar to mussel defensins and mytilins, were found by immunodetection within the GH granules, even though the scallop hemolymph did not exhibit significant antimicrobial activity against different bacteria, including marine vibrios. Scallop hemocytes were able to phagocytose zymosan and produce reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI–NBT reduction). The number of circulating hemocytes (Neubauer chamber) varied from 12 to 26.10⁶ cells mL^− 1, and the GH was always the predominant cell type (67–99%). The plasma of N. nodosus contained lectins, specific to galactose and sialoconjugates, and their agglutinating activity was partially calcium-dependent. A phenoloxidase (PO) activity (146–446 U min^− 1 mg^− 1) was observed in the scallop hemolymph. However, this activity was not induced by trypsin or components of microorganism surface, and was strongly enhanced by alkaline pH (≥ 8.5). The total protein concentration of the plasma varied from 240 to 660 μg mL^− 1. In general terms, all examined hemato-immunological parameters (hemograms, superoxide anion production, PO activity, lectin titers and total protein concentration) had a similar profile during all the scallop reproductive cycle. Their levels increased significantly from juveniles to adults (except PO activity), and declined markedly (immune depletion) in the sexually mature scallops. After spawning, the animals had a tendency to recover the standard levels of their immune parameters. Apparently, the astaxanthin-enriched diet had no effect on the tested immune parameters except for a slight influence on the scallop immune-oxidative reactions (ROI production). The results obtained in this study suggested the occurrence of a general immune depletion in the sexually mature scallops, confirming that the reproductive stage is a critical period in scallop life.     

Local adaptation studies and conservation: Parasite–host interactions between the endangered freshwater mussel Unio crassus and its host fish

1. Parasite–host interactions can involve strong reciprocal selection pressure, and may lead to locally adapted specializations. The highly threatened unionoid mussels are temporary parasites on fish, but local adaptation has not yet been investigated for many species.
2. Patterns of local adaptation of one of Europe's most threatened unionoids, the thick‐shelled river mussel (Unio crassus) were investigated. Eurasian minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) from two rivers (separate drainage areas) were cross‐infested in the laboratory with sympatric and allopatric mussel larvae, while bullheads (Cottus gobio), inhabiting only one of the rivers, were infested with sympatric or allopatric mussel larvae. Larval encystment, juvenile mussel excystment and survival were measured.
3. For one river, but not the other, juvenile excystment from P. phoxinus was highest when infested with sympatric mussels. The opposite pattern was found for C. gobio in this river, where juvenile excystment and post‐parasitic juvenile survival from allopatric C. gobio were highest. The results thus cannot confirm local adaptation of U. crassus to P. phoxinus in the study rivers, as excystment was not consistently higher in all sympatric mussel–host combinations, whereas there were potential maladaptive signs of U. crassus in relation to C. gobio. There was no loss of encysted larvae 3 days after infestation until juvenile excystment. Most juveniles were excysted between 17 and 29 days after infestation, and the numbers of excysted juveniles increased with fish size.
4. The results have implications for parasite–host ecology and conservation management with regard to unionoid propagation and re‐introduction. This includes the need to (1) test suitability and adaptation patterns between U. crassus and multiple host fish species, (2) evaluate the suitability of certain unionoids and host fish strains after more than 3 days, and (3) determine whether large fish produce more juvenile mussels than smaller fish.

     

Growth and ontogenetic change in activities of digestive enzymes in Fennero Penaeus indicus postlarvae

The growth and enzyme response of Fennero Penaeus indicus postlarvae (PL) was assessed with natural and artificial diets for the first 2 weeks of PL development to PL14 (14 days after metamorphosis to PL1). At PL14, postlarvae reared under similar conditions were separated into two size groups based on slow growth (9.57 ± 0.46 mm) and fast growth (13.90 ± 0.28 mm), and reared for a further 63 days. Growth among postlarvae PL1 and the smaller size group at PL14 fed on artificial diet was significantly slower than that of PLs fed on Artemia nauplii or fresh mussel. In contrast, the larger size group at PL14 did not show a significant difference in growth when fed artificial diet or fresh mussel. Trypsin and amylase response was significantly related to postlarval total length ( P  < 0.001); thus, digestive enzyme response increased with size and stage of development, but did not change significantly with diet fed. The amylase–protease ratio increased from PL1 and amylase activity became higher than the activity of trypsin for 2–3 weeks after metamorphosis. It appears that during the early stages of development postlarvae are unable to digest artificial diets efficiently because of low digestive capacity. Hence, poorly digestible feed delayed development and increased size variability. For smaller PL14, poor performance on artificial diets is possibly linked to a genetically regulated constraint, but not to digestive capacity since enzyme levels were similar to those found in larger PL14. During postlarval stages digestive enzyme production seems to be developmentally cued so that for postlarvae it appears that more digestible high-energy diets are required to reduce size variability during the nursery phase.     

翡翠贻贝幼虫饲料的初步研究

本文介绍了翡翠贻贝幼虫饲料的研究成果。翡翠贻贝的受精卵在水温27．7—29．3℃，48小时就发育成早期直线绞合期幼虫，开始具有摄食食物的能力。此时以球藻为饲料的幼虫，其生长速度与不投饲料的相似，而活动能力反比不投饲料的差，至第7天就全部死亡；以扁藻为饲料的幼虫其早期生长也同不投饲的近似；以酵母的饲料的幼虫生长快，存活率高。但当发现到了壳顶幼虫期，以酵母为饲料的，生长发育慢，活动能力弱，死亡率高；以扁藻为饲料的生长发育快，但死亡率较高。对于壳顶期幼虫如果饲以酵母和扁藻的混合饲料，则生长速度同单独饲以扁藻的接近，但明显地能提高幼虫的活动能力和存活率。     

Digestive enzymes and in-vitro digestibility of different species of phytoplankton for culture of the freshwater pearl mussel, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hyriopsis</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hyriopsis</Emphasis>) <Emphasis Type="Italic">bialatus</Emphasis>

Hyriopsis (Hyriopsis) bialatus has been cultured during the mussel life cycle from glochidia to the adult stage with a low total survival of 6% up to 130-day-old juveniles. The main digestive enzymes (amylase and proteinases) were not detectable in one-day-old juveniles, and increased during development. The stomach, including digestive glands, was the major digestive organ for both carbohydrate and protein. The optimum conditions for amylase activity were 40°C and pH 7; for acidic proteinases they were 60°C and pH 5. Two main alkaline proteinases were found in the intestine, with optimum conditions of 30°C and pH 8 and 60°C and pH 8. To improve mussel survival by finding suitable phytoplankton species and age as food for juveniles and adults, an in-vitro digestibility test was performed on ten algal species three and seven days old using amylase and proteinases in crude enzyme extracts from different mussel life stages. Among the phytoplankton selected, the three most efficiently digested by juveniles were seven-day-old Chlorella sp.2, seven-day-old Chlorococcum sp. and seven-day-old Kirchneriella incurvata, in the ratio 1:1:3 for 30-day-old juveniles and 3:1:1 for 130-day-old juveniles. For the adult mussel, three-day-old Chlorella sp.2, seven-day-old Coccomyxa sp., and seven-day-old Monoraphidium sp., in the ratio 3:1:1, were the most digestible phytoplankton. Levels of in-vitro digestibility were related to the quality (not the concentrations) of carbohydrate and protein in the phytoplankton mixtures, and protein digestibility seemed to be the key factor determining food quality for the mussel.     

Evaluation of Commercial Shrimp Grow-Out Pellets as Diets for Juvenile Southern Rock Lobster,Jasus edwardsii

Abstract

The growth, survival, and biochemical composition of juvenile southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, were examined in response to a variety of diets, consisting of a natural food organism (blue mussel, Mytilus edulis) and/or commercial shrimp pellets. Blue mussel supported significantly better (a minimum of 25% higher) growth than a range of shrimp diets. Diet intake (0.83-1.26% wet body weight/day) and feed conversion ratio (1.34-2.48) with the formulated diets were generally similar to that with blue mussel (1.03% wet body weight/day; 1.55 feed conversion ratio). Changes in the chemical composition of southern rock lobsters due to treatments were more clearly observed in the digestive gland than in the whole body. Carapace color and tissue carotenoid level varied significantly with carotenoid content of the diets. A caro-tenoid level of 115 mg/kg is required in formulated diets to produce southern rock lobsters of similar color to wild-caught juveniles. In a separate experiment, a blue mussel diet was compared to mixed diets comprised of blue mussel and a shrimp, Penaeus monodon, diet. In the mixed diets, blue mussel was replaced with the formulated diet for either ×days/week or 6 days/week. Growth and survival did not differ significantly among treatments. The use of formulated diets in the culture of southern rock lobster appears feasible but will require increased knowledge of the nutritional requirements. Until specific diets are developed, this study has shown that similar growth can be obtained from a mixed diet, consisting primarily of a cheap formulated diet supplemented with blue mussel once per week. Such a scenario offers real possibilities for significantly reducing the cost of southern rock lobster production.