β-葡聚糖对花鲈免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

通过室内循环水养殖试验和氨氮急性应激试验,研究了饲料中添加β-葡聚糖对花鲈免疫和抗氧化指标的影响。选用体质量为(8.35±0.17)g的花鲈720尾,随机分成6组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别投喂基础饲料和添加200、400、600、800、1000mg/kgβ-葡聚糖的试验饲料。6周生长试验结束后,对花鲈进行非离子氨质量浓度为3.29mg/L的氨氮应激试验,持续时间为96h。结果显示,与对照组相比,400~800mg/kg组免疫球蛋白M含量显著升高(P0.05),各添加组补体3含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。400~800mg/kg组血清碱性磷酸酶活性、400mg/kg组血清酸性磷酸酶活性、200~600mg/kg组血清一氧化氮含量显著高于对照组和其他添加组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,400mg/kg组血清总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化酶活性显著升高(P0.05),400~800mg/kg组丙二醛含量显著降低(P0.05)。各组血清过氧化氢酶活性差异不显著(P0.05)。应激后,200~600mg/kg组碱性磷酸酶活性、400mg/kg组和600mg/kg组酸性磷酸酶活性、400mg/kg组总抗氧化能力与对照组相比显著升高;400mg/kg组和600mg/kg组丙二醛含量显著降低。试验结果表明,饲料中添加适量β-葡聚糖能提高花鲈的免疫和抗氧化水平。     

蛋氨酸铬对鲤血清生化指标和非特异性免疫活性的影响

为研究蛋氨酸铬对鲤血清生化指标和非特异性免疫指标的影响,配制蛋氨酸铬添加水平分别为0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6、3.2 mg/kg的7种饲料,选取初始体质量为(40.95±4.80)g的鲤1 260尾,进行了为期8周的饲养试验。结果表明:(1)添加0.4 mg/kg蛋氨酸铬的试验组,其胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)含量最低,与其它组差异显著(P0.05);添加1.6 mg/kg的组,其高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量最高;添加0.8mg/kg的组,其低密度脂蛋白(LDL)显著高于对照组(P0.05)。添加0.4~3.2 mg/kg蛋氨酸铬的试验组,鲤血清中的谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性高于对照组(P0.05)。(2)添加蛋氨酸铬的试验组,鲤肝胰脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性均高于对照组;0.8 mg/kg添加组的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05);0.4 mg/kg添加组的丙二酮(MDA)含量低于其它各组。添加0.2~3.2 mg/kg蛋氨酸铬的试验组,其AKP活性显著低于对照组(P0.05);鲤肝胰脏中谷草转氨酶(GOT)的活性随着蛋氨酸铬添加量的增加呈现上升趋势,且均显著高于对照组(P0.05);除3.2 mg/kg添加组外,其它各组的谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性均显著下降。综上所述,在饲料中添加0.4~0.8 mg/kg的蛋氨酸铬能够增强鲤肝胰脏的非特异性免疫力。     

牛至油对慢性氨氮胁迫下幼鲤组织结构的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加牛至油对慢性氨氮胁迫下幼鲤（Cyprinus carpio）鳃、肝、肾、肠道组织结构的影响。挑选450尾初始体重为（17.02 ± 0.40）g的幼鲤,随机分为6组：L（对照组,养于正常水体中并饲喂基础饲料）;L0、L300、L600、L900、L1200（试验组,养于4.87 ± 0.21 mg/L氨氮水体中并分别饲喂添加0、300、600、900、1200 mg/kg牛至油的试验饲料）,每组设3个重复,每个重复25尾鱼,养殖试验为期56 d。结果表明：添加量为900 mg/kg时,牛至油对鳃、肝、肾组织发挥的缓解作用最大;当牛至油添加量达到1200 mg/kg 时,其缓解氨氮胁迫的作用降低。日粮中牛至油添加量为300、600、900 mg/kg可以显著增加肠绒毛高度,促进幼鲤肠道的生长发育;当牛至油添加量达到1200 mg/kg时,牛至油对于肠绒毛的促生长作用有所减弱。结论：日粮中添加900mg/kg的牛至油有助于缓解由氨氮胁迫造成的幼鲤鳃、肝、肾、肠道组织的损伤,并且对于幼鲤肠绒毛的生长,肠道消化吸收能力具有促进作用。     

饲料中茶多酚的添加量对团头鲂幼鱼生长、饲料利用和抗氧化能力的影响

为研究饲料中添加茶多酚对团头鲂幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用和抗氧化能力的影响，选取240尾初始体重为(3.5±1.0) g的团头鲂幼鱼，随机分为4组，每组3个重复，每个重复20尾。实验配制了茶多酚添加量分别为0 (对照组)、100、300和500 mg/kg的等氮等能饲料，饲喂团头鲂幼鱼8周后测定鱼体生长性能、肌肉组成、血液生化指标和肝肠抗氧化指标。结果显示，摄食300 mg/kg茶多酚组的增重率(WGR)相较于对照组显著提高，蛋白质效率(PER)显著高于低添加量组，饲料系数(FCR)显著降低。500 mg/kg茶多酚显著降低了鱼体肌肉粗脂肪含量。茶多酚的添加显著降低了血浆葡萄糖(GLU)含量，且300和500 mg/kg茶多酚添加组团头鲂肝肠丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于无添加组。100和300mg/kg茶多酚添加组鱼体肝肠组织中还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著高于对照组。此外，300 mg/kg茶多酚添加组鱼体肝脏的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSHPx)活性也显著高于对照组。养殖实验结束后，通过腹腔注射浓度为50%的四氯化碳(CCl₄)溶液诱导...     

维生素E对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能和消化酶活性的影响

试验研究了饲料中不同含量维生素E对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能和消化酶活性的影响，并对其机理进行了初步探讨。选取900尾健康的斑点叉尾鮰，平均体重(5.20±0.15)g，随机分成4个处理（I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ处理依次分别添加维生素E 0、50、100和1000IU/kg饲料），每个处理3个重复，每个重复75尾。试验期105d。试验结果表明：在一定添加水平内，维生素E能够显著提高斑点叉尾鮰成活率、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率和摄饵量(P＜0.01)。当维生素E添加量为到100 IU/kg时，以上四个指标均达到最高，分别为97.78±0.96％，2.99±0.50％，163.71±5.62％和7478.00±62.01 g/尾，均极显著高于维生素E添加量为0 IU/kg组(P＜0.01）；维生素E显著影响斑点叉尾鮰胃肠道和肝胰脏蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性（P＜0.01 or P＜0.05）。当饲料中添加维生素为100IU/kg时，胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性最高，分别达29.33±1.66 U•min－1 •mg－1，196.52±17.28 U•min－1 •mg－1，极显著高于维生素Ｅ添加量为0 IU/kg组(P＜0.01）和显著高于维生素Ｅ添加量为1000IU/kg组(P＜0.05）。由本试验结果可以看出，维生素E在一定添加水平内能显著提高斑点叉尾鮰消化酶活性，促进此鱼生长，且其适宜添加量为100 mg／kg。     

不同脂肪条件下添加牛磺酸对鲤生长性能、体成分、肝胰脏生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响

为探索不同脂肪条件下添加牛磺酸对幼鲤生长性能、体成分、肝胰脏生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响,实验在脂肪水平为4.65%和10.22%（高脂水平）的饲料中分别添加0、400、800和1 600 mg/kg的牛磺酸,配制成8种等氮等能实验饲料。以720尾初始体质量为（1.17±0.01）g的健康幼鲤为实验对象,随机分为8组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾实验鱼,分别投喂8种实验饲料,养殖时间为56 d。结果发现,未添加牛磺酸时,4.65%脂肪组幼鲤增重率（WGR）、特定生长率（SGR）和蛋白质效率（PER）显著高于10.22%脂肪组,而FCR显著低于10.22%脂肪组。添加牛磺酸后,4.65%和10.22%脂肪组中幼鲤的WGR、SGR和PER均显著提高,FCR显著降低;且随着牛磺酸添加量的提高,幼鲤WGR、SGR和PER均呈先升高后趋于稳定的变化趋势,且均在牛磺酸添加量为800 mg/kg时最大;FCR则均呈先降低后趋于稳定的变化趋势,均在牛磺酸添加量为800 mg/kg时最小;牛磺酸添加量大于800 mg/kg时,10.22%脂肪组幼鲤WGR、SGR和PER显著高4.65%脂肪组,而FCR则显著低于4.65%脂肪组。幼鲤肝胰脏中总胆固醇及甘油三酯均随牛磺酸添加量的升高而呈逐渐降低的变化趋势,但在4.65%脂肪组中差异不明显,而10.22%脂肪组中差异显著,随着牛磺酸添加量的提高,幼鲤的肥满度均呈先增大后趋于稳定的变化趋势,HSI、VSI则均呈先降低后趋于稳定的变化趋势;幼鲤体组织中粗蛋白质含量呈先升高后趋于稳定的变化趋势,粗脂肪含量呈先降低后趋于稳定的变化趋势;幼鲤肝胰脏中SOD、CAT活性均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且SOD、CAT活性均在牛磺酸添加量为800 mg/kg时最强;而MDA含量则呈降低的变化趋势,且MDA均在牛磺酸添加量为1 600 mg/kg时最低。研究表明,添加800~1 600 mg/kg牛磺酸可显著提高幼鲤对饲料脂肪的利用率,促进其生长,减少体内的脂肪沉积,改善肌肉品质,提高机体的抗氧化能力。     

饲料锌添加水平对凡纳滨对虾免疫抗菌机能和溶菌酶mRNA及Toll受体mRNA表达的影响

在基础饲料中添加不同水平蛋氨酸锌(添加水平分别为0、50、150 mg Zn/kg)并饲喂凡纳滨对虾,养殖14 d后,取样测定对虾鳃组织中Toll受体mRNA和溶菌酶mRNA的表达水平以及肝胰腺、肌肉和血淋巴中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(LSZ)活性,并进行溶藻弧菌人工急性感染试验。结果表明,凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺及肌肉中锌蓄积水平随饲料锌添加量的增加而显著增加(P<0.05),肝胰腺中锌蓄积更明显。添加50 mg Zn/kg组(锌含量为73.25 mg Zn/kg饲料)对虾鳃组织中的Toll受体mRNA和溶菌酶mRNA表达量均显著高于未添加锌组和添加150 mg Zn/kg组(P<0.05)。添加50 mg Zn/kg组对虾肌肉、肝胰腺和血淋巴中溶菌酶活性显著高于未添加锌组(P<0.05)。添加50 mg Zn/kg组对虾肝胰腺和血淋巴中的SOD活性也显著高于未添加锌组,但与添加150 mg Zn/kg组无显著差异。而肌肉中SOD活性在添加150 mg Zn/kg组中最高。经溶藻弧菌人工急性感染后,添加50 mg Zn/kg组对虾半致死时间和全致死时间大于未添加锌组和添加150 mg Zn/kg组。本研究表明,相比摄食未添加锌组饲料和添加150 mg Zn/kg组饲料,凡纳滨对虾的免疫抗菌机能在摄取添加50 mg Zn/kg(锌含量为73.25 mg Zn/kg饲料)饲料时得到改善。     

几种营养成份在长毛对虾配合饲料中的最佳添加量

在长毛对虾配合饲料中,适当添加肌醇B_6、Cu、Zn、鳕鱼肝油、大豆油对提高长毛对虾的存活率,增加产量有着极其密切的关系。为了弄清以上几种营养成份在配合饲料中的最佳添加量,我们采用五个因素、四个水平的正交试验设计,生产出16组饲料,在规格相同的16个水泥池中进行喂养试验。试验结果,几种营养成份的最佳添加量为:维生素B_624mg/kg,肌醇600mg/kg,Cu 5mg/kg,Zn 60mg/kg鳕鱼肝油:大豆油=1:1(各种30ml/kg)。     

喹烯酮对建鲤和斑点叉尾鮰生长性能和抗缺氧能力的影响

在池塘养殖条件下,饲料中添加3个不同含量(50、75和100 mg/kg)的喹烯酮来饲养建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian)和斑点叉尾鮰(Ietalurus Punetaus),养殖周期为60 d,研究喹烯酮对建鲤和斑点叉尾鮰生长性能和抗缺氧能力的影响。结果表明:与不添加喹烯酮的对照组相比,添加喹烯酮的实验组中建鲤和斑点叉尾鮰生长速度加快,死亡率降低,饲料系数下降。当饲料中添加喹烯酮的剂量为75 mg/kg时,其对建鲤和斑点叉尾鮰的生长效率提高最佳(P0.05),饲料系数最低,成活率最高。在75 mg/kg的喹烯酮添加量下,建鲤和斑点叉尾鮰的抗缺氧能力、血细胞和血红蛋白量均有提高,但与对照组相比,差异均不显著(P0.05)。饲料中添加喹烯酮对建鲤和斑点叉尾鮰生长性能的作用呈现非剂量依赖性,而且添加75 mg/kg喹烯酮对其抗缺氧能力影响不显著(P0.05)。研究表明,建鲤和斑点叉尾鮰养殖中喹烯酮的最适用量为75 mg/kg。     

微量元素锌、硒及维生素E对雌性黄鳝生长及抗氧化能力的影响

本研究旨在探讨微量元素锌、硒及维生素E对雌性黄鳝(Monopterusalbus)生长、肌肉营养成分及肝脏抗氧化能力的影响。根据正交试验设计L9(3⁴)正交试验,3个因素分别设定3个浓度梯度(锌为20mg/kg、40mg/kg、60 mg/kg,硒为0.66 mg/kg、1.31 mg/kg、1.97 mg/kg,维生素E为170 mg/kg、270 mg/kg、370 mg/kg),制备9组等氮等能的饲料。挑选1350尾初始平均体重为(19.67±1.59) g的2冬龄雌性黄鳝,随机分为9组,每组3个重复,每个重复50尾鱼,养殖周期为12周。结果表明:(1) 0.66 mg/kg硒添加组黄鳝生长性能显著高于另外两个较高浓度硒添加组(P<0.05),而锌及维生素E添加不影响黄鳝的生长性能(P>0.05),试验组1即0.66 mg/kg硒、20 mg/kg锌、170mg/kg维生素E添加组雌鳝的生长性能最好,增重率及特定生长率分别为(115.04±8.71)%及(1.39±0.07)%/d;(2)维生素E是影响黄鳝肥满度的首要指标, 370 mg/kg维...     

高铜饲料对凡纳滨对虾生长、肌肉和肝胰脏铜积累的影响

采用在实用饲料(含铜11.68 mg/kg)中分别添加铜(以分析纯CuSO4.5H2O为铜源)了0 mg/kg(对照组),25 mg/kg(适量组),50、100、200、400 mg/kg(高铜组)(编号为C0、C25、C50、、C100、C200、C400)的6组饲料,喂养凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)(0.49±0.03 g)8周,研究了高铜饲料对凡纳滨对虾生长、肌肉和肝胰脏铜积累的影响。结果显示:饲料铜含量过高具有毒性,C100~C4003组存活率显著低于其它组(P<0.05),分别为51.11%、37.78%、14.81%;随饲料铜水平的增加,增重率、饲料效率、特定增长率先升高后降低,C50组的增重率和特定生长率显著高于其他组(P<0.05),C25、C50组的饲料效率显著高于其他组(P<0.05);随饲养时间的延长,肌肉、肝胰脏铜积累增加,试验末期各组肌肉、肝胰脏铜积累显著升高(P<0.05),试验期间肌肉铜积累在3.10~11.08 mg/kg之间,而肝胰脏铜积累则在10.89~449.48 mg/kg之间,同组对虾肝胰脏铜积累量远高于肌肉;饲养8周肌肉铜积累小于50 mg/kg,符合食品安全,而肝胰脏除C0组外均大于50 mg/kg。     

The dietary zinc requirement of a benthic fish Paramisgurnus dabryanus

This study was conducted to assess the dietary zinc (Zn) on growth and antioxidant capacity of adult Paramisgurnus dabryanus. Zinc methionine (ZnM) of grade levels (0, 20, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg/kg diet respectively) was supplemented, providing actual dietary Zn concentrations of 24.38, 28.03, 31.68, 38.98, 46.28 and 53.58 mg/kg diet respectively. P. dabryanus with an initial body weight of 5.21 ± 0.15 g were fed these Zn supplemented diets for 8 weeks. Results showed that the weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased with increasing dietary Zn levels from 24.38 to 31.68 mg/kg, and then decreased above these levels. The hepatopancreas index (HIS) was the highest at 31.68 mg/kg, followed by 38.98 mg/kg. The enzymatic antioxidants in plasma and hepatopancreas firstly increased, and reached the peak at 31.68 or 38.98 mg/kg, then kept stable with the increase of dietary Zn levels. On the contrary, the content of MDA firstly decreased, and then increased. According to WG and T‐AOC in plasma, the Zn requirement was determined to be 32.02 and 32.24 mg/kg, respectively, based on regression analysis. The relatively low dietary Zn requirement of P. dabryanus may involve in the evolutional adaption of metal absorption and utilization to their habitat.     

Effects of Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels on Growth,Nutrient Utilization,and the Whole‐body Composition of Turbot,Scophthalmus maximus,Linnaeus 1758, at Different Growth Stages

Three 9‐wk feeding trials were performed to assess the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on the growth, feed utilization, and body composition of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus Linnaeus, at three different growth stages with initial average weight 4.5 ± 0.01, 59.1 ± 0.24, and 209.1 ± 0.21 g, respectively. Six practical test diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (45, 50, and 55%), each of which was supplemented with two lipid levels (12.0 and 16.0%), to produce a range of P : E ratios (from 87.4 to 110.0 mg protein/kcal). The results of three experiments suggested that growth performance generally improved with increasing dietary protein irrespective of dietary lipid. Fish fed diets with 55% protein (12 and 16% lipid, P : E ratio of 110.9 and 107.1 mg protein/kcal) had the highest specific growth rates (SGRs), feed efficiency ratios (FERs), and energy retention. At the same protein level, FER and protein efficiency ratio (PER) increased significantly with the increase of lipid except in large fish (initial average weight 209.1 ± 0.21 g). SGR of medium turbot (initial average weight 59.1 ± 0.24 g) was also improved by the lipid increase, indicating a protein‐sparing effect of lipid.     

Evaluating dietary supply of microminerals as a premix in a complete plant ingredient‐based diet to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Two basal diets M0 and V0 were formulated with marine and plant based ingredient composition. Seven experimental diets were prepared from the two basal diets namely M0, M100, V0, V30, V60, V100 and V150 by incorporating different levels of a micromineral premix (Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn). Triplicate groups of rainbow trout (initial weight: 20 g) reared at 17°C were fed one of each diet to apparent visual satiation over 12 weeks. Among the V diet fed fish, growth and feed intake exhibited maximal response at V60 level of premix inclusion; Apparent availability coefficient of Fe, Cu and Zn decreased linearly with increasing level of premix whereas apparent availability coefficient of Mn and Se was unaffected. The available dietary concentration in basal V0 diet was for Fe, 20.6; Cu, 2.8; Mn, 6.5; Zn, 17.3 and Se, 0.195 (in mg/kg DM) and in the M0 diet for Fe, 63.3; Cu, 5.2; Mn, 2.9; Zn, 35.2 and Se, 0.87 (in mg/kg DM). In reference to NRC (Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. Washington, DC: National Research Council, The National Academies Press, 2011) recommendations, the V0 basal diet accounted for 34.3%, 92.9%, 53.9%, 115% and 130.2% and the contribution from M0 diet for 105.5%, 173.3%, 24.2%, 234.7% and 580% of the minimal dietary inclusion levels of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se to rainbow trout, respectively. However, data on whole body mineral contents showed that normal levels were maintained only for Cu and Mn through supply from basal V0 diet. For Zn and Se, available supply even from the highest supplemented diet (V150) was not sufficient to maintain normal body mineral levels of rainbow trout in the present study. On the whole, optimal dietary inclusion levels of microminerals are altered while using fishmeal‐free diets for rainbow trout.     

Growth performance and tissue mineral content of juvenile grouper (Epinephelus coioides) fed diets supplemented with various levels of manganese

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary manganese (Mn) on growth, vertebrae and whole‐body Mn content of juvenile grouper, and to examine the effect of dietary Mn on copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) content of vertebrae and whole body. Seven casein‐gelatin‐based diets were supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 50 and 1000 mg kg^?1 of Mn from MnSO₄·H₂O. Grouper with an initial weight of 12.9 ± 0.4 g were fed to satiation with one of the seven diets for 8 weeks. Growth was not significantly affected by dietary Mn supplements. Vertebrae Mn increased from 31.7 to 118.1 mg kg^?1 dry weight with dietary Mn supplement increasing from 0 to 50 mg kg^?1 (y = ?0.0002x³ + 0.0162x² + 1.3903x + 26.27, R² = 0.9561, where y is the vertebrae Mn content and x is the dietary Mn content). Whole‐body Mn increased from 2.5 to 7.8 mg kg^?1 wet weight with dietary Mn supplement increasing from 0 to 50 mg kg^?1 (y = 0.00001x³ ? 0.00107x² + 0.11054x + 2.24615, R² = 0.9080, where y is the whole‐body Mn content and x is the dietary Mn content). Dietary Mn had no significant effect on vertebrae Fe, Ca, P and Mg content, and whole‐body Cu, Zn and Mg content. However, vertebrae Zn and whole body Ca, P were highest in fish fed diet supplemented with 15 mg kg^?1 of Mn. Based on this, Mn supplement of 15 mg kg^?1 might be the optimum when the basal diet contained 4 mg kg^?1 of Mn. Fish fed diet supplemented with 1000 mg kg^?1 of Mn did not show any gross abnormality or change in feeding behaviour, but Mn contents of vertebrae and whole body were as high as 695.1 mg kg^?1 dry weight and 42.5 mg kg^?1 wet weight, respectively. Also, whole body Fe decreased significantly when Mn supplement was up to 1000 mg kg^?1.     

Effects of dietary zinc level on performance,zinc status,tissue composition and enzyme activities of juvenile Siberian sturgeon,Acipenser baerii (Brandt 1869)

This study conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary zinc (Zn) levels on feed utilization, tissue Zn composition and serum enzyme activities of juvenile Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii. Five isoenergetic and isonitrogenous semi‐purified diets were formulated with increasing Zn sulphate (ZnSO₄.5H₂O) level to provide the actual Zn values of 14.7 (control), 20.8, 27.3, 37.7 and 46.4 mg/kg diet. Each diet was assigned to three groups of 20 experimental Siberian sturgeons with uniform size (initial weight of 26.52 ± 0.94 g) for a period of 8‐week feeding trial. Results showed that growth performance and muscle protein content were significantly increased with increasing dietary Zn level up to 27.3 mg/kg (p < .05), beyond which they remained significantly unchanged (p > .05). Muscle lipid content significantly declined with increasing dietary Zn level. While muscle and serum Zn contents were not significantly changed among treatments (p > .05), liver Zn content tended to rise with increasing dietary Zn supplementation. Alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were also raised with increasing dietary Zn level. The adequate amount of dietary Zn requirements for the Siberian sturgeon was estimated to be 28.24 mg/kg based on the relative growth rate and 34.60 mg/kg based on the liver Zn content.     

Stocking Density and its Influence on Growth of Spotted Wolffish,Anarhichas minor,in Shallow Raceways

We compared growth properties of spotted wolffish with initial mean weight (± SE) 3.65 (± 0.15) kg reared in shallow raceways at three different densities (50, 70, and 90 kg/m², corresponding to approx. 170, 240, and 310 kg/m³) in a 447‐day‐long growth trial at ambient temperature (mean (± SD), 4.2 C ± 1.9). Growth in all three groups was comparable, but there was a trend toward higher growth at the highest density. Final mean weights (kg ± SE) were 4.90 (± 0.15), 4.80 (± 0.16), and 5.05 (± 0.11), at the 50, 70, and 90 kg/m² density, respectively. Initially, growth rates were higher at the 90 kg/m² density group compared to the two other densities, but overall growth rates were similar in all three groups. Feed conversion efficiency differed and was higher at the two highest densities compared to lowest density. The acid–base balance was influenced by the density treatment as there was a general trend toward higher partial pressure of CO₂ and HCO in the 90 kg/m² group. Calculated productivity increased almost linearly with increasing stocking density and was found to be 24, 42, and 66 g/m²/day at 50, 70, and 90 kg/m², respectively. The results show that the optimum density conditions for farming large spotted wolffish, both with respect to growth rate, feed conversion, and productivity are at densities equal to or higher than 90 kg/m².     

Optimum selenium requirement of juvenile Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the optimum selenium requirement in juvenile Nile tilapia. Each of six purified diets with Se‐methionine levels at 0.05, 0.21, 0.41, 0.57, 0.79 and 1.00 mg/kg was assayed in triplicate with initial body weight of 3.00 ± 0.01 g for 8 weeks. The growth of fish was obviously increased when the dietary Se was less than 0.57 mg/kg diet and reached a plateau when the dietary Se was ≥0.57 mg/kg. Serum and hepatopancreatic glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity increased markedly when the dietary Se was less than 0.57 mg/kg, but then decreased when the dietary Se was higher than 0.57 mg/kg. The malondialdehyde contents in hepatopancreas were significantly decreased when the dietary Se was higher than 0.79 mg/kg. No significant differences were observed in hepatopancreatic total antioxidant capability (T‐AOC) among the groups (p > .05). The results of this study indicated that Se addition as Se‐methionine was essential, while both the deficiency and excess levels of dietary Se would cause negative effects on growth or antioxidant capability in juvenile Nile tilapia. Based on broken‐line regression of WG and piecewise regression of liver GPx, the optimum requirement of Se for juvenile Nile tilapia is 0.57 mg/kg diet.     

Quantitative dietary copper requirement of juvenile Siberian sturgeon,Acipenser baerii,and effects on muscle composition and some enzymatic activities

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to quantify dietary copper (Cu) requirement of juvenile Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii. Five isonitrogenous diets were formulated to provide actual dietary copper values of 1.8, 5.7, 10.1, 15.9 and 28.3 mg Cu per kg diet. Experimental diets were fed to the Siberian sturgeon (27.57 ± 0.24 g) in triplicate to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. At the end of experiment, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly increased with increasing dietary Cu level up to 10.1 mg/kg and then decreased with further increases in dietary Cu level (p < .05). The Cu concentration in the liver and cartilage was positively correlated with the respective concentrations in the diet (p < .05), while muscle and serum Cu concentrations remained significantly unchanged (p > .05). Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase had the highest activities in serum of fish fed with 15.9 and 28.3 mg Cu per kg diet, respectively. Analysis by the broken‐line regression of SGR, crude protein content and superoxide activity demonstrated that the optimum dietary Cu requirements in juvenile Siberian sturgeon were 9.51, 9.58 and 16.10 mg/kg diet, respectively.     

Trace element status of juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fed a fish-meal based diet with or without supplementation of zinc, iron, manganese and copper from first feeding

Growth, haemoglobin and element status were compared in Atlantic salmon fed a practical fish-meal based diet, unsupplemented or supplemented with a mixture of the elements zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) from first feeding (weight 0.20 g). The diets were fed to triplicate groups of fish from weeks 1–20 and to duplicates from weeks 21–34. The basal diet (Diet 1) was not supplemented and contained 67 mg Zn, 106 mg Fe, 4.7 mg Mn and 3.7 mg Cu kg^–1. Diet 2 was supplemented with 68 mg Zn, 34 mg Fe, 13 mg Mn and 3.5 mg Cu kg^–1. Iron was not added to Diet 3.
Mean weight and mortality did not differ among the groups at any sampling point. Whole-body Zn and Mn responded to dietary concentration at all sampling points. Plasma and vertebrae Zn concentrations responded significantly to dietary Zn concentration. There were no effects with Fe. The Fe status of the fish, assessed by whole-body and liver Fe concentrations, was low in all groups. No effect of supplementation was found for Cu and no accurate judgement either of status or requirement could be made from the present results.
It is concluded that supplementing fish-meal based start feeds for Atlantic salmon with Zn, Mn and Fe is appropriate, while further studies are needed for the evaluation of Cu supplementation. The supplementation levels used in the present experiment appeared to meet the requirements for Zn and Mn, while the supplemented level of Fe appeared to be too low. Deleting Fe from the element mixture did not significantly affect Fe status or that of Zn, Mn and Cu.
There was an accumulation of Zn and Fe with growth. Cu remained constant and there was a trend towards reduced Mn in the fish given the unsupplemented diet.