利用海洋微藻生产DHA和EPA的研究现状及前景

在哺乳动物体内ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ等高度不饱和脂肪酸(ＰＵＦＡ)表现出的独特生理功效早已受到科学界、医学界、健康食品业及消费者的重视[1～ 6 ] 。在英、美、日等发达国家 ,健康部门推荐每个成人ω - 3型多不饱和脂肪酸的摄入量应为 1.0～ 1.5ｇ/ｄ ;有关ＤＨＡ的产品 ,如ＤＨＡ保健胶囊、ＤＨＡ婴儿奶粉、ＤＨＡ微胶囊制品、ＤＨＡ饮料及ＤＨＡ食品也已相继诞生 ,而ＥＰＡ也在 90年代初就被日本正式批准用于治疗心血管疾病的药物。水产养殖学家们也发现ＰＵＦＡ(尤其是鱼虾体内自身不能合成或合成速度缓慢的ＰＵＦＡ ,如亚油酸、亚麻酸、Ｅ…     

中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）幼体发育各阶段脂肪酸组成的研究↑（*）

通过对中国对虾幼体的五个发育阶段的脂肪酸组成的测定，分析比较了幼体脂肪中１１种主要脂肪酸的含量变化。在卵脂肪中占主要比例的脂肪酸为棕榈酸，棕榈油酸和ＥＰＡ，油酸；在仔虾脂肪中占主要比例的脂肪酸为棕榈酸，油酸，亚油酸，ＥＰＡ及ＤＨＡ。从卵到仔虾整个发育过程中，幼体脂肪中的豆蔻酸，棕榈酸，棕榈油酸的含量逐渐减少，而硬脂酸，亚油酸，亚麻酸和ＤＨＡ的含量逐渐增加。     

鱼肥添加剂对硅藻和金藻生长的影响

ω３系的二十碳五烯酸（ＥＰＡ）和二十二碳六烯酸（ＤＨＡ）,对于鱼类等水产动物具有促生长作用。水体中原始生产者一藻类,尤其是硅藻、金藻、甲藻、隐藻等ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ含量较高且易被滤食性鱼类消化的藻类是水产动物体内ＥＰＡ、ＤＨＡ的最终来源。脂肪作为藻类代谢产物其脂肪酸组成在一定程度上受到水体环境的影响,因此,改变藻类生长环境,促进水体中藻类优势种群的变迁及藻细胞同化产物组成的改变,可以在一定范围内影响水体中藻类种群的脂肪酸组成,并最终影响到鱼类等水产动物的脂肪酸组成。本实验通过改变鱼用肥添加剂的成分及…     

EPA和DHA的来源和分离

本刊１９９５年第２期刊登了ＥＰＡ、ＤＨＡ的生理作用，本文综述了ＥＰＡ、，ＤＨＡ的三个主要来源，并简要介绍了ＥＰＡ，ＤＨＡ的分离技术。     

中国水产动物疾病学研究进展

中国水产动物疾病学研究进展黄琪琰（上海水产大学，２０００９０）关键词水产动物，病理学，中国ＴＨＥＡＤＶＡＮＣＥＭＥＮＴＯＦＰＡＴＨＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＥＳＯＮＡＱＵＡＴＩＣＡＮＩＭＡＬＳＩＮＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＨｕａｎｇＱｉｙａｎ（Ｓｈａｎｇｈａ...     

真鲷幼鱼的EPA,DHA需求量研究

通过向真鲷幼鱼饵料中分别添加０．２％、０．５％和１％的ＥＰＡ、ＤＨＡ以及两种混合脂肪酸,以豆油为基础脂肪源研究真鲷幼鱼的ＥＰＡ、ＤＨＡ的需求量。结果表明,饵料中缺乏ＥＰＡ、ＤＨＡ时,真鲷幼鱼生长缓慢,成活率仅达６５％,随着ＥＰＡ在饵料中的添加,幼鱼的成活率与增重率都有所增加。     

国外简讯

从制鱼酱废物中提取ＤＨＡ和ＥＰＡ　　日本石川县工业试验场及县农业大学食品科学系研究发现，加工鱼酱的下脚料中含有多量具有促进大脑发育等功能的ＤＨＡ。制作鱼酱是在乌贼及其内脏和沙丁鱼中加入盐，在木桶中腌渍１～２年后，上层为未分解的脂肪及骨等浮渣，下层为成品鱼露。试验人员将浮渣干燥成粉末后，再用超临界流体抽出装置抽提出脂肪，结果，从乌贼浮渣中可提取五成脂质，从沙丁鱼浮渣可提取两成脂质。乌贼脂质中含１７％的ＤＨＡ和１０％的ＥＰＡ，沙丁鱼脂质中所含的ＤＨＡ和ＥＰＡ分别达６％和１０％。ＥＰＡ有降低胆固醇及中…     

6-DMAP诱导太平洋牡蛎三倍体--诱导因素对孵化率和D幼畸形率的影响

太平洋牡蛎 (Ｃｒａｓｓｏｓｔｒｅａｇｉｇａｓ)三倍体Ｄ形幼虫及其后阶段的生长和存活方面的研究已有较多报道[1～ 4 ] ,但有关牡蛎三倍体各诱导因素对孵化率和Ｄ形幼虫畸形率的研究尚少见报道。我们于 1 996～ 1 997年度 ,在进行 6 -ＤＭＡＰ诱导太平洋牡蛎三倍体的同时 ,开展了这方面的研究 ,旨在为三倍体诱导的技术储备提供必要补充1　材料与方法1 .1　实验材料太平洋牡蛎取自荣城市桑沟湾海区 ;壳长 (9.6± 1 .3)ｃｍ ;肉眼观察 ,性腺发育良好。6 -二甲基氨基嘌呤 (6 -Ｄｉｍｅｔｈｙｌａｍｉｎｏｐｕｒｉｎｅ,本文简称6 -ＤＭＡＰ)的…     

EPA,DHA的生理作用

鱼油中富含的ＥＰＡ、ＤＨＡ与人类健康关系密切。本文扼要介绍了它对循环系统疾病、炎症性疾病和癌症等的作用和机理。     

不同饵料对中华绒螯蟹幼体发育和存活的影响

采用高度不饱和脂肪酸（ＨＵＦＡ）营养强化的轮虫、轮虫与卤虫组织投喂中华绒螯蟹幼体,以各项幼体的存活率为评判指标,对不同饵料及其组合的投喂效果进行了探讨。研究结果表明：轮虫是中华绒螯解早期幼体（Ⅰ、Ⅱ期）的适口饵料,幼体存活率随轮虫密度的增加而逐渐上升,但当轮虫数量超过最适密度时,幼体存活率反而有所下降。其中,未强化的轮虫达投喂密度为６０ｉｎｄ．ｍＬ＾－１,强化轮虫最适密度为４０ｉｎｄ．ｍＬ＾－１。Ｚａｏ状Ⅰ、Ⅱ期投喂４０ｉｎｄ．ｍＬ＾－１轮虫,从Ⅲ期开始投喂１０ｉｎｇ．ｍＬ＾－１卤虫无节幼体,能较好地满足中华绒螯蟹幼体发育的营养需求,提高大眼幼体的存活率。表明强化幼体饵料ＨＵＦＡ特别是ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ能有效地促进幼体的发育与存活和脱壳率。     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来,我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐,参与市场竞争,努力提升企业和产品竞争力,经济社会事业发展较快,对国家的贡献提升,职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善,示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓,战略定位与发展方向不明,经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑,没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系,投资匮乏,发展后劲不足,人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状,提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估,改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作,改革时机的选择,处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系,调整好内部利益分配关系,自觉融入区域经济,与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展,建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响_

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响王丹丽，李明云，杨天勇，胡章（宁波大学，３１５０１０）关键词老年低额　，蚤状　，温度，盐度，生长，生殖ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＲＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ...     

川渝地区鸡皮刺螨的流行与综合防治

鸡皮刺螨是鸡的一种体外寄生的节肢动物,流行十分广泛,对养殖业发展有严重影响。为了解鸡皮刺螨的发病情况,对川渝两地的126个鸡场进行流行病学调查,感染率高达71%。同时,介绍了鸡皮刺螨的生活史、危害及防治措施,是防制鸡皮刺螨不可多得的资料。     

Composition and diversity of fish and fish catches in closures and open-access fisheries of Kenya

Abstract  Catch composition, relative abundance and diversity of fish catches in open access and three old fisheries closures were compared and contrasted with previous ecological studies. There was less variation in catch community composition among the fishing grounds than the closures, suggesting that fishing has homogenised catch composition. The trap survey found that some parrotfish [ Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy &Gaimard), Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) and Scarus ghobban Forsskål] were relatively more common and that some important predators of macro-invertebrates [ Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park) and Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch)] were less common in the fishing grounds than closures. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to visual census results, cumulative number of species in catch surveys was higher in open access than closures sites. This may result from fishers covering more area and habitat or a reduction in the catch of competitively subordinate and rare species by aggressive, early-caught fish that can dominate bait. Comparisons of ecological visual census surveys and fisheries-dependent methods indicated that small differences in catch composition can reflect larger ecological differences and that baiting methods can underestimate biodiversity. Ecological impacts of fishing and large-scale changes in marine ecosystems must be considerable given the many fisheries-dependent assessments report modest changes.