对虾工厂化养殖水环境基本特征研究

采用现场试验方法研究了工厂化养殖水环境基本特征,并与室外土池对虾养殖环境进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,对虾工厂化养殖水环境的基本特征为：水温、盐度和DO完全可以人为控制;pH和Chla在短时间内可以被人工调控,但无法在长时间尺度内控制其变化趋势和变化幅度;而氮、磷营养盐的浓度和变动则无法人工控制。与对虾室外土池养殖相比,工厂化养殖水体中水温、盐度和DO的变动较小,其平均值的差异非常显著;pH的变动较大,其平均值显著高于室外养殖池水体;Chla含量较高,与室外养殖相比无显著差异;水体中氮、磷营养盐含量均在较低的浓度范围内波动,而且其平均值在两种养殖模式下差异均不显著。其中,NO3-N是DIN的主要存在形式,NO3-N占DIN的平均比率为62.17%。另外,与室外养殖相似,对虾工厂化模式下NH4-N、NO2-N、NO3-N以及PO4-P浓度并不受养殖密度或DO含量的影响。     

大鹏澳养殖水域溶解氧的变化及其与生态结构的关系

根据2001年6月至2002年6月大鹏澳网箱养殖水域周年的溶解氧(DO)水平监测数据,阐述网箱养殖区水体DO的水平、季节的变化、垂直变化和网箱养殖水体DO质量评价以及DO与水环境因子的相关性。结果表明,大鹏湾网箱养殖水域DO周年水平为3 86～8 01mg/L,氧饱和度为51 6%～103 6%,养殖水域DO水平低于非养殖水域的;冬、春季DO水平较高,均符合我国渔业水质标准要求。夏季DO水平普遍较低,超标率为95%;表层水DO水平略高于底层水,DO水平超标率分别为46%和66 7%;DO水平(全年)与pH值、盐度、叶绿素水平均呈显著性正相关(P<0 02,n=32),与水温、无机磷和无机氮水平呈显著性负相关(P<0 02,n=32)。其中,在春季相关最为明显。     

水稻-扣蟹综合种养对水体环境影响的动态规律研究

对水稻-扣蟹综合种养模式和扣蟹传统池塘养殖两种模式进行水质监测分析。结果表明:各采样水体pH值、DO值等指标均符合《渔业水质标准》的要求;水体中总氮、总磷等指标数据也达到了《淡水池塘养殖水排放要求》和《太湖流域池塘养殖水排放要求》等相关国家、地方标准的要求。底质营养盐的含量远高于水体。     

高位虾池养殖过程主要理化因子的变化及水质评价

研究了湛江东海岛2口凡纳滨对虾高位养殖虾池水体主要理化因子在养殖过程中的动态变化及其相互关系,并用营养状态质量法对该养殖场的水质状况进行评价.试验结果表明,养殖过程水体中DO、pH、温度和盐度波动较小、变化平缓,而COD、DOC、营养盐和叶绿素a的含量随养殖过程而上升.主要理化因子之间的相关关系复杂,但叶绿素a与营养盐之间存在显著的正相关关系.在养殖中后期,表征富营养化的NQI值大幅度升高,水体富营养化程度严重.     

江苏泗阳青虾养殖中期水体的理化环境和浮游植物

2018年7月12日采样分析江苏省泗阳县9处青虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)养殖中期水体的理化环境、浮游植物种类组成和密度,并比较不同养殖模式对养殖环境的影响。结果显示:青虾养殖水体中,溶氧(DO)8.44 mg/L、pH 7.91～9.26、总氮(TN)1.030～1.571 mg/L、总磷(TP)0.174～0.421 mg/L、高锰酸钾指数(COD_(Mn))4.39～8.16 mg/L,说明青虾养殖水体具有DO和pH较高,N、P及有机质较低的特点。养殖水体内共观察到浮游植物64属/种,以蓝藻和绿藻为主,浮游植物多样性指数较高,群落结构较稳定;浮游植物密度为0.06×10~8～3.06×10~8个/L。RDA分析显示,水温、亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)和COD_(Mn)是影响青虾养殖水体中优势浮游植物密度的主要环境因子。不同混养种类对青虾养殖水体理化指标和浮游植物具有一定的影响,但管理模式对环境因子的影响更显著。鉴于所调查的青虾养殖水体内pH和Ca~(2+)质量浓度低于青虾生长最适值及TP和COD_(Mn)质量浓度升高会增加蓝藻水华暴发的风险,建议适当施加生石灰来提高养殖水体中的pH和Ca~(2+)质量浓度,并通过建立构建生态沟渠、生态塘等生态工程化设施控制养殖水体中TP和COD_(Mn)的增加。     

菊花江蓠对陆基围隔高密度对虾养殖的污染净化与水质调控

采用围隔设置单养虾(S)、单养藻(A)、虾藻混养(SA)、虾鱼藻混养(SFA)4种不同养殖模式,探讨菊花江蓠(Gracilaria lichevoides)对围隔高密度对虾养殖过程中产生的污染进行净化和水质调控作用。结果表明,养殖菊花江蓠的围隔水体中有更高的DO水平和较低的营养盐水平,说明对养殖水体的环境因子和营养盐都能起到很好的调控作用。水体中弧菌密度也较低,养殖环境稳定性好,使得养殖的对虾生长快,成活率高。与S相比,SA中的对虾成活率提高了32%。本实验对于采用搭配大型海藻进行养殖污染的净化与水质调控方法是可行的和有效的。     

水产养殖池塘的主要环境因子及相关调控技术

一、主要环境因子 1、溶解氧（DO） 溶解氧是养殖动物及其他动植物、细菌的生命活动和有机质的降解转化所必需的关键因子，养殖水体中溶解氧需保持≥3．0mg／L，最好能保持5mg／L。     

三都澳水产养殖海域水质情况分析

为了解三都澳水产养殖水域水质的污染情况,2015年1-12月对三都澳三个水产养殖区的水温、pH、溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)、亚硝酸盐(NO~-_2-N)、硝酸盐(NO~-_3-N)、氨氮(NH~+_4-N)及活性磷酸盐(PO■-P)进行测定,通过富营养指数和有机污染指数法分析水质周年变化。结果表明,三都澳三个水产养殖点水体的DO、pH、COD均不超标,但养殖水域已受到一定程度的污染,全年处于富营养化状态,主要污染问题是水体中无机氮和磷酸盐超标,在秋季尤为明显,表现为轻度污染。     

网箱养殖对千岛湖水环境的影响

通过对千岛湖网箱养殖区内外水域的四季水质调查,分析得出网箱养殖对千岛湖局部水域会产生明显的影响。造成养殖区水域的DO、pH下降,TN升高,不同季节和不同的水层影响存在差别。冬季对浅层的DO、pH产生明显下降,影响区域小;春季对表层的DO、pH产生明显下降,影响区域大;夏季受水温分层,影响不明显;秋季造成各层水体DO、pH下降,TN上升,影响区域大。千岛湖网箱养殖在春季和秋季对养殖区局部水域影响明显,但分散的网箱养殖对水域影响范围较小,对千岛湖水体短期内影响不明显。     

养殖水体中微生物全程自养脱氮初步研究

利用3种微生物对养殖水体的不同脱氮特性,研究了微生物对养殖水体的全自养脱氮.结果表明,水温25～30 ℃、pH 7.0～7.3及最大DO 3.5 mg/L时,光合细菌、枯草芽孢杆菌以1:1的接种水平,养殖水体中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别为85.4%、89.5%,可以很好地实现对养殖水体的全自养脱氮.     

柘林湾网箱养殖海域溶解氧分布及其影响因素

根据１９９８年７月在南海东北部柘林湾的调查数据，探讨网箱养殖海域溶解氧的分布及其与其他环境因子间的关系，结果显示夏季海水溶解氧浓度为３.03-7.86mg/L( 平均５．３０）,退潮时（平均５.71)高于涨潮时（平均４.65)涨潮时网箱区内贫氧（ ＜０．mg/L).多元逐步回归分析表明，对溶解氧浓度有重要影响的水质因子为pH和水温，其次为盐度，ＣＯＤ和营养盐，它们的变化与ＤＯ的变化有较好的相关性，区域比较表明，海水溶解氧浓度与观测僧置到网箱区的距离呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０２），与底质硫物，ＰＯ４－Ｐ含量呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）,溶解氧浓度偏低与养殖环境的污染有直接关系。     

Simulation of future dissolved oxygen distribution in pond culture based on sliding window-temporal convolutional network and trend surface analysis

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a key ecological factor to measure the quality of water in the aquaculture. As the pond water body is affected by the breeding environment, the spatial distribution of DO shows a certain law in the entire pond. Therefore, to simulate the distribution of DO in aquaculture waters and grasp the temporal and spatial variation of DO is the key to achieving precise regulation of DO. For this purpose, this paper proposed a method for simulating the temporal and spatial distribution of DO in pond culture based on a sliding window-temporal convolutional network together with trend surface analysis (SW-TCN-TSA). This paper first utilized SW to construct DO data sets with different prediction durations, and then used the improved TCN model to realize one-dimensional time series prediction for DO at single monitoring point. Based on the prediction results of DO, a TSA method was performed on the predicted values of DO at the extreme moments of all discrete monitoring points, so as to realize the simulation of the temporal and spatial distribution of DO in the pond. Experimental results show that the SW-TCN model has better prediction performance for one-dimensional time series prediction of DO. Compared with traditional deep networks, such as CNN, GRU, LSTM, CNN-GRU and CNN-LSTM, the values of evaluation indicators (MSE, MAE and RMSE) have been greatly improved. In the process of trend surface fitting, all fitting R² of DO at different water depths are higher than 0.9, indicating that the TSA can accurately reflect the temporal and spatial distribution of DO. This method can provide a basis for the prediction and early warning of DO in the three-dimensional space of the pond and has high practicability in aquaculture.     

河蟹池塘养殖底层微孔曝气增氧技术的研究和应用

在2007年-2008年通过底层微孔曝气技术的开发应用，开展了河蟹池塘养殖增氧研究。结果表明养成河蟹规格和单产显著提高，池底增氧技术是河蟹池塘养殖中的关键控制技术，示范区、推广区河蟹的平均规格、单产、毛利比同期常规技术的一般平均水平分别提高了11．37％～36．26％、7．07％～28．49％；50．29％～71．67％、49．11％；177．51％．187．31％、122．2％；养蟹池塘水体DO、NH3-N、NO2—N、TN、TP、COD等主要水质指标明显优于对照池，总体达到地表水环境质量标准（GB3838—2002）Ⅲ类以上，并实现了养殖期内零排放，是一项节水、环保的新型水产养殖技术。     

粘稠性荚膜红假单胞菌对黄沙鳖稚鳖水质及生产性能的影响

通过对黄沙稚鳖养殖池进行pH值、DO、氨氮、亚硝酸盐和COD水质指标的测定和比较，探讨荚膜红假单胞菌对黄沙鳖稚鳖养殖池水质及生产性能的影响。结果表明：使用英膜红假单胞菌后，试验池与对照池相比较，水体中的溶氧量提高了31．17％，pH值平缓波动，显著降低水中氨氮含量，下降幅度达74．08％，加快了水中氨氮转化量，减少了氨氮的毒害作用，成活率提高了9．5％，重量增加了9．79kg，发病率降低30．33％，治愈率高达19．5％。     

Physiological and morphological effects of severe hypoxia,hypoxia and hyperoxia in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

We studied the physiological status of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) under severe hypoxia (1 and 2 mg/L dissolved oxygen, DO), hypoxia (3 and 5 mg/L DO), hyperoxia (11 and 14 mg/L DO) and normoxia (7 mg/L DO, control) conditions. The respiratory rates, haematology parameters, acid–base balance status and gill structure were analysed to find the effects of different DO concentration on turbot. Fish mortality was only observed under severe hypoxia conditions. Severe hypoxia caused an increase in respiratory rates and red blood cell counts, as well as an increase in haemoglobin and haematocrit levels in the fish. In fish exposed to hypoxia conditions, the respiratory rate increased overall as the DO concentration decreased. Lower pCO₂ and HCO₃^? levels led to a high blood pH, while the pO₂ remained stable. In hyperoxia groups, respiratory rate decreased as the DO concentration increased. The levels of pCO₂ and HCO₃^? significantly increased (P < 0.05), while the pO₂ level and blood pH did not change obviously. The gill structure was damaged after prolonged exposure to hyperoxia, but no obvious damage was found in hypoxia groups. The fish that survived the hypoxia or hyperoxia treatment were able to restore the structural integrity of the gills after 14 days' recovery. The results suggest that juvenile turbots can tolerate a wide range of DO concentrations. However, even mild hyperoxia condition (11 mg/L DO), which is widely used in fish culture, has adverse effects on juvenile turbot physiology.     

Organic Carbon and Dissolved Oxygen Budgets for a Commercial‐Size,In‐pond Raceway System

Intensive production of ictalurid catfish in the USA has increased over the past several years, and a better understanding of the amount of organic carbon (OC) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in these culture environments is needed. Budgets for OC and DO were estimated over a production season (March to November) for an in‐pond raceway system for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and hybrid catfish (channel catfish × blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus), with co‐culture of paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Feed input ranged from 45 to 263 kg/ha/d with an overall average of 80 kg/ha/d. Production of each kilogram of live catfish required 1.5 kg of feed and released into the water 0.70 kg of OC, and led to the synthesis of an additional 3.36 kg of OC by photosynthesis. Consequently, production of 1 kg of live catfish resulted in 4.06 kg OC, and harvest of catfish accounted for only 29.5% of OC applied from the feed. Removal of OC increased to 34.3% with the additional harvest of paddlefish and tilapia. OC was consumed in respiration, and some OC accumulated in sediment. Total respiration within the system exceeded the DO produced by photosynthesis, while diffusion and mechanical aeration aided in maintaining suitable DO levels for fish production.     

Effect of dissolved oxygen levels on growth performance,energy budget and antioxidant responses of yellow catfish,Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) levels on growth performance, energy budget and antioxidant responses of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Yellow catfish was exposed to four levels of DO, consisting of hypoxia (2.28 mg L^?1), moderate hypoxia (4.04 mg L^?1), saturation (6.51 mg L^?1) and super‐saturation groups (9.11 mg L^?1), respectively, for 8 weeks. Specific growth rate and feed efficiency in dry matter were lowest in hypoxia and highest in the saturation and super‐saturation groups. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and energy increased with increasing DO levels. Gross energy and growth energy were lowest for hypoxia, followed by moderate hypoxia and the highest for other two groups. Faecal energy was highest in hypoxia and lowest in saturation and super‐saturation group. DO levels also significantly influenced activities of antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde level in liver and serum. Based on the observation described previously, saturated DO level helps to improve growth performance, feed utilization and antioxidant responses in yellow catfish. Super‐saturation did not increase fish performance. To our knowledge, this is the first study involved in the effect of DO levels on energy budget of fish and provides new insight into aeration regime for yellow catfish culture.     

罗源湾冬季表层水体中溶解氧分布特征及与其他因素相关性的初步研究

根据2010-2012年冬季罗源湾表层水体的调查数据,对DO的分布特征和相关因素进行初步研究.结果表明,DO的含量变化幅度不大,分布呈现为由北向南逐渐升高的趋势.采用Pearson相关系数来 衡量数据之间的相关性,结果表明罗源湾冬季表层水体DO和水温呈中等程度负相关;当pH较低时,DO随着pH的上升而上升,而当pH达到一定浓度后,DO随着pH的升高而降低.湾内水域氮磷和溶解氧主要呈负相关关系,湾口至岗屿氮磷和DO呈正相关关系.     

Physico‐chemical characteristics of the improved extensive shrimp farming system in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

Consecutive failure of the improved extensive shrimp farming system has deterred the economy of some coastal areas in Vietnam. To investigate pond physico‐chemical characteristics, a monitoring scheme was performed in the Cai Nuoc district of Southern Vietnam. Results show that the system was not optimal for shrimps. While ponds were not contaminated by organic loadings or major nutrients (N, P) and salinity and pH were most optimal for shrimp, more than 37% of dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements were lower than recommended. In the early morning hours, DO measurements were even much lower (0.84–2.20 mg L^?1). Sulphate (SO₄^2?) concentrations were most within the acceptable range. Total suspended solids (TSS) were above the acceptable limit (<50 mg L^?1). Iron, alkalinity and hydrogen sulphide were also higher than recommended. Pond sediment was anaerobic (redox potential ?422 to ?105 mV) and contained high amounts of organic matter (9.84–21.96%). Lethal DO levels, high TSS and anoxic sediment are the drawbacks in this system. Suggested measures to improve pond conditions are (1) allowing sedimentation before filling culture ponds, (2) covering dikes, (3) including no‐culture breaks between shrimp crops, (4) drying pond bottom, (5) removing sediment and (6) controlling pond's vegetation.     

贵州喀斯特山区稻虾共作模式对稻田水质昼夜变化的初步研究

为了解贵州喀斯特山区稻虾共作模式对稻田水体环境的影响,以养虾稻田(稻虾共作组)和不养虾稻田(对照组)为研究对象,分别于水稻的分蘖期、拔节期、扬花期和灌浆期采样测定稻田水体的溶解氧(DO)、水温、pH、硝酸盐(NO3--N)、亚硝酸盐(NO2--N)、氨氮(NH4+-N)和磷酸盐(PO43--P)等水质指标,研究稻田水质...