南极磷虾桁杆拖网网型结构与作业性能之间的关系

桁杆拖网是南极磷虾连续泵吸桁杆拖网捕捞系统重要组成部分之一,为深入了解该系统中桁杆拖网的作业性能特征,促进网具作业性能优化,本研究通过模型试验开展了网型结构和沉子重量对网具作业性能影响的探索,网型结构包括6种(3种腹网宽度,每种宽度采用2种缝合方式),分别以A、B、C、AA、BB和CC表示,沉子重量3种。综合比较表明,不同试验网型作业性能优劣排序为BB>CC>C>A>B>AA,但差异不显著。缩小腹网宽度和斜目缝合均能有效提高网口垂直扩张、降低能耗系数,提高网具作业性能,尤其适用于较高拖速的作业场景。沉子重量与网具阻力、网口垂直扩张均呈显著正相关,但与能耗系数相关性不明显;为促进网口垂直扩张,合适的沉子重量配备随拖速增加而递增,拖速1.5 m/s的条件下,各试验网型其沉子配重应不低于3.05 t。试验条件下,各网型的网具阻力、能耗系数变化趋势较平稳,递变斜率变化较小,网具阻力与拖速呈幂函数关系,指数介于1.49～1.64。以上结论可为南极磷虾桁杆拖网属具配备以及优化设计提供参考。     

Use of non-linear regression to evaluate drag force and volume coefficient of structure of square cage

ABSTRACT:   Cage aquaculture is increasing in importance in fisheries. However, in past studies the relationship between drag force and volume coefficient of the cage bag, and four key factors affecting its efficiency, i.e. flow velocity, ratio of depth to width of the cage, twine diameter to bar length of netting ( d/l ), and weight of the cage has been limited to partial regression and qualitative discussion. This paper establishes two non-linear regressions of the drag force and volume coefficient of a cage bag with seven flow velocities, five ratios of depth to width of the cage, four d/l , and five weights of the cage. The experimental data are processed using the forward selection method in the stepwise regression selection procedure in order to prioritize each factor, and then establish non-linear regressions of the drag force and volume coefficient using multiregression analysis. The results show that factors affecting the drag force are, in order of importance, flow velocity, ratio of depth to width of the cage, d/l and weight. With respect to the volume coefficient, factors in order of importance are flow velocity, weight, ratio of depth to width of the cage, and d/L. The two regressions can predict drag force and volume coefficient more comprehensively than those in previous studies. Finally, the regressions are applied to the full-scale structure of the cage by Tauti's modeling rules.     

调整作业参数对小网目南极磷虾拖网水动力性能的影响

小网目南极磷虾拖网有规格小、操作方便、起放网省时的特点。针对规格为185.4 m×97.5 m(41.8 m)的小网目南极磷虾拖网的水平扩张、浮力、重锤重量、沉力、空纲长度5个作业参数,分别进行3~6次调整试验,测试阻力和网口高度,并比较能耗系数。结果表明:在下纲端部间距分别为16.65、18.75、20.85m 3种水平扩张下,扩大水平扩张可引起网口高度下降,但阻力上升的幅度不大,能耗系数变化不明显;随着浮力的增加,网具阻力、网口高度均呈上升趋势,低拖速下增加浮力对网口高度的提升效果更明显,浮力增加可使网具的能耗系数下降,但在浮力达到19.6 k N后,再增加浮力能耗系数反而有所升高;增加重锤重量和在下中纲处增加沉力对网具阻力的影响效果相近,均呈上升趋势,增加重锤重量对网口高度的提升表现在低拖速时,随着拖速的上升网口高度的提升作用下降;增加沉力可提升网口高度,但在沉力达到14.36 k N后,再增加沉力对网口高度的提升效果不明显,能耗系数反而上升;空纲长度从66 m增加到84 m可明显提高网口高度,而网具阻力上升不明显,能耗系数呈下降趋势。     

六片式拖网性能的研究

利用１／７比例的网具模型，在拖曳水槽中对六片式拖网进行水槽试验。得出网口高度公式为：Ｈ＝０．１２１ＣＶ＾－０．８１１。网具阻力公式为：Ｒ＝０．０６９ｄ／ａＬＣＶ＾１．５５９。同时得出力纲上装配浮子能提高网口高度３．６％，上中纲与上纲长度之比不能大于０．１４０，上边纲长度可大于相对应的力纲３．３％等设计网具数据。     

Aquaculture Net Drag Force and Added Mass

The hydrodynamic loads on plane net samples of differing mesh geometry are measured in steady and oscillating flows. The steady loads on plane nets are also numerically simulated. The net is modeled as an inter-connected system of lumped masses and springs. The loads are computed for each twine segment and applied to the lumped masses at the segment ends. The equations of motion are formulated for the coupled dynamics of the masses and solved numerically. Drag data from the experiments is compared with analytical and numerical models and existing empirical formulae. Results for steady flows indicate that drag coefficients for nets and cylinders, as a function of the Reynolds number, have identical trends with consistent offsets. It is concluded that the drag coefficient for nets is equivalent to the drag coefficient for cylinders (and spheres for knotted nets) modified by a function of net solidity. For unsteady flows, the drag and added mass are extracted from the total wave force by applying a vector approach. It is shown that drag and added mass coefficients are not well quantified by conventional non-dimensional parameters (i.e. Keulegan–Carpenter and Reynolds numbers). The unsteady drag coefficient is presented as a function of wave particle velocity, wave period and net porosity. It is proposed that the added mass coefficient be expressed by an assumption of an effective thickness—conceptually the width of water affected by the net, which is a function of wave frequency and net solidity.     

大网目底拖网在稳定流场中的数值模拟

通过有限单元法构建大网目底拖网渔具的数学模型,以计算在定常流条件下底拖网渔具的受力情况、网口扩张和渔具的形态变化。为了提高计算效率,提出了适用于拖网的网目群化方法。群化后的拖网模型为单元数6513的model-1模型和单元数1787的model-2模型两种规格,分别进行数值计算,并与水槽物理模型试验结果进行比较。结果表明,model-1模型和model-2模型在相同流速条件下的形态变化趋势基本一致;model-1的阻力计算结果相较于model-2更接近于物理模型试验结果,model-2的计算结果存在16%~26%的相对误差;两种数值模型的网口垂直扩张和水平扩张的计算结果与物理模型试验结果相近,最大相对误差仅5%~10%。数值模拟较好地呈现了大网目底拖网在稳定流场中的状态,可以在一定程度上代替传统的水槽模型试验,为拖网渔具设计和优化提供一种可供选择的数值分析方法。     

东海区中国毛虾张网网具的优化设计

通过对单锚毛虾张网和单锚桁杆毛虾张网模型试验,研究了该两种张网的流体阻力及扩张装置对网具的影响。结果表明：（1）毛虾张网网口上下或两侧采用悬链线式剪裁装配,与平面装配对比,在网具形状上前者优于后者。（2）单锚毛虾张网网口上下采用悬链线式剪裁装配,在拖速0.13～0.78m/s范围内,拖速逐渐增加时,水平扩张由15～30%递增,网口高度也随之增加;同一拖速下,采用悬链线式剪裁装配的网口高度均高于平面剪裁装配。单锚桁杆张网两侧采用悬链线式剪裁装配,其网口高度随拖速的增加而下降缓慢;在同一拖速下,与平面装配对比,悬链线式剪裁装配的网口高度增幅为-5.6%～43.4%。（3）同样主尺度、相同拖速、结构相似,而网口上下和两侧采用悬链线式剪裁装配,与平面装配比较,在拖速为0.13～0.78m/s增加过程中,流体阻力增加较为平缓;主尺度相近、相同拖速、网口两侧采用帆布装置扩张与桁杆扩张比较,在拖速为0.13～0.78m/s增加过程中,流体阻力增加幅度较大。（4）网口上下和两侧采用悬链线式剪裁装配的单锚张网模型和网口两侧采用悬链线式剪裁装配的单锚桁杆张网模型的迎流面积的结果表明：拖速为0.13m/s时,两者的迎流面积相差3.1%,而当拖速为0.78m/s时,前者是后者的3倍有余。     

大网目底中层拖网模型试验研究

利用1:22.82比例的2张网具模型,在拖曳水槽中进行底中层拖网的网具性能测试,得出网具阻力公式为:F=0.121(d/a)LCV~(1.62),网口高度的公式为:H=0.225CV~(-1.316),2张网具的作业性能良好,GM_2的垂直张开性能优良,拖速3节时的垂直扩张系数已接近7％,能耗系数在拖速3节时为0.2kw.h/10~4m~3,在同类渔具中较优;GM_1网的能耗系数比GM_2网低,在拖速3节时低于9％左右,作为中层拖网时的总体性能优良。     

立式曲面V型网板在拖网系统中的力学配合计算研究

为获知网板对拖网系统力学配合计算的影响,本文运用网板平衡方程结合钢索张力方程,建立拖网系统力学配合计算模型,并选取一款广泛使用的立式曲面V型网板及其相应的中层拖网,将网板水动力性能水槽实验数据,结合“龙腾”号的拖网及拖船实测数据带入力学模型,从翼端处的张力起始,逐步计算及分析手纲、网板、曳纲的受力情况,得到网板工作冲角、曳纲长度及张力、拖网翼端深度等拖网系统参数值。对网板各参数对拖网系统的影响进行了分析讨论,分析证明:冲角、曳纲长度和翼端深度随拖曳速度增加而减小;翼端深度及曳纲张力随曳纲连接点Z坐标的增加呈指数增长,随手纲连接点Z坐标增加呈线性减小;通过调节曳纲连接点Z坐标在0.1m-0.6m范围内,可控制工作冲角在17.77°-18.55°之间,翼端深度在124.3m-192.3m之间,曳纲张力在40210N-42219N之间变化;通过调节手纲连接点Z坐标在-0.4m--0.05m范围内,可控制工作冲角在16.54°-19.85°之间,翼端深度在75.9m-679.5m之间,曳纲张力在39533.5N-57933N之间变化;减少网板在水中质量,可减小拖船功率负荷,更适合在浅层作业;减小网板面积,可降低网板工作冲角,同时减小拖船功率负荷,更适合在稍深的水层作业。本文总结了网板参数的配合计算规律并建立了估算公式,为网板的合理使用和进一步开发提供参考依据。     

南极磷虾四片式小网目中层拖网作业性能分析

为了促进南极磷虾(Euphausia superba Dana)渔业发展,提出2种四片式小网目中层拖网网型设计(型号分别为dh256-1和dh256-2),2种网型网口拉直周长相同,背(腹)网与侧网拉直宽度比(以下简称"WRBS")分别为1和1.11。通过模型实验对2种WRBS小网目南极磷虾拖网的作业性能进行比较,并进行浮沉力(SBSW)、手纲长度和水平扩张系数(以下简称"L/S")的匹配优化实验,结果表明:实验条件下,当L/S介于0.5~0.6时或者L/S为0.45和0.65且拖曳速度≤1.5 m/s时,2种网型网口垂直扩张差异显著(P0.05),dh256-2型拖网网口垂直扩张明显高于dh256-1;为了保持侧网衣受力均匀,dh256-1型拖网浮沉力配备要求显著高于dh256-2型拖网,dh256-1型拖网浮沉力配备应≥4.59 tf,dh256-2型拖网浮沉力配备应≥1.98 tf;2种网型的能耗系数(C_e)差异不明显(P0.05);L/S与能耗系数(C_e)呈反相关;手纲长度≥50 m,手纲长度对2种网型作业性能的影响不明显;综上所述dh256-2型拖网网口垂直扩张性能较好,浮沉力配备要求较低,较适合拖速较低的南极磷虾捕捞,适宜的手纲长度为50 m。以上结论可为小网目南极磷虾拖网网具设计提供参考。     

南极磷虾拖网的性能优化分析

针对一顶中国目前正在使用的南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)拖网进行网具优化试验,设计了调整参数为浮沉比、上下手纲(等长)和叉纲的三因子L9(34)正交实验,并在3组L/S(水平扩张比)和5级拖速下完成了135次拖曳试验。结果表明:(1)随着拖速和L/S的增加,网具阻力增加,网口高度降低;(2)流速为3 kn情况下,L/S=0.45时,对阻力(Fs)和网具功率消耗(Ps)影响的主次顺序均为沉力(A)>叉纲(C)>手纲(B),对网口高度(Hs)影响的主次顺序为A>B>C,对能耗系数(Ce)影响的主次顺序为C>A>B,水动力性能的最优组合为A3B3C1;L/S=0.5时,对Fs、Hs和Ps影响的主次顺序均为C>A>B,对Ce影响的主次顺序为B>C>A,最优组合为A2B3C3;L/S=0.55时,对Fs和Ps影响的主次顺序均为C>A>B,对Hs影响的主次顺序为B>A>C,对Ce影响的主次顺序为B>C>A,最优组合为A2B3C3;(3)当L/S极低为0.2时,网口的水平扩张约为23 m,虽然此时网口高度有一定的提高,但网具的综合性能却显著下降,能耗系数增加;(4)增加沉力,适当放长手纲和叉纲可以有效提高已定型网具的性能。为确保在低拖速下达到网具的高扩张性能,应考虑改进网板性能,建议采用低拖速高扩张性网板。     

Typical hydrodynamic models for aquaculture nets: A comparative study under pure current conditions

The net is regarded as the most critical component in marine aquaculture facilities as it is the only barrier which protects the environment from fish escapes. Accurate predictions of the net cage deformation and drag force on the nets are needed, both for ensuring fish welfare and for dimensioning of the mooring system. Thus, an appropriate hydrodynamic model is essential. In practice, two types of hydrodynamic force models, i.e., the Morison type and the Screen type, are commonly used to calculate the hydrodynamic forces on nets. Application of the models depends on the underlying structural model and the availability of data. A systematic review of hydrodynamic models is therefore undertaken to compare the models and various parameterisations, in aid of model selection during the design. In this study, eleven commonly used hydrodynamic models, i.e., five Morison models and six Screen models, are reviewed comprehensively, and implemented into a general finite element (FE) solver for dynamic simulations. Sensitivity studies on different current velocities, inflow angles and solidities of the nets are carried out. Moreover, different wake effects are also considered in numerical simulations. The numerical results from different models are compared against existing experimental data under pure current conditions. Suggestions for selection of suitable hydrodynamic models are provided, based on the model comparison.     

Analysis of the hydrodynamic characteristics of chain-link woven copper alloy nets for fish cages

Copper alloy nets have drawn attention from researchers and fishermen as an alternative to fabric nets for fish cages, due to such advantages as protection from predators, better cage volume retention, and good resistance to bio-fouling. The drag and lift coefficients of nine chain-link woven copper alloys and three knotless fabric nets were derived using a circulating water channel and structural analysis of the nets. The flow through one copper alloy net was visualized using particle image velocimetry (PIV) to understand better the hydrodynamic characteristics necessary for the use of the net in a fish cage. The trends in behavior of the drag and lift coefficients for the copper alloy nets based on various attack angles and current speeds were highly similar to those of the fabric nets. The coefficients of the copper alloy nets were larger than those of the fabric nets for attack angles less than 30°. For angles greater than 30°, the coefficients of the fabric nets were larger than those of the copper alloy nets. These results might be attributed to structural differences between the two nets, as well as the roughness of the surfaces. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the alloy nets were illustrated using PIV, and a difference in the structure of the net was observed to reduce the resistance when the net was set against the current with an attack angle of 90°.     

Scale model of a new midwater trawl system for sampling pelagic larval and juvenile fish

SUMMARY: A new midwater sampling trawl was designed to collect pelagic larval and juvenile fish. It has a rigid square frame of 2.25 m², with a 12.5 m high strength polyethylene net. The cambered V-type depressor with a camber ratio of 15%, aspect ratio of 6.0, and dihedral angle of 20° was hung to the bottom of the frame with four slings based on the principle of the parallelogram. A 1/5 scale model net of the prototype was made to examine the towing performances in a circulating water tank. The depth of the net and the attack angle of the depressor were measured at various flow velocities ranging from 30 to 100 cm/s with warp lengths of 260, 310, 360, 410 cm. The depressor held the setting angle closely, and the fluctuating range of the net depth was only 2% for the longest warp length over a wide range of flow velocities. This sampling trawl could maintain near constant depth under various flow velocities by the results of model experiment.     

高强度PA单丝拖网水槽试验研究

强度相同条件下,聚酰胺(PA)单丝网衣的水阻力比聚乙烯(PE)捻线网衣的要小,所以在普通PE网衣拖网中,可以对部分网衣结构设计替换高强度PA单丝网衣,以降低拖网阻力,达到节能降耗的目的。以虾拖网为实物拖网,按照田内模型试验准则,设计改进型PA网衣的模型拖网,通过水槽模型试验,对比研究改进型PA网衣和传统PE网衣的拖网渔具性能和节能效果。试验结果显示,在相同拖速条件下,水平扩张比(L/S)为0.40、0.50、0.60时,改进型模型拖网比对照模型拖网所受阻力分别可降低12.14%、8.11%、6.00%,网口高度分别可提高20.00%、22.09%、25.64%,网口扩张系数分别可提高28.57%、27.27%、30.00%,能耗系数分别可减少30.61%、29.32%、29.18%。研究表明,高强度PA单丝网衣拖网能起到降低渔具阻力、提高拖网性能的作用,可在渔业生产中推广应用。     

高海况漂浮物打捞网具的研究试验

为在高海况下安全打捞落水人员和重要的漂浮物,设计了一种打捞网具。为此研究了打捞过程中船舶行进速度、网口高度、打捞物体吃水深度等参数对打捞网性能影响;通过网具模型试验,模拟网具打捞作业,测试网具在打捞体进网前后力的变化,分析了打捞物体吃水深度与进网匹配性、进网的拖网速度以及网具受到的最大撞击力等。结果显示,试验用打捞体的进网条件受其吃水深度和网具拖速的影响较大。在打捞体吃水深度一定时,打捞体可在拖速≥2.5 kn时顺利进入网内;但当拖速过大,网口垂直扩张系数越小,不利于进网。试验范围内的最大撞击力随着拖速的提高而增大,最大值为27.84 k N。研究表明,网具最大撞击力的参数值对网线材料的选择与强度设计、网具支撑拦截臂架的结构强度计算具有指导意义。     

Drag force acting on biofouled net panels

Measurements were made to assess the increase in drag on aquaculture cage netting due to biofouling. Drag force was obtained by towing net panels, perpendicular to the incident flow, in experiments conducted in a tow tank and in the field. The net panels were fabricated from netting stretched within a 1 m² pipe frame. They were towed at various speeds, and drag force was measured using a bridle-pulley arrangement terminating in a load cell. The frame without netting was also drag tested so that net-only results could be obtained by subtracting out the frame contribution. Measurements of drag force and velocity were processed to yield drag coefficients.

Clean nets were drag tested in the University of New Hampshire (UNH) 36.5 m long tow tank. Nets were then exposed to biofouling during the summer of 2004 at the UNH open ocean aquaculture demonstration site 1.6 km south of the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Nine net panels were recovered on 6 October 2004 and immediately drag tested at sea to minimize disturbing the fouling communities. The majority of the growth was skeleton shrimp (Caprella sp.) with some colonial hydroids (Tubularia sp.), blue mussels (Mytilus edulus) and rock borer clams (Hiatella actica). Since the deployment depth was 15 m (commensurate with submerged cages at the site), no algae were present. The net panels had been subject to several different antifouling treatments, so the extent of growth varied amongst the panels. Drag force measurements were made using a bridle-pulley-load cell configuration similar to that employed in the tow tank. Fixtures and instruments were mounted on an unpowered catamaran that was towed alongside a workboat. Thus, the catamaran served as the “carriage” for field measurements.

Increases in net-only drag coefficient varied from 6 to 240% of the clean net values. The maximum biofouled net drag coefficient was 0.599 based on net outline area. Biofouled drag coefficients generally increased with solidity (projected area of blockage divided by outline area) and volume of growth. There was, however, considerable scatter attributed in part to different mixes of species present.     

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