黄粉虫虫粉及虫皮对南美白对虾主要非特异性免疫指标的影响

黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor是一种高蛋白、高脂肪的饲用昆虫。本文主要研究黄粉虫虫粉及虫皮对南美白对虾非特异性免疫的影响,结果表明:用黄粉虫虫粉、虫皮调节7种饲料营养水平,饲喂南美白对虾28d后,饲料中添加不同水平的黄粉虫虫粉、黄粉虫虫皮对南美白对虾酶活力无显著差异(P0.05);不同水平的黄粉虫虫粉、黄粉虫虫皮对血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和酚氧化酶(PO)的酶活力无显著差异(P0.05),但对血清中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的酶活力有显著影响(P0.05);没有额外添加黄粉虫虫粉、黄粉虫虫皮的饲料组除PO外,各种酶活力显著低于实验组。     

中草药对高水温胁迫下中华绒螯蟹非特异性免疫因子的影响

以添加不同浓度复方中草药的药饵饲喂中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹,2 d后将水温从18℃升至34℃(24 h内),并持续7 d,检测不同时间幼蟹血蓝蛋白(HMC)浓度、血清酚氧化酶(PO)和溶菌酶(LSZ)活性变化。结果表明:急升温阶段各组HMC浓度、PO和LSZ活性均急速下降,实验组降幅分别为对照组的77.4%、45.9%和22.7%,实验组与对照组间有显著性差异(P<0.05);在持续性高水温阶段,各组存活个体的HMC浓度、PO和LSZ活性均有明显回升,实验组HMC、PO和LSZ的上升幅度分别高于对照组3.24倍、2.71倍和1.33倍,实验组与对照组间差异显著(P<0.05)。HMC、PO和LSZ活性存在明显的性别差异(P<0.05),中草药对雌性的影响大于雄性;但0.5%和1%中草药添加组间的酶活性变化差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

盐度升高对中华绒螯蟹几种非特异性免疫因子的影响

采用逐步增盐法, 结合生物酶学测定, 研究了从淡水升高盐度到 7、14、21、28和35对二秋龄雌、雄中华绒螯蟹血清总蛋白、氧合血蓝蛋白含量及碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酚氧化酶(PO)活力的影响。结果显示, 随着盐度的升高, 中华绒螯蟹的血清总蛋白、氧合血蓝蛋白含量逐渐降低; AKP活性先略升高, 而后逐渐降低; 与雄蟹的PO活力逐渐降低相比, 雌蟹的PO活力先降低, 当盐度高于21后维持稳定水平; SOD活性先略降低, 盐度高于21被激活。除SOD外, 雌蟹血清各测定指标均显著高于雄蟹(P<0.05)。研究结果表明, 盐度接近或超过28将显著影响中华绒螯蟹3种免疫酶的活性及总蛋白和氧合血蓝蛋白的含量, 进而影响其免疫防御能力。     

注射磷脂酰丝氨酸对凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白合成、酚氧化酶活性的影响

为研究磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)对凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白合成、酚氧化酶活性的影响,并探讨PS激活凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白发挥酚氧化酶活性的机制,实验采用5、10和20μg/mL 3个PS浓度对凡纳滨对虾尾节肌肉进行注射,注射量为50μL,对照组注射生理盐水,各处理组设3个平行组,取样时间为0、6、12、24、36、48和60 h,分别测定了血浆血蓝蛋白含量,肝胰脏血蓝蛋白p75、p77亚基和mRNA的表达以及血浆血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性。结果显示:与对照组相比,血蓝蛋白含量在6 h内略有下降,6～36 h内呈峰值变化,24 h时达到最大值(P<0.05);血蓝蛋白亚基p75、p77和mRNA表达在0～36 h内呈峰值变化,12 h时达到最大值(P<0.05);血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性在36 h内呈峰值变化,12 h时达到最大值(P<0.05)。研究表明,PS能够激活凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白的酚氧化酶活性,表现出明显的时间剂量效应,同时在短时间内引起血蓝蛋白含量下降,随后机体启动血蓝蛋白的合成机制,证实PS是凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白发挥酚氧化酶活性的激活因子,为对虾血蓝蛋白免疫活性的研究奠定了理论基础。     

南美白对虾人工感染细菌后肝胰脏中主要变化蛋白的研究

以采自汕头的南美白对虾为研究对象,运用病原菌人工感染、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱分析(MALDI-TOF/MS)、生物信息学和免疫印迹(Western-blot ting)等现代分子生物学方法,探索和鉴定对虾感染后肝胰脏中的主要变化蛋白。结果表明,南美白对虾人工感染溶藻酸弧菌6h之后,实验组和对照组肝胰脏的SDS-PAGE图谱出现12条明显差异条带,其中分子量分别为75kDa(命名为p75)和73kDa(命名为p73)的两种蛋白变化最为明显,进一步研究显示,p75和p73分别为血蓝蛋白的两个不同的亚基。提示,肝胰脏中的血蓝蛋白可能在对虾抗感染免疫中发挥重要的作用。     

凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性的研究

试验结果表明,凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白在胰蛋白酶诱导下可表现出一定的酚氧化酶活性,与对照组相比,其酚氧化酶活力单位显著上升。同时,其活性可被D-半乳糖、α-葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、甘露醇和N-乙酰神经氨酸不同程度地抑制,其抑制率分别为67%、100%、33%、33%、67%和100%。血蓝蛋白与胰蛋白酶孵育后经SDS-PAGE分析和L-Dopa显色,其75 kDa单体呈明显的棕褐色,添加抑制剂N-乙酰神经氨酸之后,其显色强度显著减弱。由此进一步证实凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白在胰蛋白酶诱导下确实具有酚氧化酶活性,其活性可被不同的糖所抑制,其发挥活性的单体为75 kDa单体。     

饲料中添加植酸酶对南美白对虾生长及磷利用率的影响

在半精制饲料中分别添加1000IU／kg、2000IU／kg、3000IU／kg的植酸酶以及2％Ca(H2PO4)2，以不添加外源磷及植酸酶组为对照，研究以植物蛋白为主要蛋白源的饲料中添加植酸酶对南美白对虾生长和磷消化率的影响。40天的养殖实验结果表明，饲料中添加2％Ca(H2PO4)2，能提高南美白对虾的增重率，但与对照组无显著差异。饲料中添加1000IU／kg植酸酶组的南美白对虾增重率达到最高，但与其它各组没有显著差异。饲料的磷消化率在2％Ca(H2PO4)2组达到最高，蛋白质消化率在各组之间没有明显差异。综上所述，饲料中添加1000IU／kg植酸酶即能有效改善南美白对虾的生长和磷利用率，降低磷排泄。     

维生素C缓解南美白对虾应激状况的应用研究

研究了在三种模式下,通过向养殖水体中泼洒维生素C(Vc)来缓解南美白对虾应激状况,其浓度分别为0、0.3、0.6、0.9、1.21、.5 g/m3,测定虾的存活率、血清蛋白含量和血清酚氧化酶活力(PO)。结果表明,随着水体中的Vc浓度增加到0.9 g/m3,虾的存活率有显著提高,进一步提高水体中Vc浓度,存活率无显著变化;血清蛋白含量和血清酚氧化酶活力(PO)均有较大幅度的变化。在三种模式下,预防模式的效果较好,可以提前提高虾的免疫力,增强其抗应激能力;治疗模式是在虾出现应激时,作用效果不如预防模式;有条件的可以采取预防加治疗模式。     

复方马齿苋影响南美白对虾非特异性免疫功能研究

复方马齿苋添加质量分数分别为1%、2%、3%。检测结果显示,实验组南美白对虾的血细胞吞噬活力、血清溶菌酶活力、血清酚氧化酶活力显著或极显著的高于对照组,表明复方马齿苋可以提高南美白对虾的非特异性免疫功能。用溶藻弧菌对南美白对虾做攻毒试验,实验组的免疫保护率分别为20%、26.7%和40%。     

肽聚糖制剂对南美白对虾体液免疫因子的影响

按一定梯度配制5种含不同水平肽聚糖制剂的饲料,投喂南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei),35 d后取实验对虾血样,用于测定血清中酚氧化酶活力、磷酸酶活力、溶菌活力及超氧化物歧化酶活力.结果显示,饲料中肽聚糖质量分数为500×10-6的实验组,对虾血清中酚氧化酶活力最高,肽聚糖质量分数为2 500×10-6的实验组,对虾血清中酸性磷酸酶与碱性磷酸酶活力最高,肽聚糖对对虾的血清溶菌活力影响不明显(P>0.05).由此表明饲料中添加适量(质量分数500×10-6左右)的肽聚糖制剂可使对虾体液免疫因子总体活力达到较高水平,饲料中肽聚糖制剂含量过高对对虾非特异免疫力的作用效果反而不佳.南美白对虾血清中酚氧化酶活力对饲料中肽聚糖含量变化较敏感,可作为肽聚糖使用效果的评价指标之一.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.