黄芪等复方中药对锯缘青蟹免疫力的影响

将黄芪、黄芩、杜仲和甘草按照4∶3∶2∶1的质量比制成一定浓度的复方药液并注射锯缘青蟹,分析血淋巴中的酚氧化酶、碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶等相关的非特异免疫因子活力.结果表明,青蟹血清酚氧化酶、碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶的活力和血清抗菌活力比对照组显著提高(P＜0.05),除超氧化物歧化酶外,各种免疫酶活力在注射后先缓慢上升,2d达到最高值,然后缓慢下降,至第4天基本回复到正常水平.用副溶血弧菌攻毒7d后,注射复方中药提取液的锯缘青蟹,其免疫保护率达到53.33％.     

拟穴青蟹STEAP4-like基因的克隆与表达分析

为了解拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)前列腺6跨膜上皮抗原4基因(six-transmembrane protein of prostate 4,STEAP4)在拟穴青蟹抗白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus, WSSV)免疫应答中的作用，表达与纯化GST-STEAP4重组蛋白，(1)通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)克隆了STEAP4基因，利用生物信息学分析软件分析其序列特征；(2)通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术检测其组织分布及WSSV感染后的表达情况；(3)构建原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1-STEAP4-like,诱导表达与纯化重组蛋白GST-STEAP4-like。结果表明：(1)拟穴青蟹STEAP4-like基因ORF长1 443 bp,编码480个氨基酸，N端含有NAD结合位点和一个NADP氧化还原酶辅酶结构域，C端含有一个铁还原酶跨膜结构域；(2)氨基酸序列与三疣梭子蟹STEAP4-like相似性最高，与三疣梭子蟹和突眼蟹亲缘关系最接近；(3)STEAP4-like基因在被检测组织中均有表达；(4)WSSV刺激后ST...     

拟穴青蟹3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶基因的克隆与表达

3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatede hydrogenase,GAPDH)是维持生命最基本活动的关键酶之一.采用RT-PCR、RACE等技术,获得了拟穴青蟹gapdh基因全长cDNA序列.该序列全长1 440 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为1 008 bp,编码335个氨基酸残基.同源分析显示,该基因编码的蛋白与其他一些物种具有很高相似性,推测gapdh基因具有很高的保守性.经荧光定量PCR检测,gapdh基因在拟穴青蟹多个组织中均有表达,且在胸神经团、眼柄神经节、卵巢、表皮中表达量较高.在拟穴青蟹卵巢发育过程中,gapdh基因在卵巢发育早期(Ⅱ期)表达量最高,在卵巢发育成熟期(Ⅴ期)表达量最低,由此推测GAPDH主要参与了卵巢的细胞分裂增殖过程.     

二价金属离子对光棘球海胆免疫相关酶活力的影响

二价金属离子在海洋无脊椎动物免疫相关酶的活力调控中发挥重要作用。为了解二价金属离子对光棘球海胆免疫相关酶活力的影响,采用生化方法研究了8种二价金属离子在体外不同浓度下对光棘球海胆体腔液中酸/碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、酚氧化酶和髓过氧化物酶活力的影响。结果显示,Cu~(2+)可明显增强碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和酚氧化酶的活力;Mn~(2+)对酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶和髓过氧化物酶有强烈的激活作用;Zn~(2+)对超氧化物歧化酶和酚氧化酶有强烈的抑制作用;Fe~(2+)抑制过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活力;Ca~(2+)对酸性磷酸酶和髓过氧化物酶有抑制作用;Mg~(2+)对碱性磷酸酶有抑制作用;Cd~(2+)对超氧化物歧化酶和酚氧化酶有抑制作用;Pb~(2+)对过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和酚氧化酶有抑制作用。试验结果表明,适宜浓度的Mn~(2+)和Cu~(2+)对光棘球海胆的非特异性免疫系统可能有促进作用,而Fe~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)可能会削弱光棘球海胆的免疫应答能力。     

盐度对日本蟳免疫生理指标及消化酶活力的影响

15℃下测定了不同盐度(15、20、25、30、35)对体质量(87.22±20.71)g的日本蟳免疫相关指标(血细胞密度、血蓝蛋白含量、酚氧化酶、溶菌酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力、过氧化代谢产物丙二醛含量)和中肠腺消化酶(酸性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶)活力的影响。试验结果表明,血细胞密度与盐度呈正相关,盐度对血蓝蛋白含量无显著影响。盐度30组的酚氧化酶活力、盐度20和30组的溶菌酶活力先升后降,而盐度15、20和35组的酚氧化酶活力、盐度15和35组的溶菌酶活力先降后升再降。至处理第5d,各试验组的酚氧化酶与溶菌酶的活力为:盐度2520301535。盐度变化后,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力均表现为先升后降,而丙二醛含量先降后升,至处理第5d,以盐度15和35组的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力较低,而丙二醛含量显著高于其他试验组(P0.05)。盐度20组的淀粉酶与纤维素酶活力最高,盐度25组的酸性蛋白酶和脂肪酶活力最高,盐度30组的碱性蛋白酶活力最高,而盐度15组的5种消化酶活力均为最低。盐度20～30为日本蟳较适宜的环境条件,而盐度15与35条件下会引起其免疫能力和消化酶活力的明显降低。超氧化物歧化酶活力和丙二醛含量长期变化情况可作为衡量日本蟳在盐度变化下免疫状态的指标。     

利用cDNA-AFLP技术研究副溶血弧菌感染下拟穴青蟹的基因差异表达

研究以实验室分离自汕头牛田洋青蟹养殖区的副溶血弧菌感染的健康拟穴青蟹,利用cDNA-AFLP技术分析感染前后拟穴青蟹肝脏组织基因的转录表达差异,最终获得了23个差异片段,其中20个片段成功测序。BLAST分析表明,序列与已知功能基因具有同源性的有6个,其中5个经real-time PCR重新验证为上调表达,主要涉及参与能量代谢的精氨酸激酶(arginine kinase)和甘油醛3磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase),以及参与转运过程的精氨酰tRNA合成酶(arginyl-tRNA synthetase),同时,还有直接参与免疫防御反应的凝乳状蛋白酶(chymotrypsin-like proteinase)。另外,8个差异片段与已知基因或序列无同源性。     

拟穴青蟹卵泡抑素相关蛋白基因的克隆和表达分析

卵泡抑素相关蛋白(follistatin related protein,FRP)是一种细胞外基质糖蛋白,该蛋白参与细胞增殖、迁移、组织重塑、胚胎发育、细胞间相互作用等多种生理过程。迄今甲壳动物FRP的研究尚未见诸报道。实验采用RACE技术首次克隆了拟穴青蟹FRP基因部分cDNA序列。该序列长度1 948 bp,FRP肽段含有484个氨基酸残基,包括KAZAL-FS结构域、EFh结构域和两个Ig结构域。系统进化树显示拟穴青蟹FRP基因的分子进化地位与其生物学分类地位一致。半定量PCR及荧光定量PCR结果表明,FRP基因在拟穴青蟹的胸神经团、脑和卵巢中表达。FRP基因在卵巢发育各期的表达量各不相同,卵巢未发育期最高,据此我们推测FRP具有抑制卵巢发育的作用。     

拟穴青蟹丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶（MAPKK）基因的克隆与表达分析

采用qRT-PCR、RACE等方法,获得了拟穴青蟹丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶(MAPKK)基因cDNA全长序列。该基因全长1 558 bp,开放阅读框长度为1 224 bp,编码407个氨基酸残基。同源分析显示,该基因编码的蛋白与昆虫的相似性高达70%,推测MAPKK基因在节肢动物具有较高的保守性。经荧光定量PCR检测,MAPKK基因在拟穴青蟹多个组织中有表达,且在脑神经节和卵巢中表达量较高。在拟穴青蟹卵巢发育过程中,MAPKK基因在卵巢发育期(Ⅲ期)表达量最高,发育期为卵母细胞快速生长期,推测MAPKK具有促进卵母细胞快速生长的作用。     

拟穴青蟹不同发育时期胚胎基因表达的内参基因的筛选

为获得适用于研究拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)不同发育时期胚胎基因表达的内参基因,本研究采用3个内参基因筛选软件geNorm、NormFinder及BestKeeper对微管蛋白α1A(Tuba1a)、核糖体蛋白L13(Rpl13)、泛素(UBQ)、核糖体蛋白S6激酶(Rps6)、精氨酸激酶(Ak)、3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(gapdh)、28S核糖体RNA(28S)、18S核糖体RNA(18S)和延伸因子1A基因(EF-1α)等9个常用候选内参基因在拟穴青蟹不同发育时期胚胎的表达稳定性进行分析。geNorm分析表明, EF-1α和Rpl13的表达稳定性最高,并且采用2个内参基因同时校正目标基因的定量结果可以达到最优效果; NormFinder分析表明, gapdh和EF-1α是9个候选内参基因中表达最稳定的; BestKeeper分析表明,gapdh的标准偏差和变异系数是9个候选基因中最低的。综合3个内参基因筛选软件,可以选用EF-1α,或选用EF-1α和gapdh双内参同时校正拟穴青蟹不同胚胎发育时期各基因的表达情况。     

拟穴青蟹Na+/H+ exchanger基因克隆及其在盐度胁迫下的表达分析

克隆了拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)Na~+/H~+-exchanger基因,其cDNA序列全长3 624 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长2 886 bp,可编码961个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子量和等电点分别为110.8 kDa和7.42,具有信号肽和典型的Na~+/H~+-exchanger蛋白结构域,含12个跨膜α螺旋。拟穴青蟹Na~+/H~+-exchanger的氨基酸序列与三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)的一致度最高,达到84.9%;该基因在卵巢中表达量最高,其次是精巢、鳃等;该基因在受精卵时期表达水平最高,大眼幼体时期次之。拟穴青蟹大眼幼体在低盐(盐度7和17)胁迫过程中,Na~+/H~+-exchanger基因在20 min表达水平最高,之后基本恢复到正常表达水平;在高盐(盐度37)胁迫(20 min～2 h)期间,该基因表达水平先下降再逐渐上升。Na~+/H~+-exchanger基因在拟穴青蟹大眼幼体阶段盐度适应中发挥着重要作用,且低盐显著诱导Na~+/H~+-exchanger基因的高表达,推测拟穴青蟹Na~+/H~+-exchanger基因在低盐环境下发挥重要的渗透调节功能。     

Atlantic Fisheries Technological Conference,Moncton, NB,August 21, 1995

No abstract available for this article.     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

1. In the last two decades, Brazil has advanced significantly with the expansion and improvement of its national system of protected areas. Until recently most of the expansion was concentrated in the Amazon region (with useful lessons). It also had an uneven ecological representation of coastal and marine ecosystems, concentrated in coastal waters. Despite significant advances, the levels of funding, staff and stakeholders' engagement remain relatively low for such a vast system.
2. Within the past few years, key elements of a new strategy for protection of coastal and marine areas have started to emerge, combined with some participatory processes and a focus on expansion of the total area protected (from <1.5% protection of the country's marine area). These included: a renewed focus on priority areas for conservation; attention to national and international commitments and targets; clarity about the need for partnerships and funding; better engagement of Brazilian society and stakeholders; new, and more collaborative, models of protected areas management and conservation; and openness in the relationships with wider society.
3. Significant results of this effort have started to appear: new large mosaics of oceanic protected areas were created; Amazon mangroves were recognized by the Ramsar Convention; new mangrove protected areas were created, besides other ones proposed; project proposals are under development with partners for better funding and sharing of responsibility; and there is a better engagement with stakeholders. The building of the Brazilian Blue Initiative is underway.
4. The implementation of the proposed 15‐year marine strategy is at its onset: partnerships need to be strengthened and substantial funding is required. It will only be possible to manage the larger system of protected areas if there are more collaborative and innovative models for protected areas and conservation management. These should include partnerships with civil society, local and traditional communities and the private sector, as well as greater engagement of scientists and research institutions, stronger and more qualified tourism, volunteer work, etc. Further innovative funding mechanisms will also be needed along the way.

     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Factors influencing the abundance of the common bully, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, in small, North Island, New Zealand, lakes

Adult common bullies, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, are small (total length =  30–120 mm), benthic fish commonly found in the littoral zones of New Zealand lakes where they are a major prey species for trout and eels. Differences in their relative abundance (CPUE) were determined between 21 shallow North Island lakes. Mean CPUE ranged from 2 to >  1000 fish net^{− 1} night^{− 1} and was inversely related to water transparency. The abundance of bullies was not reduced in lakes containing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), but was reduced in all lakes containing self-recruiting populations of eels, Anguilla spp. Mean densities of planktonic larval bullies in the limnetic zone were also inversely related to water transparency. Since low water transparency is related to increased trophic status for these lakes, the abundance of bullies is likely to be related to lake productivity, rather than turbidity.     

Annual Meeting of the Pacific Fisheries Technologists,Red Lion Inn,San Diego,CA, February 18-21, 1996

No abstract available for this article.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.