铜合金围栏养殖大黄鱼海域水质综合评价与分析

为了评价铜合金围栏养殖大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)海域的水质状况,通过大黄鱼养殖期与非养殖期的4次调查,分析评价了调查海域海水中的p H、溶解氧、铜、锌、无机氮、活性磷酸盐等指标的区域分布、季节变化及污染水平,并利用内梅罗指数对调查海域水体进行了质量综合评价。结果表明:调查海域大黄鱼非养殖时间段的海水综合质量整体上属于清洁或者较清洁状态,大黄鱼养殖时间段的海水综合质量下降,分布趋势是以养殖网箱为高值中心,向外缘逐渐下降。     

厦门贝类养殖区沉积物中重金属的污染水平及其潜在生态危害

根据2005年4月和10月厦门贝类养殖区环境调查资料,着重对贝类养殖区表层沉积物中重金属的含量水平进行分析,并对贝类养殖区的表层沉积物进行质量评价及潜在生态危害评价.结果表明:厦门贝类养殖区沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg、As的平均含量分别为20.0mg.kg-1,39.5mg.kg-1,0.07mg.kg-1,97.3mg.kg-1,0.05mg.kg-1,7.20mg.kg-1.其中同安湾北部和湾顶养殖区及西海域的杏林、东山养殖区,6种元素的含量均较高;位于同安湾的刘五店、澳头养殖区,含量均较低.沉积物质量评价结果表明,贝类养殖区沉积物中重金属的含量符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,属于较清洁水平.Hg、As和Cd的潜在生态危害系数大于Cu、Pb、Zn,整个养殖区沉积物中重金属为轻微生态危害,养殖环境良好.     

厦门海域贝类养殖生态环境质量评价和类别划分研究

根据2005年4月和10月同步进行厦门海域贝类养殖区海水、表层沉积物和养殖贝类体中有毒有害物质（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、石油类、六六六、滴滴涕、多氯联苯、大肠菌群、腹泻性贝毒和麻痹性贝毒）的调查资料,采用海水质量评价指数（Sj^w）、表层沉积物质量评价指数（Sj^s）和养殖贝类质量评价指数（Sj^o）以及贝类养殖生态环境质量综合评价指数（SI）对厦门海域贝类养殖生态环境质量进行了综合评价和类别划分。结果表明,海水质量、表层沉积物质量和养殖贝类质量水平范围均为2～7级,平均值分别为3级、5级和4级。贝类养殖生态环境质量水平范围为2～7级,平均值为4级。总体上,贝类养殖区海水质量处于较好水平,表层沉积物质量处于较差水平,养殖贝类质量处于一般水平。贝类养殖生态环境质量处于一般水平。其主要污染物为大肠菌群、石油类。厦门贝类养殖区1类区两个,属清洁区,占贝类养殖区总数的8%。2类区共18个,占贝类养殖区总数的72%。其中2a类区9个,属较清洁区,占贝类养殖区总数的36%,2b类区6个,属轻度污染区,占贝类养殖区总数的24%;2c类区3个,属中度污染区,占贝类养殖区总数的12%。3类区5个,属重度的污染区,占贝类养殖区总数的20%。厦门贝类产地环境质量的评价和类别划分的结果与厦门贝类养殖区环境污染现状相吻合。     

大亚湾鱼类深水网箱养殖对环境的影响

2016年5月(养殖开始前)和2016年8月(养殖投饵高峰期)对大亚湾大碓鱼类深水网箱区、外围区(网箱外0.1 km)和非养殖区(网箱外10~15 km)的海水和沉积环境进行了调查,采用有机污染指数(A)法、营养状态质量指数(NQI)法对水环境进行评价,用潜在生态危害指数(RI)法对表层沉积物重金属潜在生态危害进行评价。结果显示,与传统网箱养殖化学需氧量(COD)由网箱区中心向四周递减的趋势不同,深水网箱养殖CODMn浓度在3个区域间无显著性差异。深水网箱养殖海域水质较好(A1),水质处于贫营养水平(NQI2)。深水网箱养殖海域表层沉积物重金属铅(Pb)和锌(Zn)含量均符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,但铜(Cu)和镉(Cd)含量轻微超标。沉积环境处于轻微生态危害状态(Eir30,RI100),与中国同类型海区相比,污染危害程度相对并不严重。深水网箱养鱼对周围海域环境的影响较小。     

大鹏澳网箱养殖区沉积物中Cu的分布特征

研究了大鹏澳网箱养殖海域表层沉积物中Cu的平面分布特征,并对采集的沉积物柱状样进行垂直分层分析,以探讨Cu在沉积物中的垂直分布特征。结果表明:(1)网箱养殖区表层沉积物中Cu的含量(范围20.63~78.53mg.kg-1,均值55.08mg.kg-1)明显高于对照区表层沉积物中Cu的含量(范围20.68~23.68mg.kg-1,均值21.87mg.kg-1);(2)垂直方向上,网箱养殖区0~15cm段沉积物中Cu的含量变化幅度很大,15cm后Cu的含量变化则相对平缓,而对照区从表层往下Cu的含量变化一直都很平缓,说明网箱区新沉积层的Cu含量受环境扰动的影响较大;(3)与相关水域比较,Cu的含量高于大亚湾的而与具有类似养殖背景的日本Ka-sumigaura湖养殖区的相吻合;(4)污染评价的结果显示网箱养殖区沉积物Cu的含量劣于我国海洋沉积物一类标准,污染有增加的趋势。根据研究结果,初步推测网箱养殖可能输入Cu元素,造成Cu污染。     

东山湾巴非蛤养殖区海水、沉积物重金属的含量分布与潜在生态危害评价

2003年5月、8月和10月对东山湾巴非蛤养殖区环境状况进行调查,根据调查资料,分析了巴非蛤养殖区海水、表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的含量分布,并进行生态环境质量评价及潜在生态危害评价.结果表明:东山湾巴非蛤养殖区海水中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的平均含量分别为1.75 μg.L-1,1.69 μg.L-1,0.02 μg.L-1,2.84 μg.L-1,其季节变化从高到低依次为10月＞8月＞5月;沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的平均含量分别为14.0 mg.kg-1、34.8 mg.kg-1、0.031 mg.kg-1、97.5 mg.kg-1.生态质量评价结果表明,养殖区海水重金属的含量符合第二类海水水质标准要求,处于清洁水平.养殖区沉积物重金属的含量符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,属于较清洁水平.生态危害评价表明,Pb和Cd的潜在生态危害系数大于Cu和Zn,但整个养殖区沉积物中重金属的潜在危害属于轻微,养殖环境良好.     

福建沿海中北部主要贝类养殖区沉积物、贝类质量的初步分析和评价

2009年8至9月对福建沿海中北部主要贝类养殖区沉积物及贝类质量状况进行了全面的调查。结果表明,沉积物中有机碳、石油类、Hg、Cd、Pb、As、HCHs、PCBs含量均符合海洋沉积物质量第一类标准,部分海域硫化物、DDTs含量超标,整体上贝类养殖环境质量良好。贝类体内Hg、As、Pb、HCHs、PCBs、DDTs含量均符合无公害水产品质量安全要求,仅有小部分站点贝类体内镉含量超标,但贝类受石油烃污染较严重。     

大亚湾大鹏澳网箱养殖海域沉积物中Pb的分布特征

通过4个航次的调查,研究了大鹏澳海水网箱养殖海域沉积物中铅(Pb)的时空分布特征。网箱养殖区沉积物中的Pb含量明显高于贝类养殖区和对照区;网箱养殖区0～15cm层沉积物的Pb含量明显受到环境扰动的影响,呈垂直梯度减少趋势,而对照区沉积物的Pb含量垂直变化不明显;网箱养殖区,贝类养殖区和对照区沉积物的Pb含量均以春、夏季较高,秋季最低;网箱养殖区沉积物的Pb含量高于其它区域。大鹏澳网箱养殖区沉积物中的Pb含量主要受到网箱养殖活动的影响。     

夏季桑沟湾养殖水域有机碳的平面分布特征及其来源分析

根据2012年8月对桑沟湾养殖海域18个站位取得的溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)数据,基于不同区域的养殖特点,分析了DOC和POC的平面分布特征,并对POC的来源进行了初步探讨。结果表明,整个调查海域表层DOC的浓度范围为1.70～2.82mg/L,平均值为2.03mg/L,大致呈自西向东递减的趋势。表层POC的浓度范围为0.04～1.33mg/L,平均值为0.55mg/L,大致呈自南向北逐渐递增的趋势。网箱养殖区表层DOC和POC含量最高,其次为桑沟湾近岸海域,而海带养殖区最低,这表明有机碳的含量与养殖品种和模式有直接的关系。根据POC/Chl-a比值对POC来源进行初步分析,表明贝类养殖区、海带养殖区、贝藻混养区、桑沟湾近岸海域以及外海对照点的POC主要来自活的浮游植物,而网箱养殖区存在降解的有机物质。     

江汉平原典型虾稻共作沉积物重金属和砷富集现状

为查明江汉平原“虾稻共作”养殖沉积物的肥力状况及重金属和砷富集现状，采集典型样品并监测pH、有机质含量、阳离子交换量和10种元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb、V、Zn)含量，通过标准评价法、地累积指数法、污染负荷指数法、富集因子法、生态风险评价法等对监测数据进行评价，并开展相关性分析和因子分析。结果显示：本次研究区表层沉积物的pH和阳离子交换量普遍略低于深层，有机质含量则普遍高于深层；在所有样品中均检出10种元素，表层和深层含量差异不大，不同地区的点位间不存在明显空间分布差异；沉积物中元素含量大多低于文献报道的其他养殖区或水平相当，As和Cu的少量结果略高于GB 15618—2018风险筛选值；与区域背景值相比，70%的点位属轻度富集，主要因子为Cd、Ni、Zn、Cu,有56.7%的沉积物存在Cd中等生态风险。综上所述：水生生物活动可能会对沉积物理化性质产生影响；推测Cd、Ni、Zn、Cu主要来源于人为，Cr、Pb、Hg、V、As、Mn主要来源于环境背景；开展无公害养殖时，建议合理规划养殖区，并重视添加剂的安全性。     

Epidemic disease in a sheep herd with a possible relationship to a pestivirus

In connection with a case of epidemic disease with high morbidity and mortality in a flock of sheep, a pestivirus infection could be diagnosed. Pathological-anatomical abnormalities were very similar to the character of BVD/MD. Scientific findings on pestivirus infections in sheep are discussed.     

Trophic relationships between a native and a nonnative predator in a system of natural lakes

Abstract – Bull trout, a species of char listed as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act, have been displaced from portions of their historic range following the introduction of nonnative lake trout. It has been suggested that competitive exclusion as a result of trophic overlap between bull trout and lake trout may be the causal mechanism associated with displacement of bull trout. This study used stable isotope data to evaluate trophic relationships among native bull trout, nonnative lake trout and other fishes in seven lakes in Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana. Bull trout and lake trout had greater δ¹⁵N values relative to other fishes among lakes (δ¹⁵N ≥ 3.0‰). Lake trout had greater δ¹⁵N values relative to bull trout (δ¹⁵N = +1.0‰). Bull trout had greater δ¹³C values relative to lake trout in six of the seven lakes examined. Although both bull trout and lake trout had greater δ¹⁵N values relative to other fishes within lakes in GNP, differences in δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C between bull trout and lake trout suggest that they are consuming different prey species or similar prey species in different proportions. Therefore, displacement of bull trout as a direct result of complete overlap in food resource use is not anticipated unless diet shifts occur or food resources become limiting. Additionally, future studies should evaluate food habits to identify important prey species and sources of partial dietary overlap between bull trout and lake trout.     

Habitat characteristics affecting occurrence of a fluvial species in a watershed altered by a large reservoir

Flooding river valleys following construction of dams restrict fluvial environments to reaches that were formerly headwaters. Whether remaining habitat is suitable for all life stages of fluvial species is poorly understood. A fluvial species, Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus, showed a dramatic decline following flooding of the Upper Peace River and the formation of the Williston Reservoir. We related landscape and field site‐specific features with occurrence of juvenile Arctic grayling using an information theoretic approach. For the landscape model, an association was identified between stream order and Arctic grayling occurrence although stream order alone was a poor predictor. A positive association between juvenile Arctic grayling occurrence and distance from the Williston reservoir and stream order, as well as a negative association with water temperature and temperature variance, was deemed important for the field site model. Both modelling approaches indicated size of stream system to be an important influence on occurrence of juvenile grayling in the Williston watershed. River length required for suitable river habitat for salmonids has not previously been identified, but should be factored into future management plans when evaluating the impact of proposed hydroelectric dams and subsequent flooding of river systems.     

The isoelectric point, a key to understanding a variety of biochemical problems: a minireview

We address the importance of the isoelectric point (IEP) of proteins and membrane components such as phospholipids for our understanding and interpretation of isoforms and opposite charge interactions in the formation of complexes. Five examples drawn from the literature are newly approached from the IEP point of view to clarify general principles.     

六边形开口方形人工鱼礁阻力系数数值模拟与模型试验比较研究

为了对4种不同开口大小的六边形开口方形人工鱼礁在4种迎流角度下数值模拟和水槽模型试验的阻力系数进行对比验证，分别利用水槽模型和数值模拟试验方法对4种不同开口比（γ_ty=0.0625，0.14，0.25，0.39）六边形开口方形人工鱼礁在4种迎流角度（θ=0°，15°，30°，45°）状态下的阻力进行测定，并计算两种方法的阻力系数。结果表明：（1）在数值模拟和水槽模型试验中，人工鱼礁模型阻力均随着开口比的增大而减小；礁体迎流角度的变化可改变礁体阻力，且在4种迎流角度下，人工鱼礁阻力在θ=30°时最大。（2）人工鱼礁数值模拟与水槽模型试验中，当θ为15°、30°和45°时，阻力系数均随着开口比的增加而增加，具有明显的线性关系，且阻力系数在迎流角度θ=30°时最大。（3）数值模拟与模型试验阻力的相对误差在0.12%~17.18%，平均误差7.43%；礁体阻力系数的相对误差在0.03%~14.64%，平均误差5.26%。阻力及阻力系数误差均在20%以下。水槽模型试验与数值模拟阻力和阻力系数相关系数R分别为0.99和0.80，P<0.001，具有极强的相关性。因此，利用数值模拟精细化研究人工鱼礁水动力性能是可行的。     

Characterization of a cDNA encoding a homolog of actin-related protein 4 from a marine red alga Porphyra yezoensis

ABSTRACT:   A cDNA ( PyARP4 ) containing an open reading frame for a protein of 573 amino acids was identified in the marine red alga Porphyra yezoensis . The conceptual PyARP4 protein exhibits significant similarity to actin-related protein (ARP) 4 in the terrestrial plant Arabidopsis . Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence showed moderate sequence identity (30%) to a conventional actin in P. yezoensis , as seen in comparisons between ARP and conventional actins of other organisms. A putative bipartite nuclear localization signal and an actin motif were found within the PyARP4 amino acid sequence. In a phylogenetic analysis, the PyARP4 was found to cluster with the ARP4 of other organisms. The expression level of PyARP4 did not change significantly among four developmental stages of life cycle and was lower than that of a conventional actin. This cDNA therefore may serve as a useful internal standard in gene expression analyses of differentially expressed genes in P. yezoensis .     

Nitrification performance of a propeller-washed bead clarifier supporting a fluidized sand biofilter in a recirculating warmwater fish system

A propeller-wash bead filter (PWBF) and a fluidized sand filter (FSF) on a 28 m³ recirculating system stocked with tilapia maintained favorable water quality at five different feed rates, ranging from 0.9 to 4.5 kg feed per day. TAN removal rates ranged up to about 200 g TAN/m³ of media per day for each of the units. Peak rates of 244 g TAN/m³ of media per day were observed when the recirculating flow was boosted by 20%. Roughly 75% of the removal was accomplished by the fluidized sand filter an observation that is consistent with the difference between the fluidized sand filter volume (0.92 m³) and the bead filter media volume (0.28 m³). The bead filter's primary function was clarification. At the highest daily feed load, over 570 g dry weight of solids were removed during each daily bead filter backwashing event. A 20% increase in flow, at the same daily feed rate, improved solids removal to over 670 g dry weight per bead filter backwash event. The PWBF and FSF combination provided suitable water quality for fish production; however, further increases in feed loading were limited by carbon dioxide buildup and oxygen limitations.     

Acoustic analysis of volume variation in a bag-net within a set-net

An experiment designed to measure the volume variation of a bag-net within a set-net was conducted in Jaran Bay, Kosung, Korea. Three radio-acoustic-linked positioning (RAP) buoys, a time controller with a personal computer and seven pingers were used to measure the volumes of the bags. During the April neap tide, the minimum and maximum volumes of the bag-net were 4173 m³ (at 17.00 h) and 4757 m³ (12.00 h), respectively. The average current directions and speeds were 99.9°, 12.9 cm/s and 104.0°, 2.4 cm/s, respectively. During the spring tide, the minimum and maximum volumes of the bag-net were 2016 m³ (18.30 h) and 4454 m³ (15.00 h), respectively. The average current directions and speeds were 315.6°, 16.1 cm/s and 289.0°, 5.7 cm/s, respectively. The minimum (2016 m³) and maximum (5568 m³) volumes of the bag-net were observed during the period when the spring tide changed to the neap tide.